Casiodoro de Reina
Encyclopedia
Casiodoro de Reina or de Reyna (born 1520 in Montemolín
; died 15 March 1594 in Frankfurt am Main was a Lutheran
theologian who (perhaps with several others) translated the Bible
into Spanish.
-Monastery of San Isidoro
del Campo outside Sevilla (Monasterio Jerónimo de San Isidoro del Campo de Sevilla). At this time he had contact with Lutheranism
and he became an adherent of the Protestant Reformation
. He fled with about a dozen other monks when they came under suspicion by the Office of the Inquisition for Reformist tendencies. He first turned to John Calvin
's Geneva but he did not find the atmosphere of doctrinaire rigidity of the Consistory to be salutary. In 1558, Reina declared that Geneva had become "a new Rome" and left.
Reina traveled 1559 to London where he served as pastor
to Spanish Protestant refugees. However King Philip II of Spain
was exerting pressure for his extradition.
in which an image
of Casiodoro was burned. The works of Reina and his colleagues were placed in the prohibited book Index
and he was declared "heresiarch" (leader of heretics).
Ca. 1563 Reina went on to Antwerp where he associated with the authors of the Polyglot Bible. In the April 1564 he went to Frankfurt
, where he settled with his family.
Reina wrote the first great book against the Inquisition: "Sanctae Inquisitionis hispanicae artes aliquot detectae, ac palam traductae" (Some arts of Holy Inquisition).
This Book was printed in 1567 in Heidelberg
under the pseudonym: Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus
. He translated secretly the book of the critic of Calvin Sebastian Castellion, "De haereticis, an sint persequendi" (English: Concerning Heretics (Whether They Should Be Persecuted)), that condemns the executions "for conscience reasons" and documents the original Christian rejection of this practice.
Biblical translation
While in exile, variously in London, Antwerp, Frankfurt, Orléans
and Bergerac
, funded by various sources (such as Juan Pérez de Pineda) he began translating the Bible
into Spanish, using a number of works as source texts. For the Old Testament
, the work appears to have made extensive use of the Ferrara Bible
in Ladino with comparisons to the Masoretic Text
and the Vetus Latina
. The New Testament
derives from the Textus Receptus
of Erasmus with comparisons to the Vetus Latina
and Syriac manuscripts
. For the New Testament he had great aid from the translations of Francisco de Enzinas
and Juan Pérez de Pineda.
It is speculated that his Bible published in Switzerland in 1569, which became the basis of the Reina-Valera
Bible, was a composite work of the expatriate Isidorean
community, done by several different hands with Reina first among them.
Reina got the citizenship of the town Frankfurt in 16 August 1571. In this time he traded with silk, to get the money for his family. Step by step he became a true member of the Lutherans. Ca. 1580 he published a Catechism
, in the sense of Luther's Catechism, in Latin, French and Dutch.
he published other works:
Montemolín
Montemolín is a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census , the municipality has a population of 1582 inhabitants....
; died 15 March 1594 in Frankfurt am Main was a Lutheran
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
theologian who (perhaps with several others) translated the Bible
Bible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
into Spanish.
Early life
Reina was born about 1520. From his youth on he studied the Bible. In 1557 he became a monk of the HieronymiteHieronymites
Hieronymites, or the Order of St. Jerome , is a common name for several congregations of hermits living according to the Rule of St. Augustine, with supplementary regulations taken from the writings of the 5th-century monk and scholar, St Jerome. The principal group with this name was founded in...
-Monastery of San Isidoro
Isidore of Seville
Saint Isidore of Seville served as Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and is considered, as the historian Montalembert put it in an oft-quoted phrase, "le dernier savant du monde ancien"...
del Campo outside Sevilla (Monasterio Jerónimo de San Isidoro del Campo de Sevilla). At this time he had contact with Lutheranism
Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the church launched the Protestant Reformation...
and he became an adherent of the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
. He fled with about a dozen other monks when they came under suspicion by the Office of the Inquisition for Reformist tendencies. He first turned to John Calvin
John Calvin
John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530...
's Geneva but he did not find the atmosphere of doctrinaire rigidity of the Consistory to be salutary. In 1558, Reina declared that Geneva had become "a new Rome" and left.
Reina traveled 1559 to London where he served as pastor
Pastor
The word pastor usually refers to an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, this role may be abbreviated to "Pr." or often "Ps"....
to Spanish Protestant refugees. However King Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain
Philip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count....
was exerting pressure for his extradition.
