CT2
Encyclopedia
CT2 is a cordless telephony standard that was used in the early 1990s to provide short-range proto-mobile phone service in some countries in Europe. It is considered the precursor to the popular DECT system. CT2 is frequently referred to by the marketing name "Telepoint."
Unlike DECT, CT2 was a voice-only system, though like any minimally-compressed voice system, users could deploy analog modems
to transfer data. In the early nineties, Apple Computer
sold a CT2 modem called the PowerBop to make use of France's Bibop CT2 network. Although CT2 is a microcellular system, fully capable of supporting handoff, unlike DECT it does not support "forward handoff", meaning that it has to drop its former radio link before establishing the subsequent one, leading to a sub-second dropout in the call during the handover.
CT2 was deployed in a number of countries, including Britain and France. In Britain, the Ferranti Phonezone system was the first public network to go live in 1989, and the much larger Rabbit
network operated from 1992 to 1993. In France, the Bibop network ran from 1991 to 1997. In Finland, Pointer
service was available for a short time on the 1980s before being overridden by NMT
. Outside of Europe, the system achieved a certain amount of popularity in Hong Kong with three operators offering service until licenses were terminated in 1996. Since 31 December 2008, CTA1 and CTA2 based phones are forbidden in Germany
.
Typical CT2 users were sold a handset and base station which they could connect to their own home telephone system. Calls via the home base station would be routed via the home telephone line and in this configuration, the system was identical to a standard cordless phone. When in range, the user could receive incoming calls.
Once out of range of the home, the CT2 user could find signs indicating a network base station in the area, and make outgoing calls (but not receive calls) using the network base station. Base stations were located in a variety of places, including high-streets and other shopping areas, gas stations, and transportation hubs such as rail stations. In this configuration, callers would be charged a per-minute rate higher than if they made calls from home, but not as high as conventional cellular charges.
The advantages to the user were that the rates were generally lower than cellular, and that the same handset could be used at home and away from home. The disadvantages, compared to cellular, were that many networks did not deliver incoming calls to the phones (Bibop was a notable exception), and that their areas of use were more limited.
There are no known open CT2 networks still running, though CT2 phones are still used by some as cordless phones.
The DECT system is CT2's successor, and also supports full microcellular service and data. However, to date DECT has been used to provide commercial mobile-phone like service only in Italy in 1997-8 (the FIDO network).
In the US, a system similar to DECT and PHS called PACS was developed but never deployed commercially.
CT-2, as used in Europe and Hong Kong, required adherence to the MPT 1322 and MPT 1334 technical standards. Most striking was the use of TDD (Time division duplex) channels where only one radio channel was used to carry both sides of a duplex telephone conversation. This solved the problem of different propagation paths between two widely separated channels (up to 45 Mhz in some cellular systems), but also placed an upper limit on the range of CT-2 signaling, since the speed of light (and radio signals) prevented long transmission paths. However, the use of TDD made available many frequency bands for CT-2 use, since a "paired" return path was not needed.
An American company, Cellular 21, Inc. (later to become Advanced Cordless Technologies, Inc.) headed by broadcaster Matt Edwards, petitioned the FCC to permit the use of CT-2 technology in the US. ACT built two active test systems which were located in Monticello, NY (outdoor), and outside and inside the South Street Seaport complex in lower Manhattan. The Monticello public field trials used the Timex technology which was incompatible with the trans-European standard, while the South Street Seaport indoor test used equipment from Ferranti, GPT, and Motorola, which at the time manufactured CT-2 equipment for Singapore and Hong Kong markets. GPT and Motorola both provided CT-2 equipment for the Rabbit system rollout in France (GPT handset and charger shown above). All the testing was under an FCC Experimental license. The ACT/Cellular 21 "Petition for Rulemaking" (RM-7152), along with a later petition by Millicom, became the basis of the FCC's PCS initiative (FCC GEN Docket 90-314) which resulted in the allocation of frequencies in the 1.7 to 2.1 Ghz band as spectrum expansion for the crowded 800 Mhz cellular band.
The FCC used the acronym PCS to designate Personal Communications Services, separate and distinct from cellular service which was 800 MHz analog at the time. PCS was to be digital-only, and has progressed through several "generations" (mostly marketing designations) such as G3 and G4.
Overview
CT2 is a digital FDMA system that uses Time Division Duplexing technology to share carrier frequencies between handsets and base stations. Features of the system are:- Standardized on 864-868 MHz
- 500 frames/second (alternately base station and handset)
- 100 kHz carriers
- 32 kbit/s ADPCM voice channel compression
- 10 mW maximum power output
- GFSKGFSKGaussian Frequency-Shift Keying is a type of Frequency Shift Keying modulation that uses a Gaussian filter to smooth positive/negative frequency deviations, which represent a binary 1 or 0. It is used by DECT, Bluetooth, Cypress WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor, Texas Instruments LPRF, z-wave and...
data encoding - Up to 100 meter (300 ft) range
Unlike DECT, CT2 was a voice-only system, though like any minimally-compressed voice system, users could deploy analog modems
Modem
A modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data...
to transfer data. In the early nineties, Apple Computer
Apple Computer
Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad...
sold a CT2 modem called the PowerBop to make use of France's Bibop CT2 network. Although CT2 is a microcellular system, fully capable of supporting handoff, unlike DECT it does not support "forward handoff", meaning that it has to drop its former radio link before establishing the subsequent one, leading to a sub-second dropout in the call during the handover.
