CHAdeMO
Encyclopedia
CHAdeMO is the trade name
of a quick charging method for battery electric vehicle
s delivering up to 62.5 kW
of high-voltage direct current
via a special electrical connector
.
It is proposed as a global industry standard by an association of the same name.
CHAdeMO is an abbreviation of “CHArge de MOve", equivalent to “charge for
moving”, and is a pun for O cha demo ikaga desuka in Japanese,
meaning “How about some tea” (while charging) in English.
, Nissan, Mitsubishi
and Fuji Heavy Industries
(the manufacturer of Subaru
vehicles).
Toyota later joined as its fifth executive member.
Three of these companies have developed electric vehicles that use TEPCO
's DC connector for quick charging.
to transform alternating current
from the electrical grid (mains VAC) to direct current
(VDC) suitable for recharging the EV's battery pack. Cost and thermal issues limit how much power the rectifier can handle, so beyond around 240 VAC and 75 A it is better for an external charging station
to deliver direct current (DC) directly to the vehicle's battery pack.
Such high voltage and high-current charging is called a DC Fast Charge and has also incorrectly been referred to as level-3 charging (in contrast with less powerful AC charging levels 1 & 2).
Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed patented technology and a specification for high-voltage (up to 500 V DC) high-current (125 A) automotive fast charging via a JARI DC fast charge connector.
It appears this is the basis for the CHAdeMO protocol.
The connector is specified by the JEVS (Japan Electric Vehicle Standard) G105-1993 from the Japan Automobile Research Institute.
In addition carrying power the connector also makes a data connection using a protocol called Can-bus
this performs functions such as a safety interlock to avoid energizing the connector before it's safe (similar to SAE J1772
), transmiting battery parameters to the charging station including when to stop charging, target voltage, and total battery capacity, and while charging how the station should vary its output current.
Eaton Corporation
has demonstrated a CHAdeMO-compatible DC Quick Charger
recharging Mitsubishi iMiEV cars.
In Europe, Evtronic, Schneider-Electric, SGTE Power, CIRCONTROL (spanish manufacturer) and Epyon
makes fast chargers equipped with the latest CHAdeMO communication protocol.
ECOtality has unveiled the Blink DC Fast Charger which is outfitted with two CHAdeMO compliant electric vehicle charging connectors.
AeroVironment offers a broad line of DC fast chargers including two CHAdeMO certified Quick Charger models.
Nissan has developed a Quick EV Charger that follows the CHAdeMO protocol for 1,470,000–1,732,500 Yen (approx. US$16,000–19,000 as of May 2010) and intends to install them at 200 dealers in Japan.
The CHAdeMO Association's web site claims that as of 2011-01-19 the number of CHAdeMO DC quick chargers installed is 539; 532 in Japan and 7 elsewhere.
is a standard for EV charging. The 2009 version defined a connector for 120 V/240 V AC charging up to 19.2 kW.
SAE is revising the specification to add a "combo-coupler" variant of the J1772 connector with additional pins to accommodate fast DC charging at 200–450 V DC up to 90 kW.
The Nissan Leaf
has receptacles for both the TEPCO and SAE J1772-2009 connectors, though in the United States the TEPCO plug is only available as a factory option on the higher-end SL model.
German companies have proposed the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 standard as an implementation of IEC 62196
in IEC proposal 62196-2-X.
It uses the round seven-pin Mennekes
connector to deliver up to 63 A three-phase (at 400 V in Central Europe).
This connector has been chosen by several European automakers for prototype electric vehicles.
Both these national standards have been added to the international IEC 62196-2
standard as "Type 1" and "Type 2" respectively. IEC 62196-2 also documents the connector type proposed by the EV Plug Alliance as "Type 3". Following up to Part 2 of IEC 62196 there has been approved new work on a Part 3 of the standard covering d.c. charging with the specification expected to be final by December 2013. This international IEC connector for d.c. charging will either extend or replace the national CHAdeMO standard.
