CC chemokine receptors - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane protein

Integral membrane protein

An integral membrane protein is a protein molecule that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Proteins that cross the membrane are surrounded by "annular" lipids, which are defined as lipids that are in direct contact with a membrane protein...

s that specifically bind and respond to cytokine

Cytokine

Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication...

s of the CC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptor

Chemokine receptor

Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells, which interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 19 distinct chemokine receptors described in mammals...

s, a large family of G protein-linked receptors

G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal...

that are known as seven transmembrane (7-TM) proteins since they span the cell membrane seven times. To date, ten true members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily have been described. These are named CCR1 to CCR10 according to the IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature.

Mechanism

The CC chemokine receptors all work by activating the G protein

G protein

G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. G protein-coupled receptors are transmembrane receptors...

G_i

Gi alpha subunit

Gi alpha subunit is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP.- Receptors :The following G protein-coupled receptors couple to the Gi subunit:* Acetylcholine M2 & M4 receptors...

Overview table

Receptor	Ligands
CCR1 CCR1 C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR1 gene.CCR1 has also recently been designated CD191 .-External links:...	CCL4 CCL4 Chemokine ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.- Function :CCL4, also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors... , CCL5, CCL6 CCL6 Chemokine ligand 6 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has only been identified in rodents.In mice, CCL6 is expressed in cells from neutrophil and macrophage lineages, and can be greatly induced under conditions suitable for myeloid cell differentiation... , CCL14 CCL14 Chemokine ligand 14 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also commonly known as HCC-1. It is produced as a protein precursor that is processed to generate a mature active protein containing 74 amino acids that and is 46% identical in amino acid composition to CCL3 and... , CCL15 CCL15 Chemokine ligand 15 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2. CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages of the lung... , CCL16 CCL16 Chemokine ligand 16 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine and Monotactin-1 . This chemokine is expressed by the liver, thymus, and spleen and is chemoattractive for monocytes and lymphocytes... , CCL23 CCL23 Chemokine ligand 23 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 . CCL23 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but is also found in bone marrow and placenta. It is also...
CCR2 CCR2 CCR2, short for chemokine receptor 2, is a chemokine receptor.CCR2 has also recently been designated CD192 .-External links:* at...	CCL2 CCL2 For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene.Chemokine ligand 2 also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or small inducible cytokine A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL2 gene. CCL2 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC... , CCL8 CCL8 Chemokine ligand 8, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene.... , CCL16 CCL16 Chemokine ligand 16 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine and Monotactin-1 . This chemokine is expressed by the liver, thymus, and spleen and is chemoattractive for monocytes and lymphocytes...
CCR3 CCR3 CCR3 may refer to:* CCR3 * ICAO airport code of Florenceville Airport...	CCL11 CCL11 Chemokine ligand 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as eotaxin-1. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a... , CCL26 CCL26 Chemokine ligand 26 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha... , CCL7 CCL7 Chemokine ligand 7 is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-specific chemokine 3 . Due to CCL7 possessing two adjacent N-terminal cysteine residues in its mature protein, it is classified among the subfamily of chemokines known as CC chemokines. CCL7... , CCL13 CCL13 Chemokine ligand 13 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Its gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked... , CCL15 CCL15 Chemokine ligand 15 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2. CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages of the lung... , CCL24 CCL24 Chemokine ligand 24 also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 7.... , CCL5, CCL28 CCL28 CCL28, also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine , CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine. CCL28 regulates the chemotaxis of cells that express the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10.... , CCL18 CCL18 Chemokine ligand 18 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that was previously called PARC . CCL18 is approximately 60% identical in amino acid sequence to CCL3...
CCR4 CCR4 C-C chemokine receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR4 gene. CCR4 has also recently been designated CD194 .The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family...	CCL3 CCL3 Chemokine ligand 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.-Further reading:... , CCL5, CCL17 CCL17 Chemokine ligand 17 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine . CCL17 is expressed constitutively in thymus, but only transiently in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells... , CCL22 CCL22 C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL22 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages, and elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors such as CCR4...
CCR5 CCR5 C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR5 gene. CCR5 is a member of the beta chemokine receptors family of integral membrane proteins...	CCL2 CCL2 For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene.Chemokine ligand 2 also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or small inducible cytokine A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL2 gene. CCL2 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC... , CCL3 CCL3 Chemokine ligand 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.-Further reading:... , CCL4 CCL4 Chemokine ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.- Function :CCL4, also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors... , CCL5, CCL11 CCL11 Chemokine ligand 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as eotaxin-1. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a... , CCL13 CCL13 Chemokine ligand 13 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Its gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked... , CCL14 CCL14 Chemokine ligand 14 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also commonly known as HCC-1. It is produced as a protein precursor that is processed to generate a mature active protein containing 74 amino acids that and is 46% identical in amino acid composition to CCL3 and... , CCL16 CCL16 Chemokine ligand 16 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine and Monotactin-1 . This chemokine is expressed by the liver, thymus, and spleen and is chemoattractive for monocytes and lymphocytes...
CCR6	CCL20 CCL20 Chemokine ligand 20 or liver activation regulated chemokine or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils...
CCR7	CCL19 CCL19 C-C motif chemokine 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene.Chemokine ligand 19 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta... , CCL21 CCL21 Chemokine ligand 21 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine , exodus-2, and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine . The gene for CCL21 is located on human chromosome 9...
CCR8	CCL1 CCL1 Chemokine ligand 1 is a small glycoprotein secreted by activated T cells that belongs to a family inflammatory cytokines known as chemokines. CCL1 attracts monocytes, NK cells, and immature B cells and dendritic cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CCR8. This... , CCL16 CCL16 Chemokine ligand 16 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine and Monotactin-1 . This chemokine is expressed by the liver, thymus, and spleen and is chemoattractive for monocytes and lymphocytes...
CCR9 CCR9 C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR9 gene.CCR9 has also recently been designated CDw199 .-Further reading:...	CCL25 CCL25 Chemokine ligand 25 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK . CCL25 is believed to play a role in the development of T-cells. It is chemotactic for thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CCL25 elicits its effects by binding the chemokine...
CCR10 CCR10 C-C chemokine receptor type 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR10 gene.-Further reading:...	CCL27 CCL27 Chemokine ligand 27 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family also known under the names IL-11 R-alpha-locus chemokine , Skinkine, ESkine and Cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine . It is associated with homing of memory T lymphocytes to the skin, and plays a role in T... , CCL28 CCL28 CCL28, also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine , CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine. CCL28 regulates the chemotaxis of cells that express the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10....
CCR11	CCL19 CCL19 C-C motif chemokine 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene.Chemokine ligand 19 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta... , CCL21 CCL21 Chemokine ligand 21 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine , exodus-2, and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine . The gene for CCL21 is located on human chromosome 9... , CCL25 CCL25 Chemokine ligand 25 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK . CCL25 is believed to play a role in the development of T-cells. It is chemotactic for thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CCL25 elicits its effects by binding the chemokine...

