Cheng-Gao Versions
Encyclopedia
In the study of the classic Chinese
novel
Dream of the Red Chamber
, the Cheng-Gao versions or Cheng-Gao editions (程高本) refer to two illustrated, woodblock print
editions of the book published in 1791 and 1792. The 1791 version, produced at the year's end, is the novel's earliest print
edition. It was entitled The Illustrated Dream of the Red Chamber (绣像红楼梦). In early 1792 a revised edition was published less than eighty days after. It differed in minor details from the 1791 edition. Both versions were edited by Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E
and published by Suzhou
's Cuiwen Book House (萃文书屋).
The Cheng-Gao versions mark a departure from early, scribal copies of Dream of the Red Chamber. Cheng and Gao removed commentaries made by Rouge Inkstone
, added illustrations, and changed the title (previously known as The Story of the Stone 石头记). They made extensive edits as well as added a 40-chapter continuation to the novel, now known as the Cheng-Gao continuation, which they claimed to be authorial. This 40-chapter ending is now the continuation read by most readers.
Hu Shih
in the 1920s referred to the 1791 version as the Chengjia edition (程甲本, "Cheng-A book") and the 1792 version as the Chengyi edition (程乙本, "Cheng-B book"). These are the names by which they are known in the field of Redology
. In the mid-20th century until the 1980s the Chengyi edition is the most read, studied and reprinted Dream version in Taiwan
owing to Hu Shih's influence. In 1982, the People's Republic of China
's People's Literature Publishing House (人民出版社) printed an annotated edition based on the Rouge versions, effectively ending the era where the Cheng-Gao versions were used extensively in China. The edition was edited by a team of scholars including Redologist
Feng Qiyong, under the auspices of the "Red Chamber Dream Academy" (红楼梦研究所).
Extant editions of the original Cheng-Gao editions are now very rare and are highly prized collector's items. It is estimated that less than twenty copies are presently in existence.
to the 1791 Chengjia edition (程甲本). The two prefaces were short and because of the brevity of Classical Chinese, can be reproduced in full:
In short, Cheng stated in the 1791 preface that the novel, which he renamed Dream of the Red Chamber, was originally entitled the Chronicle of/on the Stone. The author was not known, and it had been ascribed to "different people", but "Mr" Cao Xueqin
(now believed to be the book's true author) edited and revised it several times. as was stated in the novel. Contemporaneous market scribes made copies and sold them for high prices (for about several tael
s of gold
). But the book's incomplete, 80-chapter nature disappointed readers. Cheng searched extensively for the remaining chapters, from renowned book collector's libraries to spare paper piles, and in the process collected over "twenty more (ie. new) scrolls (ie. chapters)" of the book. Cheng then claimed, after several years, to have chanced on "ten more scrolls" of the final version from a book vendor (鼓擔), paying a hefty price for them. Being the working manuscript, however, it was unedited and in great disarray. Cheng Weiyuan edited this version with a friend (Gao E
), consulting existing versions, then printed the "complete" edition to satiate appetites of fellow fans.
Later Qing Dynasty
editions reprinting the Cheng-Gao versions removed Cheng's preface, using Gao's preface solely.
Gao's preface was penned in 1791 winter, five days after the winter solstice
, in Tieling
. He revealed the overwhelming popularity of the novel, although there was no final version after "over twenty years". He first read the book at a friend's place since he could not have a share of it (ie. purchase it). In spring 1791 Cheng Weiyuan approached Gao to co-edit a "complete" version he bought; Cheng mentioned that he himself was then quite idle but the editing task arduous. Gao said that although the novel concerned "unofficial stray anecdotes" (稗官野史) of the past, it did not slander the "orthodox" Confucian classics. Hence Gao gladly agreed and assisted the editing. He wrote this preface in appreciation of Cheng's offer of collaboration.
worded by both. Also reproduced in full, in Classical Chinese:
The foreword was dated March 5, 1792 (壬子花朝後一日). This foreword is longer and full translation is possibly not necessary, but the gist of it is that both editors, Cheng and Gao, felt the 1791 edition was marred by misprints and sloppy edits. They took more time this time, collating and comparing further versions to refine the 1792 edition, which they considered superior. They found a superior edited manuscript of the last 40 chapters (善本; this caused a lot of suspicions that Cheng and Gao were lying; the 1792 print edition was printed less than three months after the 1791 edition) and based this 1792 newer edition on the superior manuscript. Finally, Cheng and Gao apologized for not adding annotations, owing to the massive work involved in printing, and stated that the print editions have to be priced higher to offset printing costs. They also wrote that their 1791 prefaces were written not to steal the author's thunder, but because they were so elated after discovering the original manuscript that they indiscretely disclosed their full names (the 1792 edition was signed using their style names 號, which were pseudonym
s).