Trade name
A trade name, also known as a trading name or a business name, is the name which a business trades under for commercial purposes, although its registered, legal name, used for contracts and other formal situations, may be another....
of a quick charging method for battery electric vehicle
Battery electric vehicle
A battery electric vehicle, or BEV, is a type of electric vehicle that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of, or in addition to, internal combustion engines for propulsion.A battery-only electric vehicle or...
s delivering up to 62.5 kW
Kw
kw or KW may refer to:* Kuwait, ISO 3166-1 country code** .kw, the country code top level domain for Kuwait* Kilowatt* Self-ionization of water Kw* Cornish language's ISO 639 code* Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario, Canada...
of high-voltage direct current
Direct current
Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through...
via a special electrical connector
Electrical connector
An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly. The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or...
.
It is proposed as a global industry standard by an association of the same name.
CHAdeMO is an abbreviation of “CHArge de MOve", equivalent to “charge for
moving”, and is a pun for O cha demo ikaga desuka in Japanese,
meaning “How about some tea” (while charging) in English.
CHAdeMO Association
CHAdeMO was formed by The Tokyo Electric Power CompanyThe Tokyo Electric Power Company
, also known as or TEPCO, is an electric utility servicing Japan's Kantō region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. This area includes Tokyo...
, Nissan, Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
The Mitsubishi Group , Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company that consists of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi brand, trademark and legacy...
and Fuji Heavy Industries
Fuji Heavy Industries
, or FHI, is a Japanese transportation conglomerate most known for being the manufacturer of Subaru automobiles. It traces its roots to the Nakajima Aircraft Company, a leading supplier of airplanes to the Japanese government during World War II...
(the manufacturer of Subaru
Subaru
; is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries .Subaru is internationally known for their use of the boxer engine layout popularized in cars by the Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 911, in most of their vehicles above 1500 cc as well as...
vehicles).
Toyota later joined as its fifth executive member.
Three of these companies have developed electric vehicles that use TEPCO
The Tokyo Electric Power Company
, also known as or TEPCO, is an electric utility servicing Japan's Kantō region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. This area includes Tokyo...
's DC connector for quick charging.
DC fast charging
Most electric vehicles (EVs) have an on-board charger that uses a rectifierRectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current , which periodically reverses direction, to direct current , which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification...
to transform alternating current
Alternating current
In alternating current the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct current , the flow of electric charge is only in one direction....
from the electrical grid (mains VAC) to direct current
Direct current
Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through...
(VDC) suitable for recharging the EV's battery pack. Cost and thermal issues limit how much power the rectifier can handle, so beyond around 240 VAC and 75 A it is better for an external charging station
Charging station
An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric recharging point, charging point and EVSE , is an element in an infrastructure that supplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles) or semi-static and mobile...
to deliver direct current (DC) directly to the vehicle's battery pack.
Such high voltage and high-current charging is called a DC Fast Charge and has also incorrectly been referred to as level-3 charging (in contrast with less powerful AC charging levels 1 & 2).
Tokyo Electric Power Company has developed patented technology and a specification for high-voltage (up to 500 V DC) high-current (125 A) automotive fast charging via a JARI DC fast charge connector.
It appears this is the basis for the CHAdeMO protocol.
The connector is specified by the JEVS (Japan Electric Vehicle Standard) G105-1993 from the Japan Automobile Research Institute.
In addition carrying power the connector also makes a data connection using a protocol called Can-bus
Controller Area Network
Controller–area network is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer....
this performs functions such as a safety interlock to avoid energizing the connector before it's safe (similar to SAE J1772
SAE J1772
SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”...
), transmiting battery parameters to the charging station including when to stop charging, target voltage, and total battery capacity, and while charging how the station should vary its output current.
Compatible vehicle models
- Nissan LEAFNissan LeafNissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997. The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002, only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as...
- Mitsubishi i MiEVMitsubishi i MiEVThe Mitsubishi i-MiEV is a five-door hatchback electric car produced by Mitsubishi Motors, and is the electric version of the Mitsubishi i. According to the manufacturer, the i-MiEV all-electric range is on the Japanese test cycle...
- Subaru R1eSubaru R1eThe Subaru R1e is a battery-electric microcar undergoing development and testing. The car was jointly developed with Tokyo Electric Power, the giant Japanese utility company. Currently 10 prototypes have been built and are undergoing testing by Tokyo Electric Power, which plans to eventually...
(prototype) - Protoscar Lampo (prototype)
- Protoscar Lampo² (prototype)
- Citroën C-ZEROCitroën C-ZEROThe Citroën C-Zero is a electric supermini/city car produced by Citroën. It was developed in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation. Its sister will be marketed by Peugeot as the Peugeot iOn...
