Business Process Mapping
Encyclopedia
Business process mapping refers to activities involved in defining exactly what a business entity does, who is responsible, to what standard a process should be completed and how the success of a business process can be determined. Once this is done, there can be no uncertainty as to the requirements of every internal business process. A business process illustration
is produced. The first step in gaining control over an organization is to know and understand the basic processes (Deming, 1982; Juran, 1988; Taylor, 1911).
ISO 9001 requires a business entity to follow a process approach when managing its business, and to this end creating business process maps will assist. The entity can then work towards ensuring its processes are effective (the right process is followed the first time), and efficient (continually improved to ensure processes use the smallest amount of resources).
The main purpose behind business process mapping is to assist organizations in becoming more efficient. A clear and detailed business process map or illustration allows outside firms to come in and look at whether or not improvements can be made to the current process.
Business process mapping takes a specific objective and helps to measure and compare that objective alongside the entire organization's objectives to make sure that all processes are inline with the companies values and capabilities.
, was introduced by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME
in 1921 as the presentation “Process Charts—First Steps in Finding the One Best Way”. Gilbreth's tools were quickly integrated into industrial engineering
curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people by using these tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid
, New York
. A 1944 graduate of Mogensen's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their work simplification program called the Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Corporation, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to display multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth's original work as the ASME Standard for Process Charts.
The Four Major Steps of Process Mapping
Process mapping has in recent years developed due to software tools that can attach metadata to activities, drivers and triggers to provide a more complete understanding of processes.
The developments mean that process mapping is no longer two-dimensional but multi-dimensional; capable of supporting several important business goals:
Software tools can make process maps available using a web-browser allowing easier communication to, and access by, multiple stakeholders. This can improve organizational standards compliance, ease training, and foster end-to-end process understanding - possibly improving inter-departmental activities.
Quality improvement practitioners have noted that various graphical descriptions of processes can be useful. These include: detailed flow-charts, work flow diagrams and value stream maps. Each map is helpful depending on the process questions and theories being considered. In these situations process map implies the use of process flow and the current understanding of the causal structure.
Six Sigma
practictioners use the term Business Process Architecture to describe the mapping of business processes as series of cross-functional flowcharts. Under this school of thought, each flowchart is of a certain level (between 0 and 4) based on the amount of detail the flowchart contains. A level 0 flowchart represents the least amount of detail, and usually contains one or two steps. A level 4 flowchart represents the most amount of detail, and can include hundreds of steps. At this level every task, however minor, is represented.
The example is Proposed Patient Appointment Procedure. Firstly, it starts as preparation of appointment book and looks over then decides which appointment is shore or fleet. If the appointment is fleet, inform patient they can call 1500 to make own appointments for next few days, if the appoint is shore, confirm 24 hours prior to appointment. Secondly, make sure patient call and confirm. If a patient did not call, appointment canceled, otherwise, patient given confirmation number. Thirdly, make sure whether patient show for appoint or not. If not, standby patient placed in appointment slot and appointment book marked “Failure”, failure report submitted from front desk to fleet liaison. If a patient showed for appointment, put “Patient showed” in appointment book.
We must first understand that making breakfast is a process. The ingredients are the inputs and the final breakfast ready to be served is the output. This graph shows the breakdown of each process vertically and horizontally. For instance, cooking ingredients is broken down into all of the different tasks that need to be done : cook bacon, cook eggs, toast bread, and fry potatoes. These tasks are then broken down further below. In order to cook eggs, one must first heat the pan, pour the mixture, stir mixture, add pepper, and remove eggs. This is a prime example of how process mapping can be used in any situation/process in order to understand all of the different parts so that we can complete the process with a better understanding for more efficiency.
Although this is just a simple example, business process mapping is seen prevalently in all aspects of business including supply chain, operations, marketing, finance, and accounting. Virtually any process that needs efficiency improvement can benefit greatly from business process mapping.
For an example see
Business process illustration
In order that business processes can be improved they must first be illustrated. The hardest task in business process mapping is getting everyone to agree what the process looks like. The starting point is an illustration of the process. The production of a process illustration is an iterative...
is produced. The first step in gaining control over an organization is to know and understand the basic processes (Deming, 1982; Juran, 1988; Taylor, 1911).