CCR1

C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR1 gene.CCR1 has also recently been designated CD191 .-External links:...

was the first CC chemokine receptor identified and binds multiple inflammatory

Inflammation

Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process...

/inducible (see inducible gene) CC chemokines (including CCL4

CCL4

Chemokine ligand 4, also known as CCL4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene.- Function :CCL4, also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β is a CC chemokine with specificity for CCR5 receptors...

, CCL5, CCL6

CCL6

Chemokine ligand 6 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has only been identified in rodents.In mice, CCL6 is expressed in cells from neutrophil and macrophage lineages, and can be greatly induced under conditions suitable for myeloid cell differentiation...

, CCL14

CCL14

Chemokine ligand 14 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also commonly known as HCC-1. It is produced as a protein precursor that is processed to generate a mature active protein containing 74 amino acids that and is 46% identical in amino acid composition to CCL3 and...

, CCL15

CCL15

Chemokine ligand 15 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2. CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages of the lung...

, CCL16

CCL16

Chemokine ligand 16 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine and Monotactin-1 . This chemokine is expressed by the liver, thymus, and spleen and is chemoattractive for monocytes and lymphocytes...

and CCL23

CCL23

Chemokine ligand 23 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 . CCL23 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but is also found in bone marrow and placenta. It is also...

