Clavicipitaceae
Encyclopedia
Clavicipitaceae is a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales
. It consists of 43 genera
, and 321 species
.
, Clavicipitaceae, is paraphyletic, and consists of three well-defined clade
s, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae
). The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.
s toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species is Claviceps purpurea
, which has historical significance as the cause of St. Anthony's Fire, also known as ergotism
. Ergotism is caused by ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and ergocristine
, which are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid
. Ciclosporin
, a drug used in transplant surgery, is derived from Tolypocladium inflatum, the anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis. Cordyceps sinensis is highly valued in Traditional Chinese Medicine
. Species of Beauveria
and Metarhizium
are widely used in the biological control of insect pests.
Aciculosporium
– Ascopolyporus
—Atkinsonella
—Atricordyceps
—Balansia
– Berkelella
– Cavimalum
– Cepsiclava – Claviceps – Cordycepioideus
– Cordyceps
– Dussiella
– Epichloë
– Epicrea
– Helminthascus
– Heteroepichloë
– Hyperdermium
– Hypocrella – Konradia
– Loculistroma
– Metacordyceps
– Moelleriella
– Mycomalmus
– Myriogenospora
– Neobarya
– Neoclaviceps
– Neocordyceps – Parepichloë
– Phytocordyceps – Podocrella
– Regiocrella
– Romanoa
– Shimizuomyces
– Sphaerocordyceps
– Stereocrea
– Torrubiella
– Villosiclava
– Wakefieldiomyces
Anamorphic genera (having no known sexual cycle):
Akanthomyces – Aschersonia – Beauveria
– Chaunopycnis – Corallocytostroma – Culicinomyces – Drechmeria – Ephelis – Gibellula – Haptocillium
– Harposporium
– Hirsutella
– Hymenostilbe
– Isaria – Lecanicillium
– Mariannaea – Metarhizium
– Microhilum – Neomunkia – Neotyphodium
– Nomuraea – Paecilomyces
– Pochonia
– Polycephalomyces – Pseudogibellula – Simplicillium – Sorosporella – Tolypocladium
– Ustilaginoidea
Hypocreales
The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes, consisting of 7 families, 237 genera, and 2647 species.Species of Hypocreales are usually recognized by their brightly colored, perithecial ascomata, or spore-producing structures...
. It consists of 43 genera
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
, and 321 species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
.
Phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates that the taxonTaxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
, Clavicipitaceae, is paraphyletic, and consists of three well-defined clade
Cladistics
Cladistics is a method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants . For example, birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor form a clade...
s, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae
Hypocreaceae
The Hypocreaceae are a family within the class Sordariomycetes. Species of Hypocreaceae are usually recognized by their brightly colored, perithecial ascomata, typically yellow, orange or red. The family was proposed by Giuseppe De Notaris in 1844. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi , the...
). The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.
Significance
Many of its members produce alkaloidAlkaloid
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids...
s toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species is Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea is a fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forage plants. Consumption of grains or seeds contaminated with the fruiting structure of this fungus, the ergot sclerotium, can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals.. C...
, which has historical significance as the cause of St. Anthony's Fire, also known as ergotism
Ergotism
Ergotism is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus which infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs. It is also known as ergotoxicosis, ergot...
. Ergotism is caused by ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and ergocristine
Ergocristine
Ergocristine is an ergopeptine and one of the ergot alkaloids.It was used as precursor in the manufacture of LSD as an alternative for the controlled substances ergotamine and ergometrine by various LSD manufacturers, including William Leonard Pickard...
, which are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid
Lysergic acid
Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...
. Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin , cyclosporine , cyclosporin , or cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection...
, a drug used in transplant surgery, is derived from Tolypocladium inflatum, the anamorph of Cordyceps subsessilis. Cordyceps sinensis is highly valued in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine refers to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage , exercise , and dietary therapy...
. Species of Beauveria
Beauveria
Beauveria is a genus of asexually-reproducing fungi allied with the ascomycete family Clavicipitaceae. Its several species are typically insect pathogens. The sexual states of Beauveria species, where known, are species of Cordyceps....
and Metarhizium
Metarhizium
Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, it has now become possible to place these fungi in proper taxa. Most turn out to be the asexual forms of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.- Species :Nine distinct species have now...
are widely used in the biological control of insect pests.
Genera
Teleomorphic genera (having a known sexual cycle)Aciculosporium
Aciculosporium
Aciculosporium is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. Species of this genus cause witches" broom of bamboo in East Asia. Aciculosporium take grows intercellularly in witches' broom shoots, including shoot apical meristems. The stroma are produced around the apex of the host shoots....
– Ascopolyporus
Ascopolyporus
Ascopolyporus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
—Atkinsonella
Atkinsonella
Atkinsonella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
—Atricordyceps
Atricordyceps
Atricordyceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
—Balansia
Balansia
Balansia is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.Species from this genus have been found to produce an ergopeptine otherwise unknown and nature, and based upon this discovery it was subsequently named ergobalansine...
– Berkelella
Berkelella
Berkelella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
– Cavimalum
Cavimalum
Cavimalum is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
– Cepsiclava – Claviceps – Cordycepioideus
Cordycepioideus
Cordycepioideus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
– Cordyceps
Cordyceps
Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi that includes about 400 described species. All Cordyceps species are endoparasitoids, mainly on insects and other arthropods ; a few are parasitic on other fungi. The best known species of the genus is Cordyceps sinensis, first recorded as yartsa gunbu in...