ISO 9001 requires a business entity to follow a process approach when managing its business, and to this end creating business process maps will assist. The entity can then work towards ensuring its processes are effective (the right process is followed the first time), and efficient (continually improved to ensure processes use the smallest amount of resources).
The main purpose behind business process mapping is to assist organizations in becoming more efficient. A clear and detailed business process map or illustration allows outside firms to come in and look at whether or not improvements can be made to the current process.
Business process mapping takes a specific objective and helps to measure and compare that objective alongside the entire organization's objectives to make sure that all processes are inline with the companies values and capabilities.
Early history
The first structured method for documenting process flow, the flow process chartFlow process chart
The flow process chart in industrial engineering is a graphical and symbolic representation of the processing activities performed on the work piece.- History :...
, was introduced by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers is a professional body, specifically an engineering society, focused on mechanical engineering....
in 1921 as the presentation “Process Charts—First Steps in Finding the One Best Way”. Gilbreth's tools were quickly integrated into industrial engineering
Industrial engineering
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis...
curricula. In the early 1930s, an industrial engineer, Allan H. Mogensen began training business people by using these tools of industrial engineering at his Work Simplification Conferences in Lake Placid
Lake Placid, New York
Lake Placid is a village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County, New York, United States. As of the 2000 census, the village had a population of 2,638....
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
. A 1944 graduate of Mogensen's class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their work simplification program called the Deliberate Methods Change Program. Another 1944 graduate, Ben S. Graham, Director of Formcraft Engineering at Standard Register Corporation, adapted the flow process chart to information processing with his development of the multi-flow process chart to display multiple documents and their relationships. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreth's original work as the ASME Standard for Process Charts.
Recent developments
Business process mapping, also known as process charts has become much more prevalent and understood in the business world in recent years. Once created by a bricklayer to increase efficiency, process mapping is now being used by companies worldwide and humans alike. Process maps can be used in every section of life or business.The Four Major Steps of Process Mapping
- Process identification -- attaining a full understanding of all the steps of a process.
- Information gathering -- identifying objectives, risks, and key controls in a process.
- Interviewing and mapping -- understanding the point of view of individuals in the process and designing actual maps
- Analysis -- utilizing tools and approaches to make the process run more effectively and efficiently(Jacka, J. Mike)
Process mapping has in recent years developed due to software tools that can attach metadata to activities, drivers and triggers to provide a more complete understanding of processes.
The developments mean that process mapping is no longer two-dimensional but multi-dimensional; capable of supporting several important business goals:
- Business process re-engineering
- Regulatory compliance
- Activity analysis
- Service level agreementService Level AgreementA service-level agreement is a part of a service contract where the level of service is formally defined. In practice, the term SLA is sometimes used to refer to the contracted delivery time or performance...
(SLA) role clarity (RACIResponsibility assignment matrixA responsibility assignment matrix , also known as RACI matrix or Linear Responsibility Chart , describes the participation by various roles in completing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process...
) - Simulation
Software tools can make process maps available using a web-browser allowing easier communication to, and access by, multiple stakeholders. This can improve organizational standards compliance, ease training, and foster end-to-end process understanding - possibly improving inter-departmental activities.
Quality improvement practitioners have noted that various graphical descriptions of processes can be useful. These include: detailed flow-charts, work flow diagrams and value stream maps. Each map is helpful depending on the process questions and theories being considered. In these situations process map implies the use of process flow and the current understanding of the causal structure.
Six Sigma
Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a business management strategy originally developed by Motorola, USA in 1986. , it is widely used in many sectors of industry.Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and...
practictioners use the term Business Process Architecture to describe the mapping of business processes as series of cross-functional flowcharts. Under this school of thought, each flowchart is of a certain level (between 0 and 4) based on the amount of detail the flowchart contains. A level 0 flowchart represents the least amount of detail, and usually contains one or two steps. A level 4 flowchart represents the most amount of detail, and can include hundreds of steps. At this level every task, however minor, is represented.
Primary Example
Flowchart is a primary type of business process mapping. It consists of some symbols such as arrow, circle, diamond, box, oval or rectangle. The type of Flowchart just described is sometimes referred to as a “detailed” flowchart because it includes in detail, the inputs, activities, decision points, and outputs of any process.The example is Proposed Patient Appointment Procedure. Firstly, it starts as preparation of appointment book and looks over then decides which appointment is shore or fleet. If the appointment is fleet, inform patient they can call 1500 to make own appointments for next few days, if the appoint is shore, confirm 24 hours prior to appointment. Secondly, make sure patient call and confirm. If a patient did not call, appointment canceled, otherwise, patient given confirmation number. Thirdly, make sure whether patient show for appoint or not. If not, standby patient placed in appointment slot and appointment book marked “Failure”, failure report submitted from front desk to fleet liaison. If a patient showed for appointment, put “Patient showed” in appointment book.