- Peugeot iOn
- Fiat 500Fiat 500The Fiat 500 is a car produced by the Fiat company of Italy between 1957 and 1975, with limited production of the Fiat 500 K estate continuing until 1977. The car was designed by Dante Giacosa....
Compatible charging stations
In the USA, Aker Wade Power Technologies has entered into a licensing agreement with TEPCO to manufacture and market Level 3 DC fast chargers for electric vehicles.Eaton Corporation
Eaton Corporation
Eaton Corporation is a global diversified power management company with 2010 sales of $13.7 billion. The company is a leading provider of electrical components and systems for power quality, distribution and control; hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment;...
has demonstrated a CHAdeMO-compatible DC Quick Charger
recharging Mitsubishi iMiEV cars.
In Europe, Evtronic, Schneider-Electric, SGTE Power, CIRCONTROL (spanish manufacturer) and Epyon
Epyon
Epyon is a Dutch company that produces fast-chargers for electric vehicles.Epyon recently opened Europe’s first commercial fast-charging station in the Netherlands...
makes fast chargers equipped with the latest CHAdeMO communication protocol.
ECOtality has unveiled the Blink DC Fast Charger which is outfitted with two CHAdeMO compliant electric vehicle charging connectors.
AeroVironment offers a broad line of DC fast chargers including two CHAdeMO certified Quick Charger models.
Nissan has developed a Quick EV Charger that follows the CHAdeMO protocol for 1,470,000–1,732,500 Yen (approx. US$16,000–19,000 as of May 2010) and intends to install them at 200 dealers in Japan.
The CHAdeMO Association's web site claims that as of 2011-01-19 the number of CHAdeMO DC quick chargers installed is 539; 532 in Japan and 7 elsewhere.
Other standards
SAE J1772SAE J1772
SAE J1772 is a North American standard for electrical connectors for electric vehicles maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers and has the formal title "SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1772, SAE Electric VehicleConductive Charge Coupler”...
is a standard for EV charging. The 2009 version defined a connector for 120 V/240 V AC charging up to 19.2 kW.
SAE is revising the specification to add a "combo-coupler" variant of the J1772 connector with additional pins to accommodate fast DC charging at 200–450 V DC up to 90 kW.
The Nissan Leaf
Nissan Leaf
Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997. The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002, only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as...
has receptacles for both the TEPCO and SAE J1772-2009 connectors, though in the United States the TEPCO plug is only available as a factory option on the higher-end SL model.
German companies have proposed the VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 standard as an implementation of IEC 62196
IEC 62196
IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission ....
in IEC proposal 62196-2-X.
It uses the round seven-pin Mennekes
Mennekes
MENNEKES Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG is a leading manufacturer of industrial plugs and connectors with headquarters in Kirchhundem/Sauerland region and in Neudorf/Erzgebirge....
connector to deliver up to 63 A three-phase (at 400 V in Central Europe).
This connector has been chosen by several European automakers for prototype electric vehicles.
Both these national standards have been added to the international IEC 62196-2
IEC 62196
IEC 62196 is an international standard for set of electrical connectors and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission ....
standard as "Type 1" and "Type 2" respectively. IEC 62196-2 also documents the connector type proposed by the EV Plug Alliance as "Type 3". Following up to Part 2 of IEC 62196 there has been approved new work on a Part 3 of the standard covering d.c. charging with the specification expected to be final by December 2013. This international IEC connector for d.c. charging will either extend or replace the national CHAdeMO standard.
Images
- Vacaville, CaliforniaVacaville, CaliforniaVacaville, California is a city located in the northeastern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area in Solano County. The city is nearly half way between Sacramento and San Francisco on I-80. It sits approximately from Sacramento, and from San Francisco...
(Interstate 80 at Davis Street - Park and Ride lot)
External links
- CHAdeMO English site
- CHAdeMO Quick-Charging Association Officially Launches (Green Car CongressGreen Car CongressGreen Car Congress is a newsfeed website dedicated to provide the latest information and news about energy options, technologies, products, issues and policies related to sustainable mobility and access to its content is provided free of charge...
) - CHAdeMO Quick-Charging Station CIRCONTROL