– Dussiella
Dussiella
Dussiella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Epichloë
Epichloë
Epichloë species and their close relatives, the Neotyphodium species, are systemic and constitutive symbionts of cool-season grasses , and belong to the fungal family Clavicipitaceae...
– Epicrea
Epicrea
Epicrea is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Epicrea insignis.-External links:*...
– Helminthascus
Helminthascus
Helminthascus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Helminthascus arachnophthorus.-External links:*...
– Heteroepichloë
Heteroepichloë
Heteroepichloë is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Hyperdermium
Hyperdermium
Hyperdermium is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Hypocrella – Konradia
Konradia
Konradia is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Loculistroma
Loculistroma
Loculistroma is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Loculistroma bambusae.-External links:*...
– Metacordyceps
Metacordyceps
Metacordyceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.. The anamorphs of Metacordyceps appear to include Metarhizium species.-External links:*...
– Moelleriella
Moelleriella
Moelleriella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Mycomalmus
Mycomalmus
Mycomalmus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
– Myriogenospora
Myriogenospora
Myriogenospora is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Neobarya
Neobarya
Neobarya is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Neoclaviceps
Neoclaviceps
Neoclaviceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Neoclaviceps monostipa.-Species:...
– Neocordyceps – Parepichloë
Parepichloë
Parepichloë is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Phytocordyceps – Podocrella
Podocrella
Podocrella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Regiocrella
Regiocrella
Regiocrella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Romanoa
Romanoa
Romanoa is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Romanoa terricola.-External links:*...
– Shimizuomyces
Shimizuomyces
Shimizuomyces is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Sphaerocordyceps
Sphaerocordyceps
Sphaerocordyceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Stereocrea
Stereocrea
Stereocrea is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Torrubiella
Torrubiella
Torrubiella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.-External links:*...
– Villosiclava
Villosiclava
Villosiclava is a genus of fungus in the Clavicipitaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Villosiclava virens. Villosiclava virens, also known by the name of its anamorph Ustilaginoidea virens, is a rice pathogen which causes the false smut disease....
– Wakefieldiomyces
Wakefieldiomyces
Wakefieldiomyces is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family....
Anamorphic genera (having no known sexual cycle):
Akanthomyces – Aschersonia – Beauveria
Beauveria
Beauveria is a genus of asexually-reproducing fungi allied with the ascomycete family Clavicipitaceae. Its several species are typically insect pathogens. The sexual states of Beauveria species, where known, are species of Cordyceps....
– Chaunopycnis – Corallocytostroma – Culicinomyces – Drechmeria – Ephelis – Gibellula – Haptocillium
Haptocillium
Haptocillium is a genus of fungi within the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. There are 9 species.-Species:*Haptocillium bactrosporum*Haptocillium balanoides*Haptocillium campanulatum*Haptocillium glocklingiae*Haptocillium obovatum...
– Harposporium
Harposporium
Harposporium is a genus of anamorphic fungi within the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.-Species:*Harposporium angulare*Harposporium angustisporum*Harposporium arcuatum*Harposporium arthrosporum*Harposporium baculiforme...
– Hirsutella
Hirsutella
Hirsutella is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family. Originally described by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1892, this genus includes species that are pathogens of insects, mites and nematodes; there is interest in the use of these fungi as...
– Hymenostilbe
Hymenostilbe
Hymenostilbe is a genus of fungi in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.-Species:*Hymenostilbe ampullifera*Hymenostilbe aphidis*Hymenostilbe aurantiaca*Hymenostilbe australiensis*Hymenostilbe campanoti*Hymenostilbe dipterigena...
– Isaria – Lecanicillium
Lecanicillium
Lecanicillium is a genus of fungi within the order Hypocreales and is described as anamorphic Cordycipitaceae; 21 species are currently described. These are entomopathogenic fungus species, that were previously widely known as Verticillium lecanii Viegas .The IndexFungorum records the following...
– Mariannaea – Metarhizium
Metarhizium
Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, it has now become possible to place these fungi in proper taxa. Most turn out to be the asexual forms of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.- Species :Nine distinct species have now...
– Microhilum – Neomunkia – Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium
Neotyphodium is a form genus containing species of endophytic fungi. These endophytes are asexual, seed-borne symbionts of cool-season grasses, and grow intercellularly throughout the aerial tissues of their hosts, including shoot apical meristems, leaf sheaths and blades, inflorescences, seeds and...
– Nomuraea – Paecilomyces
Paecilomyces
Paecilomyces is a genus of nematophagous fungus which kills harmful nematodes by pathogenesis, causing disease in the nematodes. Therefore the fungus can be used as a bio-nematicide to control nematodes by applying it to soil.-Species:...
– Pochonia
Pochonia
Pochonia is a genus of fungi within the order Hypocreales and is described as anamorphic Metacordyceps; 8 species are currently described. Previously placed in the genus Verticillium, these fungi are known to be pathogenic to nematodes and are being developed and commercialized as biological...
– Polycephalomyces – Pseudogibellula – Simplicillium – Sorosporella – Tolypocladium
Tolypocladium
Tolypocladium is a genus of anamorphic fungi within the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.-Species:*Tolypocladium cylindrosporum*Tolypocladium extinguens*Tolypocladium geodes*Tolypocladium lignicola*Tolypocladium longicolleum...
– Ustilaginoidea
Ustilaginoidea
Ustilaginoidea is a genus of anamorphic fungi whose teleomorphic states are in the Hypocreales order. The genus is widespread in subtropical regions, and contains six species. Ustilaginoidea was circumscribed by German botanist Julius Oscar Brefeld in 1895. Ustilaginoidea virens causes the disesase...