). In humans, this receptor can be found on peripheral blood lymphocytes

Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Peripheral blood lymphocytes are mature lymphocytes that circulate in the blood, rather than localising to organs . They comprise T cells, NK cells and B cells....

and monocytes. There is some suggestion that this chemokine receptor is restricted to memory T-cells within the lymphocyte

Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...

pool. This receptor is also designated cluster of differentiation

Cluster of differentiation

The cluster of differentiation is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells, providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells...

marker CD191.

CCR2

CCR2, short for chemokine receptor 2, is a chemokine receptor.CCR2 has also recently been designated CD192 .-External links:* at...

can interact with CCL2

CCL2

For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene.Chemokine ligand 2 also known as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 or small inducible cytokine A2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL2 gene. CCL2 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC...

, CCL8

CCL8

Chemokine ligand 8, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL8 gene....

and CCL16

CCL16

and has been identified on the surface of monocytes, activated memory T cells

Memory T cells

Memory T cells are a subset of infection- as well as potentially cancer-fighting T cells that have previously encountered and responded to their cognate antigen; thus, the term antigen-experienced T cell is often applied. Such T cells can recognize foreign invaders, such as bacteria or viruses,...

, B cells, and basophils in humans, and also in peritoneal macrophages in mice. CCR2 is also designated CD192.

CCR3

CCR3 (gene)

C-C chemokine receptor type 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR3 gene.CCR3 has also recently been designated CD193 .-Interactions:CCR3 has been shown to interact with CCL5....

is a receptor for multiple inflammatory/inducible CC chemokines, including CCL11

CCL11

Chemokine ligand 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as eotaxin-1. CCL11 selectively recruits eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis, and therefore, is implicated in allergic responses. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to a...

, CCL26

CCL26

Chemokine ligand 26 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha...

, CCL7

CCL7

Chemokine ligand 7 is a small cytokine known as a chemokine that was previously called monocyte-specific chemokine 3 . Due to CCL7 possessing two adjacent N-terminal cysteine residues in its mature protein, it is classified among the subfamily of chemokines known as CC chemokines. CCL7...

, CCL13

CCL13

Chemokine ligand 13 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Its gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked...

, CCL15

CCL15

, CCL24

CCL24

Chemokine ligand 24 also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 7....

and CCL5 that attract eosinophils, and CCL28

CCL28

CCL28, also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine , CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine. CCL28 regulates the chemotaxis of cells that express the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10....

that attracts B and T lymphocyte

Lymphocyte

s to mucosal tissues. It is most highly expressed in both eosinophils and basophils, but can also be found in Th1 and Th2 cells and airway epithelial cells. Thus CCR3 plays a role in allergic reactions. CCR3 is also known as CD193.

CCR4

C-C chemokine receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR4 gene. CCR4 has also recently been designated CD194 .The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family...

is expressed on Th2 T lymphocytes and is up-regulated by T cell receptor

T cell receptor

The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules...

activation. However, some reports suggest a role for this receptor also in trafficking of dendritic cells. The CC chemokines CCL3

CCL3

Chemokine ligand 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.-Further reading:...

, CCL5, CCL17

CCL17

Chemokine ligand 17 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as thymus and activation regulated chemokine . CCL17 is expressed constitutively in thymus, but only transiently in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells...

and CCL22

CCL22

C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL22 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages, and elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors such as CCR4...

signal through this receptor.

CCR5

C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR5 gene. CCR5 is a member of the beta chemokine receptors family of integral membrane proteins...

is expressed on several cell types including peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and certain activated/memory Th1 lymphocytes

T cell

T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are...

. This receptor is well defined as a major coreceptor implicated in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease. This receptor has several CC chemokine ligands including CCL2

CCL2

, CCL3

CCL3

Chemokine ligand 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.-Further reading:...

, CCL4

CCL4

, CCL5, CCL11

CCL11

, CCL13

CCL13

, CCL14

CCL14

and CCL16

CCL16

CCR6

CCR6, a receptor for CCL20

CCL20

Chemokine ligand 20 or liver activation regulated chemokine or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly attracts neutrophils...