In exile on the Continent
In Seville, (in April 1562), the Inquisition made an auto-da-féAuto-da-fé
An auto-da-fé was the ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition or the Portuguese Inquisition had decided their punishment, followed by the execution by the civil authorities of the sentences imposed...
in which an image
Effigy
An effigy is a representation of a person, especially in the form of sculpture or some other three-dimensional form.The term is usually associated with full-length figures of a deceased person depicted in stone or wood on church monuments. These most often lie supine with hands together in prayer,...
of Casiodoro was burned. The works of Reina and his colleagues were placed in the prohibited book Index
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church. A first version was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559, and a revised and somewhat relaxed form was authorized at the Council of Trent...
and he was declared "heresiarch" (leader of heretics).
Ca. 1563 Reina went on to Antwerp where he associated with the authors of the Polyglot Bible. In the April 1564 he went to Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
, where he settled with his family.
Reina wrote the first great book against the Inquisition: "Sanctae Inquisitionis hispanicae artes aliquot detectae, ac palam traductae" (Some arts of Holy Inquisition).
This Book was printed in 1567 in Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...
under the pseudonym: Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus
Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus
Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus was a pseudonym used by the Spanish evangelic theologian and Bible translator Casiodoro de Reina.- The pseudonym :...
. He translated secretly the book of the critic of Calvin Sebastian Castellion, "De haereticis, an sint persequendi" (English: Concerning Heretics (Whether They Should Be Persecuted)), that condemns the executions "for conscience reasons" and documents the original Christian rejection of this practice.
Biblical translation
While in exile, variously in London, Antwerp, Frankfurt, Orléans
Orléans
-Prehistory and Roman:Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the Carnutes tribe where the Druids held their annual assembly. It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire...
and Bergerac
Bergerac, Dordogne
Bergerac is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Dordogne department in southwestern France.-Population:-Economy:The region is primarily known for wine and tobacco...
, funded by various sources (such as Juan Pérez de Pineda) he began translating the Bible
Bible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
into Spanish, using a number of works as source texts. For the Old Testament
Old Testament
The Old Testament, of which Christians hold different views, is a Christian term for the religious writings of ancient Israel held sacred and inspired by Christians which overlaps with the 24-book canon of the Masoretic Text of Judaism...
, the work appears to have made extensive use of the Ferrara Bible
Ferrara Bible
The Ferrara Bible was a 1553 publication of the Ladino version of the Tanach used by Sephardi Jews. It was paid for and made by Yom-Tob ben Levi Athias and Abraham ben Salomon Usque , and was dedicated to Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara...
in Ladino with comparisons to the Masoretic Text
Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text is the authoritative Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible and is regarded as Judaism's official version of the Tanakh. While the Masoretic Text defines the books of the Jewish canon, it also defines the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and...
and the Vetus Latina
Vetus Latina
Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jerome's Vulgate Bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. The phrase Vetus Latina is Latin for Old Latin, and the Vetus Latina is sometimes known as the Old Latin Bible...
. The New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
derives from the Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...
of Erasmus with comparisons to the Vetus Latina
Vetus Latina
Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jerome's Vulgate Bible became the standard Bible for Latin-speaking Western Christians. The phrase Vetus Latina is Latin for Old Latin, and the Vetus Latina is sometimes known as the Old Latin Bible...
and Syriac manuscripts
Syriac versions of the Bible
Syria played an important or even predominant role in the beginning of Christianity. Here were written the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Luke, the Didache, Ignatiana, and the Gospel of Thomas. Syria was the country in which the Greek language intersected with the Syriac, which was closely...
. For the New Testament he had great aid from the translations of Francisco de Enzinas
Francisco de Enzinas
Francisco de Enzinas , also known by the humanist name Francis Dryander , was a classical scholar, translator, author, and Protestant apologist of Spanish origin.-Family and Education:Francisco de Enzinas was born in Burgos, Spain, probably on 1 November 1518...
and Juan Pérez de Pineda.
It is speculated that his Bible published in Switzerland in 1569, which became the basis of the Reina-Valera
Reina-Valera
The Reina-Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible, first published in 1569 in Basel, Switzerland and nicknamed the "Biblia del Oso" . It was not the first complete Bible in Spanish; several others, most notably the Alfonsina Bible, were published in previous centuries...