published Proofs on A Dream of the Red Chamber 《红楼梦考证》. In it, he proposed "beyond a shred of a doubt" (自无可疑) that the last forty chapters was not written by Cao Xueqin himself, but was written by Gao E
, based on four pieces of "evidence". (Admittedly, three of them were circumstantial
and Hu Shih himself was uncertain about his own second proof.) Hu accused Cheng and Gao of lying in their 1791 prefaces, stating direct evidence from a contemporary, Zhang Wentao (张问陶), that Gao wrote the continuation. His stand is supported by Zhou Ruchang and Liu Xinwu
. Another Redologist, Yu Pingbo
, originally supported this proposition, but later retracted it (however, Yu is adamant that the last forty chapters were a later addition).
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
novel
Novel
A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....
Dream of the Red Chamber
Dream of the Red Chamber
Dream of the Red Chamber , composed by Cao Xueqin, is one of China's Four Great Classical Novels. It was composed in the middle of the 18th century during the Qing Dynasty. It is considered to be a masterpiece of Chinese vernacular literature and is generally acknowledged to be a pinnacle of...
, the Cheng-Gao versions or Cheng-Gao editions (程高本) refer to two illustrated, woodblock print
Woodblock printing
Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later paper....
editions of the book published in 1791 and 1792. The 1791 version, produced at the year's end, is the novel's earliest print
Printing
Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing....
edition. It was entitled The Illustrated Dream of the Red Chamber (绣像红楼梦). In early 1792 a revised edition was published less than eighty days after. It differed in minor details from the 1791 edition. Both versions were edited by Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E
Gao E (writer)
Gao E was a Chinese scholar and editor. He was a Qing Dynasty scholar who attained the level of juren in 1788 and jinshi in 1795. He was a Han Chinese who belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner. In 1801 he became a Fellow of the Hanlin Academy...
and published by Suzhou
Suzhou
Suzhou , previously transliterated as Su-chou, Suchow, and Soochow, is a major city located in the southeast of Jiangsu Province in Eastern China, located adjacent to Shanghai Municipality. The city is situated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Taihu Lake and is a part...
's Cuiwen Book House (萃文书屋).
The Cheng-Gao versions mark a departure from early, scribal copies of Dream of the Red Chamber. Cheng and Gao removed commentaries made by Rouge Inkstone
Rouge Inkstone
Rouge Inkstone or Red Inkstone is the pseudonym of an early, mysterious commentator of the 18th-century Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber...
, added illustrations, and changed the title (previously known as The Story of the Stone 石头记). They made extensive edits as well as added a 40-chapter continuation to the novel, now known as the Cheng-Gao continuation, which they claimed to be authorial. This 40-chapter ending is now the continuation read by most readers.
Hu Shih
Hu Shih
Hu Shih , born Hu Hung-hsing , was a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat. His courtesy name was Shih-chih . Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese...
in the 1920s referred to the 1791 version as the Chengjia edition (程甲本, "Cheng-A book") and the 1792 version as the Chengyi edition (程乙本, "Cheng-B book"). These are the names by which they are known in the field of Redology
Redology
Redology is the study of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Classics of China. There are many researchers in this field, most can be divided into four general groups. The first group is the commentators, such as Zhou Chun, Xu Fengyi, Chen Yupi, and others. The second group is...
. In the mid-20th century until the 1980s the Chengyi edition is the most read, studied and reprinted Dream version in Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
owing to Hu Shih's influence. In 1982, the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
's People's Literature Publishing House (人民出版社) printed an annotated edition based on the Rouge versions, effectively ending the era where the Cheng-Gao versions were used extensively in China. The edition was edited by a team of scholars including Redologist
Redology
Redology is the study of the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Classics of China. There are many researchers in this field, most can be divided into four general groups. The first group is the commentators, such as Zhou Chun, Xu Fengyi, Chen Yupi, and others. The second group is...
