Bronze Age in Romania
Encyclopedia
Bronze Age in Romania is a period in the prehistory Romania which is divided into the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3500-2200 BC) Middle Bronze Age (cca.2200-1600/1500 BC) and Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600/150-1100 BC).
there have been several Bronze Age
chronology
of the Romanian area
applied. Periodization of Paul Reinecke has been used for the Central-European Reinecke, who shared the Bronze Age
in four phases (A, B, C and D) based on the associated object
s of bronze
.
type is characterized by predominantly agrarian economy with stable settlements, funerary practices specific to a religion
based on a fertility cult. The type of society may be approaching that "peer polity" by Colin Renfrew.
In the Romanian territory
, which is an archaeological culture
is among the oldest in Europe
: Cucuteni culture
. This culture is probably the last that has created painted pottery
in Europe
.
In the early Bronze Age
began to develop various archaeological cultures: the culture of Baden-Coţofeni, Cernavoda III culture Belleraz, Glina culture, "culture" etc. Verbicioara. During this period the most important crop in Muntenia
and Oltenia
is Glina culture. People's main occupations are agriculture
, mining and livestock. Houses are rectangular and sized. In the last period of the Early Bronze Age meet broad types of ornaments (loop rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants especially made of copper
, gold
, silver
and bronze
in particular).
'Culture' Verbicioara was identified in 1949 by the eponymous resort excavations. At first presentation, very brief, moreover, believe that the home had a west-bound complexes Periam- Vatina Pecica
and entering in Oltenia
after Glina group that pushes eastward. Regarding the burial custom was considered the beginning of the burial of the dead, then the 3rd phase to be held cremation practice. Based on material content, Verbicioara was included in five phases.
In the Middle Bronze period, the population of Romania
and neighboring countries was demarcated by the appearance of several major crops. Some that stand out: the Ottoman culture (seen in Slovakia
), Wietenberg culture
(seen in Transylvania
), Mureş
culture, Gârla Mare culture (from which they retained some lovely clay figurines and statues).
Bronze Age
economy based on sheep, goats and pigs. In Wietenberg culture
large cattle were used, along with traction and feeding horses.
During the Bronze Age
has been an important development, in particular economic
to Chalcolithic. Were multiplied at the same time and artistic events, cultural reprezented by Great complex Gârla Mare of statues made of clay.
general idea is that it installs Uranian cults
, solar
. As arguments to use some ornaments, considered be solar symbols, which are frequently played on ceramic
or metal parts: the concentric circles, circles accompanied by rays, the swastika
. Cremation
itself is considered to be bound by these denominations.
In the Romanian territory
known three Bronze Age
sanctuaries: Sălacea
(Ottomány culture
, phase II), Bihor county
, Balej-Mare Gârla culture of Bulgaria
and Monteoru (Monteoru culture, Buzau County
. Wietenberg culture
of the area, Phase II , a place of worship known to the Upper Oarța.
In connection with plastic anthropomorphic, it is poorly represented in this period than during neoliticului. Only culture of our area is well represented in this regard is culture-Gârla Great Zuto Brdo, plus culture-Bijelo Szeremle Brdo-Dalj in Hungary
and Croatia
. In the area of the two cultures were found about 340
pieces, of which 244
are in the area Gârla Mare
..
Were found during this period and clay miniature axes
(axes, hammers or double security). Labrys double-ax-is frequently the Cretan
and Mycenaean world
where it occurs most often in complex ritual
s and tombs (tomb
double ax
of Knossos
), complex rarely profane. The space is small Mycenae
an different forms from miniature to giant forms, the 1,20 metres. However, labrys site is frequently associated with the moon and can be a symbol of a goddess
of vegetation, the forerunner of Demeter
, which is depicted on Mycenaean seals
placed under a tree
. It has an ax
in his hand
and receives the gift and fruit
poppy knobs.
Periodization
Over timeTime
Time is a part of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change such as the motions of objects....
there have been several Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
chronology
Chronology
Chronology is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events".Chronology is part of periodization...
of the Romanian area
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
applied. Periodization of Paul Reinecke has been used for the Central-European Reinecke, who shared the Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
in four phases (A, B, C and D) based on the associated object
Object
Object may refer to:* Object , a thing, being or concept** Entity, something that is tangible and within the grasp of the senses* As used in object relations theories of psychoanalysis, that to which a subject relates....
s of bronze
Bronze
Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal...
.
Features
Neolithic societyNeolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
type is characterized by predominantly agrarian economy with stable settlements, funerary practices specific to a religion
Religion
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to...
based on a fertility cult. The type of society may be approaching that "peer polity" by Colin Renfrew.
