Chitrakar
Encyclopedia
The Chitrakars belong to the Newah or Newar
lingual community of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal
. Traditionally, they are painters and mask-makers. In Nepal Bhasa
, the mother tongue of the Newars, this caste is called "Puun". When the Newar culture became Sanskrit
ized, the last name Chitrakar was adopted. "Chitr" in Sanskrit
means image and "akar" stands for shape. The literal translation of the word Chitrakar is imagemaker.
The Puuns or Chitrakars paint Paubas ( Thankas in Tibetan ) used in prayer rooms and murals in temples, make masks used for ritual dances,paintings on ceramics and woodblock prints used at festivals. The craft is handed down from father to son. Women generally play a secondary role in the artistic ventures.
Racially, Chitrakars a mix of Tibeto-Burmese and Indo Aryan.
Although, with the advent of the modern world, the Caste System is eroding in Kathmandu, there are still some Puun/Chitrakar families following their traditional role as artists.
The Puuns/Chitrakars practice both Buddhism
and Hinduism
with an emphasis on Tantrism.
The word "Puun" seems to be derived from Pali/Sanskrit word "puantra"/"patta
" or
"scrolls/fabric". The religious painting called "Paubhas" is also a derivative of the "Puantra/Patta". These paintings are normally done over fabric/cotton gessoed with animal glue and clay.
Apart from Nepal, Pata painting or Patachitra is also an important element in Bengali cultural heritage. This art form flourished particularly during the Buddhist period in Bengal and normally carried the life sketch of the Buddha and his sayings and anecdotes. Later Patas show Hindu tradition. After about eight century AD, Use of patas dwindled in Bengal. It was only after about this time that saw the widespread use of pattas/paubhas (paining) in the Kathmandu Valley(Nepal). There is a particular Chitrakar/Patua or painter community in West Bengal who still practise folk paintings in long scrolls. This community during Medieval times was stratified within a caste system based on professional hierarchies in the Hindu society. Few members of this community also follow Islam at present.
Newar
The Newa , Newār or Newāl) are the indigenous people and the creators of the historical civilization of Nepal's Kathmandu Valley. The valley and surrounding territory have been known from ancient times as Nepal Mandala, its limits ever changing through history.Newas have lived in the Kathmandu...
lingual community of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
. Traditionally, they are painters and mask-makers. In Nepal Bhasa
Nepal Bhasa
Nepal Bhasa is one of the major languages of Nepal, and is also spoken in India, particularly in Sikkim where it is one of the 11 official languages. Nepal Bhasa is the mother tongue of about 3% of the people in Nepal . It is spoken mainly by the Newars, who chiefly inhabit the towns of the...
, the mother tongue of the Newars, this caste is called "Puun". When the Newar culture became Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
ized, the last name Chitrakar was adopted. "Chitr" in Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
means image and "akar" stands for shape. The literal translation of the word Chitrakar is imagemaker.
The Puuns or Chitrakars paint Paubas ( Thankas in Tibetan ) used in prayer rooms and murals in temples, make masks used for ritual dances,paintings on ceramics and woodblock prints used at festivals. The craft is handed down from father to son. Women generally play a secondary role in the artistic ventures.
Racially, Chitrakars a mix of Tibeto-Burmese and Indo Aryan.
Although, with the advent of the modern world, the Caste System is eroding in Kathmandu, there are still some Puun/Chitrakar families following their traditional role as artists.
The Puuns/Chitrakars practice both Buddhism
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
and Hinduism
Hinduism
Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian Subcontinent. Hinduism is known to its followers as , amongst many other expressions...
with an emphasis on Tantrism.
The word "Puun" seems to be derived from Pali/Sanskrit word "puantra"/"patta
Patta
Patta Killa, also known as Vishramgad, is situated between Nasik and Ahmadnagar in Maharashtra. Shivaji Maharaj once visited and rested there. The residents of Patta Killa are known as Pattekar, meaning residents of Fort Patta....
" or
"scrolls/fabric". The religious painting called "Paubhas" is also a derivative of the "Puantra/Patta". These paintings are normally done over fabric/cotton gessoed with animal glue and clay.
Apart from Nepal, Pata painting or Patachitra is also an important element in Bengali cultural heritage. This art form flourished particularly during the Buddhist period in Bengal and normally carried the life sketch of the Buddha and his sayings and anecdotes. Later Patas show Hindu tradition. After about eight century AD, Use of patas dwindled in Bengal. It was only after about this time that saw the widespread use of pattas/paubhas (paining) in the Kathmandu Valley(Nepal). There is a particular Chitrakar/Patua or painter community in West Bengal who still practise folk paintings in long scrolls. This community during Medieval times was stratified within a caste system based on professional hierarchies in the Hindu society. Few members of this community also follow Islam at present.
Notable Chitrakars of Nepal
- Kazi Krishna Lal Chitrakar: Worked for King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Dev and attained the position of Kazi, which was one of the highest civil rankings at that time.
- Bhaju Macha Chitrakar: Artist/Court Painter, travelled with Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana to England and France.
- Tej Bahadur Chitrakar: Court Painter, accompanied Chandra Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana to England
- Dil Bahadur Chitrakar: Artist.
- Amar Chitrakar: Artist, Lifetime Member of the Royal Nepal Academy, his paintings are in museums and private collections.
- Dirgha Man Chitrakar: Court Photographer, one of the first Nepalese photographs, he used Large Format Cameras and wet plates.
Organizations
- Chitrakar Samaj/The Chitrakar Society
- The Chitrakar Society and Himalasia Foundation
External links
- http://www.himalasia.org/chitrakars.html
- http://www.artsofnepal.com/nepali-art-news/6/giving-their-art-and-soul.html
- http://www.nepalhomepage.com/ganeshphoto/photographers.html
- http://www.spinybabbler.org/visual_arts/personalities/amar_chitrakar.htm
- http://www.himalasia.org/ausstell.htm
- http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepalitimes/pdf/Nepali_Times_217.pdf
- http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133280518.html