Feng Qiyong, under the auspices of the "Red Chamber Dream Academy" (红楼梦研究所).
Extant editions of the original Cheng-Gao editions are now very rare and are highly prized collector's items. It is estimated that less than twenty copies are presently in existence.
The 1791 prefaces
Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E both wrote short prefaces in Classical ChineseClassical Chinese
Classical Chinese or Literary Chinese is a traditional style of written Chinese based on the grammar and vocabulary of ancient Chinese, making it different from any modern spoken form of Chinese...
to the 1791 Chengjia edition (程甲本). The two prefaces were short and because of the brevity of Classical Chinese, can be reproduced in full:
Cheng's preface
Cheng Weiyuan's 1791 preface is reproduced in full as follows:- 《红楼梦》小说本名《石头记》，作者相传不一，究未知出自何人，惟书内记雪芹曹先生删改数过。好事者每传抄一部，置庙市中，昂其值得数十金，可谓不胫而走者矣。然原目一百廿卷，今所传只八十卷，殊非全本。即间称有全部者，及检阅仍只八十卷，读者颇以为憾。不佞以是书既有百廿卷之目，岂无全璧？爰为竭力收罗，自藏书家甚至故纸堆中无不留心，数年以来，仅积有廿余卷。一日偶于鼓担上得十余卷，遂重价购之，欣然翻阅，见其前后起伏，尚属接笋，然漶漫不可收拾。乃同友人细加厘剔，截长补短，抄成全部，复为镌板，以公同好，《红楼梦》全书示自是告成矣。书成，因并志其缘起，以告海内君子。凡我同人，或亦先睹为快者欤？ --小泉程伟元识。 (Simplified Chinese)
- 《紅樓夢》小說本名《石頭記》，作者相傳不一，究未知出自何人，惟書內記雪芹曹先生刪改數過。好事者每傳抄一部，置廟市中，昂其值，得數十金，可謂不脛而走者矣。然原目一百廿卷，今所傳只八十卷，殊非全本。即間稱有全部者，及檢閱，仍只八十卷，讀者頗以為憾。不佞以是書既有百廿卷之目，豈無全璧？爰為竭力收羅，自藏書家甚至故紙堆中無不留心，數年以來，僅積有廿余卷。一日偶於鼓擔上得十餘卷，遂重價購之，欣然繙閱，見其前後起伏，尚屬接筍，然漶漫不可收拾。乃同友人細加厘剔，截長補短，抄成全部，復為鐫板，以公同好，《紅樓夢》全書始自是告成矣。書成，因並志其緣起，以告海內君子。凡我同人，或亦先睹為快者歟？--小泉程偉元識。 (Traditional Chinese)
In short, Cheng stated in the 1791 preface that the novel, which he renamed Dream of the Red Chamber, was originally entitled the Chronicle of/on the Stone. The author was not known, and it had been ascribed to "different people", but "Mr" Cao Xueqin
Cao Xueqin
Cao Xueqin was a Qing Dynasty Chinese writer, best known as the author of Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature...
(now believed to be the book's true author) edited and revised it several times. as was stated in the novel. Contemporaneous market scribes made copies and sold them for high prices (for about several tael
Tael
Tael can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East. Most commonly, it refers to the Chinese tael, a part of the Chinese system of weights and currency....
s of gold
Gold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
). But the book's incomplete, 80-chapter nature disappointed readers. Cheng searched extensively for the remaining chapters, from renowned book collector's libraries to spare paper piles, and in the process collected over "twenty more (ie. new) scrolls (ie. chapters)" of the book. Cheng then claimed, after several years, to have chanced on "ten more scrolls" of the final version from a book vendor (鼓擔), paying a hefty price for them. Being the working manuscript, however, it was unedited and in great disarray. Cheng Weiyuan edited this version with a friend (Gao E
Gao E (writer)
Gao E was a Chinese scholar and editor. He was a Qing Dynasty scholar who attained the level of juren in 1788 and jinshi in 1795. He was a Han Chinese who belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner. In 1801 he became a Fellow of the Hanlin Academy...
), consulting existing versions, then printed the "complete" edition to satiate appetites of fellow fans.
Later Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
editions reprinting the Cheng-Gao versions removed Cheng's preface, using Gao's preface solely.