, is expressed on unactivated memory T-cells and some dendritic cells. CCR6 is also expressed on Th17 cells. CCR6 is down-regulated in activated T-cells.

CCR7

CCR7 is a highly important receptor with a role in trafficking of B and T lymphocytes and dendritic cells to and across high endothelial venules

High endothelial venules

High endothelial venules are specialized post-capillary venous swellings characterized by plump endothelial cells as opposed to the usual thiner endothelial cells found in regular venules...

and positioning those cells correctly in T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs. Its ligands include the related chemokines CCL19

CCL19

C-C motif chemokine 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene.Chemokine ligand 19 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta...

and CCL21

CCL21

Chemokine ligand 21 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine , exodus-2, and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine . The gene for CCL21 is located on human chromosome 9...

, (previously called ELC and SLC).

CCR8

CCR8 is associated with Th2 lymphocytes and is therefore found predominantly in the thymus

Thymus

The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus produces and "educates" T-lymphocytes , which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system....

(in humans) although some expression can be found in the brain, spleen

Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...

, lymph node

Lymph node

A lymph node is a small ball or an oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as...

, and monocytes at the nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...

level. The ligands for this receptor are CCL1

CCL1

Chemokine ligand 1 is a small glycoprotein secreted by activated T cells that belongs to a family inflammatory cytokines known as chemokines. CCL1 attracts monocytes, NK cells, and immature B cells and dendritic cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CCR8. This...

and CCL16

CCL16

CCR9

C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR9 gene.CCR9 has also recently been designated CDw199 .-Further reading:...

was previously called orphan receptor

Orphan receptor

An orphan receptor is an apparent receptor that has a similar structure to other identified receptors but whose endogenous ligand has not yet been identified. If a ligand for an orphan receptor is later discovered, the receptor is referred to as an "adopted orphan".-Examples:Examples of orphan...

GPR 9-6 and is very highly expressed in thymus (on both immature and mature T-cells) while low in lymph nodes and spleen. CCR9 is also abundant in the gut, with its expression associated with T cells of the intestine

Intestine

In human anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine...

. The specific ligand of this receptor is CCL25

CCL25

Chemokine ligand 25 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK . CCL25 is believed to play a role in the development of T-cells. It is chemotactic for thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. CCL25 elicits its effects by binding the chemokine...

. To note, the chemokine binding protein D6 had previously been named CCR9, but this molecule is a scavenger receptor

Scavenger receptor

Scavenger receptors are a group of receptors that recognize modified low-density lipoprotein by oxidation or acetylation. This naming is based on a function of cleaning : Scavenger receptors widely recognize and uptake macromolecules having a negative charge as well as modified LDL.-Function:It is...

not a true (signaling) chemokine receptor.

CCR10

C-C chemokine receptor type 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCR10 gene.-Further reading:...

is receptor for CCL27

CCL27

Chemokine ligand 27 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family also known under the names IL-11 R-alpha-locus chemokine , Skinkine, ESkine and Cutaneous T-cell-attracting chemokine . It is associated with homing of memory T lymphocytes to the skin, and plays a role in T...

and CCL28

CCL28

CCL28, also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine , CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine. CCL28 regulates the chemotaxis of cells that express the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10....

that was originally called orphan receptor GPR2. CCR10 has been implicated in inflammation of the skin, and has been shown to recruit regulatory T cells (Tregs) to mucosal layers.

CCR11

This molecule was originally designated CCR11 due to its ability to bind several CC chemokines (including CCL19

CCL19

, CCL21

CCL21

and CCL25

CCL25

) and its structural similarity to chemokine receptors. However, due to the inability of this molecule (also known as CCRL1

CCRL1

C-C chemokine receptor type 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCRL1 gene.-Further reading:...

and CCX CKR) to generate a signal following ligand interaction, it has been suggested that it is a scavenger receptor for chemokines and not a bonafide chemokine receptor. Thus CCRL1 should not be called CCR11 under the guidelines of the IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature.

External links

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