In the Romanian territory
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
, which is an archaeological culture
Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place, which are thought to constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between the artifacts is based on archaeologists' understanding and interpretation and...
is among the oldest in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
: Cucuteni culture
Cucuteni culture
The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, also known as Cucuteni culture , Trypillian culture or Tripolye culture , is a late Neolithic archaeological culture which flourished between ca...
. This culture is probably the last that has created painted pottery
Pottery
Pottery is the material from which the potteryware is made, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery . Pottery also refers to the art or craft of the potter or the manufacture of pottery...
in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
.
In the early Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
began to develop various archaeological cultures: the culture of Baden-Coţofeni, Cernavoda III culture Belleraz, Glina culture, "culture" etc. Verbicioara. During this period the most important crop in Muntenia
Muntenia
Muntenia is a historical province of Romania, usually considered Wallachia-proper . It is situated between the Danube , the Carpathian Mountains and Moldavia , and the Olt River to the west...
and Oltenia
Oltenia
Oltenia is a historical province and geographical region of Romania, in western Wallachia. It is situated between the Danube, the Southern Carpathians and the Olt river ....
is Glina culture. People's main occupations are agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
, mining and livestock. Houses are rectangular and sized. In the last period of the Early Bronze Age meet broad types of ornaments (loop rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants especially made of copper
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
, gold
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
, silver
Silver
Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...
and bronze
Bronze
Bronze is a metal alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive. It is hard and brittle, and it was particularly significant in antiquity, so much so that the Bronze Age was named after the metal...
in particular).
'Culture' Verbicioara was identified in 1949 by the eponymous resort excavations. At first presentation, very brief, moreover, believe that the home had a west-bound complexes Periam- Vatina Pecica
Pecica
Pecica is a town in Arad County, Romania. In ancient times it was a Dacian fortress called Ziridava and today it is an important archeological site. Situated at from Arad, it was declared a town in 2004. Its administrative territory extends into the Aradului Plateau...
and entering in Oltenia
Oltenia
Oltenia is a historical province and geographical region of Romania, in western Wallachia. It is situated between the Danube, the Southern Carpathians and the Olt river ....
after Glina group that pushes eastward. Regarding the burial custom was considered the beginning of the burial of the dead, then the 3rd phase to be held cremation practice. Based on material content, Verbicioara was included in five phases.
In the Middle Bronze period, the population of Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
and neighboring countries was demarcated by the appearance of several major crops. Some that stand out: the Ottoman culture (seen in Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
), Wietenberg culture
Wietenberg culture
Wietenber culture was a Bronze Age archeological culture in Central Transilvania. Represented a local variant of Usatovo culture and was replaced by Noua culture. Its name was coined after the eponymic Wietenberg Hill near Sighisoara....
(seen in Transylvania
Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical...
), Mureş
Mures
The name Mureș may refer to:*Mureș County in Romania*Mureș River in Romania and Hungary *Mures , a puzzle gameAlso, the following localities contain the name Mureș and lie on the banks of the river above....
culture, Gârla Mare culture (from which they retained some lovely clay figurines and statues).
Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
economy based on sheep, goats and pigs. In Wietenberg culture
Wietenberg culture
Wietenber culture was a Bronze Age archeological culture in Central Transilvania. Represented a local variant of Usatovo culture and was replaced by Noua culture. Its name was coined after the eponymic Wietenberg Hill near Sighisoara....
large cattle were used, along with traction and feeding horses.
During the Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
has been an important development, in particular economic
Economy
An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area; the labor, capital and land resources; and the manufacturing, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area...
to Chalcolithic. Were multiplied at the same time and artistic events, cultural reprezented by Great complex Gârla Mare of statues made of clay.
Religion
Bronze AgeBronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
general idea is that it installs Uranian cults
Uranus
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary mass in the Solar System. It is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus , the father of Cronus and grandfather of Zeus...
, solar
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields...
. As arguments to use some ornaments, considered be solar symbols, which are frequently played on ceramic
Ceramic
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous...
or metal parts: the concentric circles, circles accompanied by rays, the swastika
Swastika
The swastika is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either right-facing form in counter clock motion or its mirrored left-facing form in clock motion. Earliest archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient...
. Cremation
Cremation
Cremation is the process of reducing bodies to basic chemical compounds such as gasses and bone fragments. This is accomplished through high-temperature burning, vaporization and oxidation....
itself is considered to be bound by these denominations.
In the Romanian territory
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
known three Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
sanctuaries: Sălacea
Salacea
Sălacea is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 3,096 people. It is composed of two villages, Otomani and Sălacea...
(Ottomány culture
Ottomány culture
The Ottomány culture located in Crișana , eastern Hungary, and Slovakia is a local middle Bronze Age culture near the village of Otomani/Ottomány located in Bihor County, Romania. It existed in the Körös tributaries between Makó culture and the Gyulavarsánd cultures. This culture was contemporary...