Gao E's preface
Gao E's 1791 preface is even shorter:- 予闻《红楼梦》脍炙人口者，几廿余年，然无全璧，无定本。向曾从友人借观，窃以染指尝鼎为憾。今年春，友人程子小泉过予，以其所购全书见示，且曰：“此仆数年銖积寸累之苦心，将付剞劂，公同好。子閒旦憊矣，盍分任之?”予以是书虽稗官野史之流，然尚不谬于名教，欣然拜诺，正以波斯奴见宝为幸，题襄其役。工既竣，并识端末，以告阅者。时乾隆辛亥冬至后五日铁岭高鹗叙并书。(Simplified Chinese)
- 予聞《紅樓夢》膾炙人口者，幾廿餘年，然無全璧，無定本。向曾從友人借觀，竊以染指嘗鼎為憾。今年春，友人程子小泉過予，以其所購全書見示，且曰：“此僕數年銖積寸累之苦心，將付剞劂，公同好。子閒旦憊矣，盍分任之?”予以是書雖稗官野史之流，然尚不謬於名教，欣然拜諾，正以波斯奴見寶為幸，題襄其役。工既竣，並識端末，以告閱者。時乾隆辛亥冬至後五日鐵嶺高鶚敘並書。(Traditional Chinese)
Gao's preface was penned in 1791 winter, five days after the winter solstice
Winter solstice
Winter solstice may refer to:* Winter solstice, astronomical event* Winter Solstice , former band* Winter Solstice: North , seasonal songs* Winter Solstice , 2005 American film...
, in Tieling
Tieling
Tieling is a prefecture-level city in Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China.The population is 3 million at the 2nd of 2004. Tieling is a city where coal mining is an important industry.The mayor of Tieling is Li Wenke...
. He revealed the overwhelming popularity of the novel, although there was no final version after "over twenty years". He first read the book at a friend's place since he could not have a share of it (ie. purchase it). In spring 1791 Cheng Weiyuan approached Gao to co-edit a "complete" version he bought; Cheng mentioned that he himself was then quite idle but the editing task arduous. Gao said that although the novel concerned "unofficial stray anecdotes" (稗官野史) of the past, it did not slander the "orthodox" Confucian classics. Hence Gao gladly agreed and assisted the editing. He wrote this preface in appreciation of Cheng's offer of collaboration.
The 1792 foreword
The 1791 preface was replaced with a more impersonal forewordForeword
A foreword is a piece of writing sometimes placed at the beginning of a book or other piece of literature. Written by someone other than the primary author of the work, it often tells of some interaction between the writer of the foreword and the book's primary author or the story the book tells...
worded by both. Also reproduced in full, in Classical Chinese:
- 一、是书前八十回，藏书家抄录传阅几三十年矣，今得后四十回合成完璧。绿友人借抄，争觀者甚伙，抄录固难，刊板亦需时日，姑集活字刷印。因急欲公诸同好，故初印时不及细校，间有紕缪。今复聚集各原本详加校阅，改订无讹．惟识者谅之。一、书中前八十回抄本，各家互异，今广集核勘，准情酌理，补遗订讹。其间或有增损数字处，意在便于披阅，非敢争胜前人也。一，是书沿传既久，坊间繕本及诸家所藏秘稿，繁简歧出，前后错见。即如六十七回，此有彼无，题同文异，燕石莫辨。茲惟择其情理较协者，取为定本。一、书中后四十回系就历年所得，集腋成裘，更无他本可考。惟按其前后关照者，略为修辑，使其有应接而无矛盾．至其原文，未敢臆改，俟再得善本，更为釐定，且不欲尽掩其本来面目也。一、是书词意新雅，久为名公鉅卿赏鉴，但创始刷印，卷帙较多，工力浩繁，故未加评点。其中用笔吞吐，虚实掩映之妙，识者当自得之。一、向来奇书小说，题序署名，多出名家。是书开卷略誌数语，非云弁首，实因残缺有年，一旦颠末毕具，大陕人心，欣然题名，聊以记成书之幸。一、是书刷印，原为同好传玩起见，后因坊间再四乞兌，爰公议定值，以备工种之费，非谓奇货可居也。壬子花朝后一日小泉、兰墅又识。(Simplified Chinese)
- 一、是書前八十回，藏書家抄錄傳閱幾三十年矣，今得後四十回合成完璧。綠友人借抄，爭觀者甚夥，抄錄固難，刊板亦需時日，姑集活字刷印。因急欲公諸同好，故初印時不及細校，間有紕繆。今復聚集各原本詳加校閱，改訂無訛．惟識者諒之。一、書中前八十回抄本，各家互異，今廣集核勘，準情酌理，補遺訂訛。其間或有增損數字處，意在便於披閱，非敢爭勝前人也。一，是書沿傳既久，坊間繕本及諸家所藏秘稿，繁簡歧出，前後錯見。即如六十七回，此有彼無，題同文異，燕石莫辨。茲惟擇其情理較協者，取為定本。一、書中後四十回係就歷年所得，集腋成裘，更無他本可考。惟按其前後關照者，略為修輯，使其有應接而無矛盾．至其原文，未敢臆改，俟再得善本，更為釐定，且不欲盡掩其本來面目也。一、是書詞意新雅，久為名公鉅卿賞鑑，但創始刷印，卷帙較多，工力浩繁，故未加評點。其中用筆吞吐，虛實掩映之妙，識者當自得之。一、向來奇書小說，題序署名，多出名家。是書開卷略誌數語，非雲弁首，實因殘缺有年，一旦顛末畢具，大陝人心，欣然題名，聊以記成書之幸。一、是書刷印，原為同好傳玩起見，後因坊間再四乞兌，爰公議定值，以備工種之費，非謂奇貨可居也。壬子花朝後一日小泉、蘭墅又識。(Traditional Chinese)
