Collective names of groups of like elements
Encyclopedia
Collective names of groups of like elements is the term used by IUPAC to describe nomenclature
for categorization
of chemical element
s.
The following names are approved by IUPAC:
uses the below hybrid system in its periodic table
- and chemical element -related articles:
Many other names for groups of elements are in common use, and yet others have been used throughout history. Some examples include:
Any periodic table group can also be used in this sense. Sometimes the group number is used, as in group 14 element, and sometimes the name of the first element in the group is used, as in carbon group
or carbon family.
IUPAC nomenclature
A chemical nomenclature is a set of rules to generate systematic names for chemical compounds. The nomenclature used most frequently worldwide is the one created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ....
for categorization
Categorization
Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge...
of chemical element
Chemical element
A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. Familiar examples of elements include carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, gold, mercury, and lead.As of November 2011, 118 elements...
s.
The following names are approved by IUPAC:
- Alkali metalAlkali metalThe alkali metals are a series of chemical elements in the periodic table. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements, along with hydrogen. The alkali metals are lithium , sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and francium...
s - The metals of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr. - Alkaline earth metalAlkaline earth metalThe alkaline earth metals are a group in the periodic table. In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkaline earth metals are called the group 2 elements. Previously, they were called the Group IIA elements . The alkaline earth metals contain beryllium , magnesium , calcium , strontium , barium and...
s - The metals of group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra. - Pnictogens - The elements of group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi.
- ChalcogenChalcogenThe chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family...
s - The elements of group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po. - HalogenHalogenThe halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 IUPAC Style of the periodic table, comprising fluorine , chlorine , bromine , iodine , and astatine...
s - The elements of group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At. - Noble gasNoble gasThe noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases, with very low chemical reactivity...
es - The elements of group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn. - Lanthanoids - Elements 57-71: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu.
- Actinoids - Elements 89-103: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr.
- Rare earth elementRare earth elementAs defined by IUPAC, rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium...
s - Sc, Y, and the lanthanoids. - Transition metalTransition metalThe term transition metal has two possible meanings:*The IUPAC definition states that a transition metal is "an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell." Group 12 elements are not transition metals in this definition.*Some...
s - Elements in groups 3 to 12.
uses the below hybrid system in its periodic table
Periodic table
The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular display of the 118 known chemical elements organized by selected properties of their atomic structures. Elements are presented by increasing atomic number, the number of protons in an atom's atomic nucleus...
- and chemical element -related articles:
- Same as the IUPAC system above for Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Halogens, Noble gases, Lanthanoids, Actinoids, and Transition metals.
- Rare earth elements, Pnictogens and Chalcogens are not used.
- Leftover elements are grouped as:
- 'Other metalMetalA metal , is an element, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat. Metals are usually malleable and shiny, that is they reflect most of incident light...
s' - Metals that are not otherwise categorized: Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi - MetalloidMetalloidMetalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, each element can usually be classified as a metal or a nonmetal. However, some elements with intermediate or mixed properties can be harder to characterize...
s - B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po - 'Other non-metals' - Non-metals that are not otherwise categorized: - C, N, O, P, S, Se, H
- 'Other metal
Many other names for groups of elements are in common use, and yet others have been used throughout history. Some examples include:
- Precious metalPrecious metalA precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value.Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high lustre, are softer or more ductile, and have higher melting points than other metals...
- Variously-defined group of non-radioactive metals of high economical value - Platinum groupPlatinum groupThe platinum group metals is a term used sometimes to collectively refer to six metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table.These elements are all transition metals, lying in the d-block .The six...
- Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt. - Noble metalNoble metalNoble metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion and oxidation in moist air, unlike most base metals. They tend to be precious, often due to their rarity in the Earth's crust...
- Variously-defined group of metals that are generally resistant to corrosion. Usually includes Ag, Au, and the platinum-group metals. - Heavy metals - Variously-defined group of metals, on the base of their density, atomic number, or toxicity.
- Native metalNative MetalA native metal is any metal that is found in its metallic form, either pure or as an alloy, in nature. Metals that can be found as native deposits singly and/or in alloys include aluminium, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, indium, iron, nickel, selenium, tantalum, tellurium,...
s - Metals that occur pure in nature, including the noble metals and others such as Sn and Pb. - Post-transition metalPost-transition metalIn chemistry, the term post-transition metal is used to describe the category of metallic elements to the right of the transition elements on the periodic table...
s - Metals with complete d-subshells to the right of the three transition elements: Zn, Ga, Cd, In, Sn, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi - Poor metal - Sometimes used to refer to the metals of the p block: Al, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, Bi.
- Earth metal - Old historic term, usually referred to the metals of groups 3 and 13, although sometimes others such as beryllium and chromium are included as well.
- Transuranium elementTransuranium elementIn chemistry, transuranium elements are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92...
s - Elements with atomic number greater than 92. - Transactinide elementTransactinide elementIn chemistry, transactinide elements are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than those of the actinides, the heaviest of which is lawrencium ....
s - Elements after the actinides (atomic number greater than 103). - Transplutonium elements - Elements with atomic number greater than 94.
- Minor actinides - Actinides found in nuclear fuel, other that U and Pu: Np, Am, Cm.
- Superactinides - Hypothetical series of elements 121 to 153, which includes a predicted "g block" of the periodic table.
- Heavy atom - term used in computational chemistry to refer to any element other than hydrogen and helium.
Any periodic table group can also be used in this sense. Sometimes the group number is used, as in group 14 element, and sometimes the name of the first element in the group is used, as in carbon group
Carbon group
The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon , silicon , germanium , tin , lead , and ununquadium ....
or carbon family.