Example
An easy example to follow is making breakfastWe must first understand that making breakfast is a process. The ingredients are the inputs and the final breakfast ready to be served is the output. This graph shows the breakdown of each process vertically and horizontally. For instance, cooking ingredients is broken down into all of the different tasks that need to be done : cook bacon, cook eggs, toast bread, and fry potatoes. These tasks are then broken down further below. In order to cook eggs, one must first heat the pan, pour the mixture, stir mixture, add pepper, and remove eggs. This is a prime example of how process mapping can be used in any situation/process in order to understand all of the different parts so that we can complete the process with a better understanding for more efficiency.
Although this is just a simple example, business process mapping is seen prevalently in all aspects of business including supply chain, operations, marketing, finance, and accounting. Virtually any process that needs efficiency improvement can benefit greatly from business process mapping.
See also
- Business Model CanvasBusiness Model CanvasThe Business Model Canvas is a strategic management template for developing new or documenting existing business models. It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances...
- Business process discoveryBusiness Process DiscoveryBusiness process discovery related to process mining is a set of techniques that automatically construct a representation of an organization’s current business processes and its major process variations...
- Business process modelingBusiness process modelingBusiness Process Modeling in systems engineering is the activity of representing processes of an enterprise, so that the current process may be analyzed and improved. BPM is typically performed by business analysts and managers who are seeking to improve process efficiency and quality...
- EthnographyEthnographyEthnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group...
- IDEFIDEFIDEF, an abbreviation of Integration Definition, refers to a family of modeling languages in the field of systems and software engineering. They cover a wide range of uses, from functional modeling to data, simulation, object-oriented analysis/design and knowledge acquisition. These "definition...
- OBASHIOBASHIThe OBASHI® methodology provides a framework and method for capturing, illustrating and modeling the relationships, dependencies and dataflows between business and Information technology assets and resources in a business context....
- N2 ChartN2 ChartThe N 2 chart, also referred to as N 2 diagram, N-squared diagram or N-squared chart, is a diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and...
- Organizational studiesOrganizational studiesOrganizational studies, sometimes known as organizational science, encompass the systematic study and careful application of knowledge about how people act within organizations...
- SADTSadtStructured Analysis and Design Technique is a software engineering methodology for describing systems as a hierarchy of functions.- Overview :...
- Systems engineeringSystems engineeringSystems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed over the life cycle of the project. Issues such as logistics, the coordination of different teams, and automatic control of machinery become more...
- Value stream mappingValue Stream MappingValue stream mapping is a lean manufacturing technique used to analyze and design the flow of materials and information required to bring a product or service to a consumer. At Toyota, where the technique originated, it is known as "material and information flow mapping"...
- WorkflowWorkflowA workflow consists of a sequence of connected steps. It is a depiction of a sequence of operations, declared as work of a person, a group of persons, an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms. Workflow may be seen as any abstraction of real work...
Further reading
- Deming, W.E. (1982), Out of the Crisis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Hall, J.M. and Johnson, M.E. (2009, March), “When Should Process Be Art, Not Science“, Harvard Business Review, 58 – 65
- Juran, J.M. (1988), Juran on Planning for Quality, Free Press, New York, NY
- Sanders, Ross and Coleman The Process Map, Quality Engineering, 11(4) July 1999 , 555 - 561
- Taylor, F.W. (1911), The Principles of Scientific Management, Harper and Bros., New York, NY
- Gilbreth, Frank and Lillian (1924), The Quest of the One Best Way, Purdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPurdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University system. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university when the Indiana General Assembly, taking advantage of the Morrill Act, accepted a donation of land and...
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Papers, 1924
For an example see
- Sousa, G.W.L., Van Aken, E.M., Groesbeck, R.L. (2002), "Applying an enterprise engineering approach to engineering work: a focus on business process modelling", Engineering Management Journal, Vol. 14 No.3, pp. 15-24.