, phase II), Bihor county
Bihor County
Bihor is a county of Romania, in Crişana, with capital city at Oradea. Together with Hajdú-Bihar County in Hungary it constitutes the Biharia Euroregion.-Demographics:...
, Balej-Mare Gârla culture of Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
and Monteoru (Monteoru culture, Buzau County
Buzau County
Buzău is a county of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Buzău.-Demographics:In 2002, it had a population of 496,214 and the population density was 81/km².*Romanians – 97%*Roma – under 3% declared, and others....
. Wietenberg culture
Wietenberg culture
Wietenber culture was a Bronze Age archeological culture in Central Transilvania. Represented a local variant of Usatovo culture and was replaced by Noua culture. Its name was coined after the eponymic Wietenberg Hill near Sighisoara....
of the area, Phase II , a place of worship known to the Upper Oarța.
In connection with plastic anthropomorphic, it is poorly represented in this period than during neoliticului. Only culture of our area is well represented in this regard is culture-Gârla Great Zuto Brdo, plus culture-Bijelo Szeremle Brdo-Dalj in Hungary
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
and Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
. In the area of the two cultures were found about 340
340
Year 340 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Acindynus and Valerius...
pieces, of which 244
244
Year 244 was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Armenius and Aemilianus...
are in the area Gârla Mare
Gârla Mare
The Gârla Mare is a tributary of the Beica River in Romania.-References:* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti, 1971...
..
Were found during this period and clay miniature axes
Axes
Axes may refer to:* Axes, woodworking hand tools* The plural of axis* Axes , a 2005 rock album by the British band Electrelane* X and Y axes, or X, Y, and Z axes, perpendicular lines used in the Cartesian coordinate system...
(axes, hammers or double security). Labrys double-ax-is frequently the Cretan
Crete
Crete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
and Mycenaean world
Mycenae
Mycenae is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north...
where it occurs most often in complex ritual
Ritual
A ritual is a set of actions, performed mainly for their symbolic value. It may be prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community. The term usually excludes actions which are arbitrarily chosen by the performers....
s and tombs (tomb
Tomb
A tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes...
double ax
AX
AX may refer to:*Ax * AX register, a general-purpose 16-bit X86 register* .ax, the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands* Axe, tool and weapon* Åland Islands, ISO 3166-1 country code* Akrotiri and Dhekelia, FIPS 10-4 code...
of Knossos
Knossos
Knossos , also known as Labyrinth, or Knossos Palace, is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and probably the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The palace appears as a maze of workrooms, living spaces, and store rooms close to a central square...
), complex rarely profane. The space is small Mycenae
Mycenae
Mycenae is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north...
an different forms from miniature to giant forms, the 1,20 metres. However, labrys site is frequently associated with the moon and can be a symbol of a goddess
Goddess
A goddess is a female deity. In some cultures goddesses are associated with Earth, motherhood, love, and the household. In other cultures, goddesses also rule over war, death, and destruction as well as healing....
of vegetation, the forerunner of Demeter
Demeter
In Greek mythology, Demeter is the goddess of the harvest, who presided over grains, the fertility of the earth, and the seasons . Her common surnames are Sito as the giver of food or corn/grain and Thesmophoros as a mark of the civilized existence of agricultural society...
, which is depicted on Mycenaean seals
Mycenae
Mycenae is an archaeological site in Greece, located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese. Argos is 11 km to the south; Corinth, 48 km to the north...
placed under a tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
. It has an ax
AX
AX may refer to:*Ax * AX register, a general-purpose 16-bit X86 register* .ax, the Internet country code top-level domain of the Åland Islands* Axe, tool and weapon* Åland Islands, ISO 3166-1 country code* Akrotiri and Dhekelia, FIPS 10-4 code...
in his hand
Hand
A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...
and receives the gift and fruit
Fruit
In broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...
poppy knobs.
External links
- http://prehistoire.e-monsite.com/rubrique,epoca-bronzului-ii,1112106.html
- http://prehistoire.e-monsite.com/rubrique,epoca-bronzului-ii,1112106.html
- http://www.archaeology.ro/imc_verb.htm
- http://www.archaeology.ro/imc_mont.htm
See also
- Ottomány cultureOttomány cultureThe Ottomány culture located in Crișana , eastern Hungary, and Slovakia is a local middle Bronze Age culture near the village of Otomani/Ottomány located in Bihor County, Romania. It existed in the Körös tributaries between Makó culture and the Gyulavarsánd cultures. This culture was contemporary...
- Prehistory of TransylvaniaPrehistory of TransylvaniaThe Prehistory of Transylvania describes what can be learned about the region known as Transylvania through archaeology, anthropology, comparative linguistics and other allied sciences....