The foreword was dated March 5, 1792 (壬子花朝後一日). This foreword is longer and full translation is possibly not necessary, but the gist of it is that both editors, Cheng and Gao, felt the 1791 edition was marred by misprints and sloppy edits. They took more time this time, collating and comparing further versions to refine the 1792 edition, which they considered superior. They found a superior edited manuscript of the last 40 chapters (善本; this caused a lot of suspicions that Cheng and Gao were lying; the 1792 print edition was printed less than three months after the 1791 edition) and based this 1792 newer edition on the superior manuscript. Finally, Cheng and Gao apologized for not adding annotations, owing to the massive work involved in printing, and stated that the print editions have to be priced higher to offset printing costs. They also wrote that their 1791 prefaces were written not to steal the author's thunder, but because they were so elated after discovering the original manuscript that they indiscretely disclosed their full names (the 1792 edition was signed using their style names 號, which were pseudonym
Pseudonym
A pseudonym is a name that a person assumes for a particular purpose and that differs from his or her original orthonym...
s).
Authorship
In 1921, Hu ShihHu Shih
Hu Shih , born Hu Hung-hsing , was a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat. His courtesy name was Shih-chih . Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese...
published Proofs on A Dream of the Red Chamber 《红楼梦考证》. In it, he proposed "beyond a shred of a doubt" (自无可疑) that the last forty chapters was not written by Cao Xueqin himself, but was written by Gao E
Gao E (writer)
Gao E was a Chinese scholar and editor. He was a Qing Dynasty scholar who attained the level of juren in 1788 and jinshi in 1795. He was a Han Chinese who belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner. In 1801 he became a Fellow of the Hanlin Academy...
, based on four pieces of "evidence". (Admittedly, three of them were circumstantial
Circumstantial evidence
Circumstantial evidence is evidence in which an inference is required to connect it to a conclusion of fact, like a fingerprint at the scene of a crime...
and Hu Shih himself was uncertain about his own second proof.) Hu accused Cheng and Gao of lying in their 1791 prefaces, stating direct evidence from a contemporary, Zhang Wentao (张问陶), that Gao wrote the continuation. His stand is supported by Zhou Ruchang and Liu Xinwu
Liu Xinwu
Liu Xinwu is a Chinese author, and one of the earliest proponents of the post-Maoist wave of Chinese literature.-Biography:Born in the province of Sichuan, his family moved to Beijing, a city that figures prominently in his work, in 1950...
. Another Redologist, Yu Pingbo
Yu Pingbo
Yú Píngbó , former name Yú Mínghéng and courtesy name Píngbó , was an essayist, poet, historian, Redologist, and critic....
, originally supported this proposition, but later retracted it (however, Yu is adamant that the last forty chapters were a later addition).