Bible, was a composite work of the expatriate Isidorean
Isidore of Seville
Saint Isidore of Seville served as Archbishop of Seville for more than three decades and is considered, as the historian Montalembert put it in an oft-quoted phrase, "le dernier savant du monde ancien"...
community, done by several different hands with Reina first among them.
Reina got the citizenship of the town Frankfurt in 16 August 1571. In this time he traded with silk, to get the money for his family. Step by step he became a true member of the Lutherans. Ca. 1580 he published a Catechism
Catechism
A catechism , i.e. to indoctrinate) is a summary or exposition of doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament times to the present...
, in the sense of Luther's Catechism, in Latin, French and Dutch.
Works
Beside his Spanish Bible translationReina-Valera
The Reina-Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible, first published in 1569 in Basel, Switzerland and nicknamed the "Biblia del Oso" . It was not the first complete Bible in Spanish; several others, most notably the Alfonsina Bible, were published in previous centuries...
he published other works:
- Confessión de Fe cristiana (hecha por ciertos fieles españoles, los cuales, huyendo los abusos de la Iglesia Romana y la crueldad de la Inquisición de España, dexaron su patria, para ser recibidos de la Iglesia de los fieles, por hermanos en Christ). London, ca. 1560 - Reprint: Confessión de fe Christiana. The Spanish Protestant Confession of Faith. Exeter, 1988, edited by A. Gordon Kinder
- Sanctae Inquisitionis hispanicae artes aliquot detectae, ac palam traductae. Heidelberg, 1567, under the pseudonym: Reginaldus Gonsalvius MontanusReginaldus Gonsalvius MontanusReginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus was a pseudonym used by the Spanish evangelic theologian and Bible translator Casiodoro de Reina.- The pseudonym :...
; the Spanish title: Algunas artes de la Santa Inquisición española; (in English: Some arts of Holy Inquisition) - La Biblia que e los Sacros libros del Vieio y Nuevo Testamento ... Transladada en EspanolReina-ValeraThe Reina-Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible, first published in 1569 in Basel, Switzerland and nicknamed the "Biblia del Oso" . It was not the first complete Bible in Spanish; several others, most notably the Alfonsina Bible, were published in previous centuries...
. Basel, 1569 - Evangelium Ioannis. Frankfurt am Main, 1573; published in Latin; in the Spanish title: Comentarios a los Evangelios de Juan y Mateo
- Expositio primae partis capitis quarti Matthaei. Frankfurt am Main, 1573; Dutch translation by Florentius de Bruin, Dordrecht, 1690; published in Latin; in the Spanish title: Comentarios a los Evangelios de Juan y Mateo
- Sixtus Senensis, ed.: Bibliotheca sancta à F. Sixto Senensi ex praecipuis catholicae ecclesiae authoribus collecta. Frankfurt am Main, 1575
- Confessio in articulo de coena. Antwerpen, 1579
- Catechismus, Hoc est: Brevis instructio de praecipuis capitibus christianae doctrinae, per quaestiones & responsiones, pro Ecclesia Antwerpiensi quae Confessionem Augustanam profitetur. Antwerpen, ca. 1580; published in Latin, French and Dutch; the Spanish title: Catecismo
- Estatutos para la sociedad de ayuda a los pobres y perseguidos, in Frankfurt.
- Exposión de la primera parte del capitulo cuarto de San Mateo sobre las tentaciones de Cristo, edited by Carlos López Lozano. Madrid, 1988
See also
- Reina-ValeraReina-ValeraThe Reina-Valera is a Spanish translation of the Bible, first published in 1569 in Basel, Switzerland and nicknamed the "Biblia del Oso" . It was not the first complete Bible in Spanish; several others, most notably the Alfonsina Bible, were published in previous centuries...
- Bible translationsBible translationsThe Bible has been translated into many languages from the biblical languages of Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek. Indeed, the full Bible has been translated into over 450 languages, although sections of the Bible have been translated into over 2,000 languages....
- Spanish translations of the BibleSpanish translations of the BibleSeveral Spanish translations of the Bible have been made since approximately 700 years ago.- Jewish translations :Medieval Spanish Jews had a tradition of oral translation of Biblical readings into Spanish, and several manuscript translations were made, either for Jewish use or for Christian patrons...
- Reginaldus Gonsalvius MontanusReginaldus Gonsalvius MontanusReginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus was a pseudonym used by the Spanish evangelic theologian and Bible translator Casiodoro de Reina.- The pseudonym :...