Deployment and usage
Rabbit (telecommunications)
Rabbit was a British location-specific telephone service backed by Hutchison, who later went on to create the Orange GSM mobile network, followed by 3. The Rabbit network was the best-known of four such services introduced in the 1980s, the others being Phonepoint, Mercury Callpoint and Zonephone...
network operated from 1992 to 1993. In France, the Bibop network ran from 1991 to 1997. In Finland, Pointer
Pointer (wireless phone)
Pointer was a mobile phone network of Finnish Posti- ja telelaitos for a short time on the 1980s. The technology was similar to usual cordless phones, which could be used on hotspots around Finland, at least to make calls. Pointer phones lacked roaming capability...
service was available for a short time on the 1980s before being overridden by NMT
Nordic Mobile Telephone
NMT is the first fully automatic cellular phone system...
. Outside of Europe, the system achieved a certain amount of popularity in Hong Kong with three operators offering service until licenses were terminated in 1996. Since 31 December 2008, CTA1 and CTA2 based phones are forbidden in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
.
Typical CT2 users were sold a handset and base station which they could connect to their own home telephone system. Calls via the home base station would be routed via the home telephone line and in this configuration, the system was identical to a standard cordless phone. When in range, the user could receive incoming calls.
Once out of range of the home, the CT2 user could find signs indicating a network base station in the area, and make outgoing calls (but not receive calls) using the network base station. Base stations were located in a variety of places, including high-streets and other shopping areas, gas stations, and transportation hubs such as rail stations. In this configuration, callers would be charged a per-minute rate higher than if they made calls from home, but not as high as conventional cellular charges.
The advantages to the user were that the rates were generally lower than cellular, and that the same handset could be used at home and away from home. The disadvantages, compared to cellular, were that many networks did not deliver incoming calls to the phones (Bibop was a notable exception), and that their areas of use were more limited.
There are no known open CT2 networks still running, though CT2 phones are still used by some as cordless phones.
Similar systems
Japan's Personal Handyphone System, another system based upon microcells, is a direct analog of CT2 and has achieved a much greater level of success. PHS is a full microcellular system, with hand-off, with better range and more features.The DECT system is CT2's successor, and also supports full microcellular service and data. However, to date DECT has been used to provide commercial mobile-phone like service only in Italy in 1997-8 (the FIDO network).
In the US, a system similar to DECT and PHS called PACS was developed but never deployed commercially.
CT-2, as used in Europe and Hong Kong, required adherence to the MPT 1322 and MPT 1334 technical standards. Most striking was the use of TDD (Time division duplex) channels where only one radio channel was used to carry both sides of a duplex telephone conversation. This solved the problem of different propagation paths between two widely separated channels (up to 45 Mhz in some cellular systems), but also placed an upper limit on the range of CT-2 signaling, since the speed of light (and radio signals) prevented long transmission paths. However, the use of TDD made available many frequency bands for CT-2 use, since a "paired" return path was not needed.
An American company, Cellular 21, Inc. (later to become Advanced Cordless Technologies, Inc.) headed by broadcaster Matt Edwards, petitioned the FCC to permit the use of CT-2 technology in the US. ACT built two active test systems which were located in Monticello, NY (outdoor), and outside and inside the South Street Seaport complex in lower Manhattan. The Monticello public field trials used the Timex technology which was incompatible with the trans-European standard, while the South Street Seaport indoor test used equipment from Ferranti, GPT, and Motorola, which at the time manufactured CT-2 equipment for Singapore and Hong Kong markets. GPT and Motorola both provided CT-2 equipment for the Rabbit system rollout in France (GPT handset and charger shown above). All the testing was under an FCC Experimental license. The ACT/Cellular 21 "Petition for Rulemaking" (RM-7152), along with a later petition by Millicom, became the basis of the FCC's PCS initiative (FCC GEN Docket 90-314) which resulted in the allocation of frequencies in the 1.7 to 2.1 Ghz band as spectrum expansion for the crowded 800 Mhz cellular band.
The FCC used the acronym PCS to designate Personal Communications Services, separate and distinct from cellular service which was 800 MHz analog at the time. PCS was to be digital-only, and has progressed through several "generations" (mostly marketing designations) such as G3 and G4.
Related links
- CT1CT1CT1 stands for Cordless telephone generation 1 and is an analog cordless telephone standard that was standardized by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations in 1984 and deployed in eleven European countries...
- DECT
- PHSPersonal Handy-phone SystemThe Personal Handy-phone System , also marketed as the Personal Access System and commercially branded as Xiaolingtong in China, is a mobile network system operating in the 1880–1930 MHz frequency band, used mainly in Japan, China, Taiwan, and some other Asian countries and...
- GSM
- Rabbit (telecommunications)Rabbit (telecommunications)Rabbit was a British location-specific telephone service backed by Hutchison, who later went on to create the Orange GSM mobile network, followed by 3. The Rabbit network was the best-known of four such services introduced in the 1980s, the others being Phonepoint, Mercury Callpoint and Zonephone...
- Wikipedia France: Bibop
External links
- Cordless Telephony: The Future of Analogue and CT2 Cordless Telephony in the United Kingdom, UK OFCOM plans for phasing out of CT2
- Apple PowerBop in pictures