Computer magazines
Encyclopedia
This is a list of magazine
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...

s marketed primarily for computer
Computer
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem...

 and technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...

 enthusiasts or users. The majority of these magazines cover general computer topics or several non-specific subject areas, however a few are also specialized to a certain area of computing and are listed separately.

General magazines

These publications appeal to a broad audience and usually include content about computer hardware
Hardware
Hardware is a general term for equipment such as keys, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, plumbing supplies, tools, utensils, cutlery and machine parts. Household hardware is typically sold in hardware stores....

 and software and technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...

 news. These magazines could also be called technology magazines because of the large amount of content about non-computer consumer electronics
Consumer electronics
Consumer electronics are electronic equipment intended for everyday use, most often in entertainment, communications and office productivity. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the broadcast receiver...

, such as digital audio player and mobile phone
Mobile phone
A mobile phone is a device which can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator...

s.

Bi-monthly

  • Component Developer Magazine
    Component Developer Magazine
    Component Developer Magazine or CODE is a computer magazine edited and produced by the publishing and software company EPS Software. CODE is published bi-monthly, and it is available in printed copy and online...

     (CODE)
  • PC News
    CD Austria
    CD Austria is an Austrian computer magazine published monthly by CDA Verlag, Perg being owned by Harald Gutzelnig since 1995. It is part of the Österreichische Auflagenkontrolle...

     (Germany)
  • PC User
    CD Austria
    CD Austria is an Austrian computer magazine published monthly by CDA Verlag, Perg being owned by Harald Gutzelnig since 1995. It is part of the Österreichische Auflagenkontrolle...

     (Germany)
    login: (usenix.org/publications/login)

Monthly

  • APC
    Australian Personal Computer
    APC is a computer magazine in Australia. It is published monthly and comes with a cover-mounted DVD of software...

     (Australia)
  • BUG Magazine (Croatia
    Croatia
    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...

    )
  • Byte
    Byte (magazine)
    BYTE magazine was a microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage...

     (United States) (discontinued)
  • CD Austria
    CD Austria
    CD Austria is an Austrian computer magazine published monthly by CDA Verlag, Perg being owned by Harald Gutzelnig since 1995. It is part of the Österreichische Auflagenkontrolle...

    , (Austria)
  • Chip
    CHIP (magazine)
    CHIP is a computer and communications magazine published by the CHIP Holding in 15 countries of Europe and Asia...

     (Germany, Romania)
  • Chip-India
    Chip-India
    Intelligent Computing CHIP is a monthly Information Technology magazine published by since 2003. It is the Indian edition of the popular German monthly CHIP. CHIP is a registered trademark of Vogel Burda Holding Inc, Germany...

     (India)
  • Computer Power User
    Computer Power User
    Computer Power User is a monthly computing and technology magazine published by Sandhills Publishing Company in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. It has been in circulation since December 2001.-Content:...

     (United States) aka CPU.
  • Computer Scope (Ireland)
  • Computer Shopper
    Computer Shopper (UK magazine)
    Computer Shopper is a magazine published monthly since 1988 in the UK by Felix Dennis's company, Dennis Publishing Ltd.. It contains reviews of home computers and related hardware / software products, as well as news and features on related subjects...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Computer Shopper
    Computer Shopper (US magazine)
    Computer Shopper was a monthly consumer computer magazine published by SX2 Media Labs, it ceased publication in April 2009.The publisher continues to run ComputerShopper.com, a related website.- Web Site :...

     (United States)
  • Computer!Totaal
    Computer!Totaal
    Computer!Totaal, conveniently abbreviated as C!T, is a Dutch monthly magazine about computers and related subjects. C!T is published by IDG Nederland. Computer!Totaal is the largest computer magazine of the Netherlands....

     (The Netherlands)
  • Computer User
    Computer User
    Computer User is a computer magazine originally founded in 1982, and which, after several owners and fundamental changes, is still in business today online as computeruser.com...

     (United States)
  • Computerworld
    Computerworld
    Computerworld is an IT magazine that provides information for senior IT leaders. It is published in many countries around the world under the same or similar names. Its publisher is International Data Group. Computerworld serves the needs of IT management via print and online...

     (United States, Denmark, Russia, Japan, Singapore
    Singapore
    Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...

    , Malaysia)
  • Computing (Urdu Magazine)
    Computing (Urdu Magazine)
    Computing , a monthly publication, the magazine is in Urdu Language. The first issue was published February 25, 2007. From the very first issue, Computing caught the attention of IT magazine-readers in Pakistan. As Computing is written in the local language, it has more potential to reach...

     (Pakistan
    Pakistan
    Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

    )
  • DeveloperIQ (magazine) (India) (Popular Software Magazine)
  • Digit (magazine)
    Digit (magazine)
    Digit is an Indian monthly technology magazine published by 9.9 Media. According to the Indian Readership Survey it has a circulation of about 1200 and a readership of over 1840. The same survey results suggest that it is the most read technology magazine in India, higher than even the combined...

     (India)
  • EIRONLINE.COM (Pakistan) Pakistan's First Commercial International Engineering Website) 'www.eironline.com)
  • F1 Magazine
    F1 Magazine
    F1 Magazine is a Syrian monthly computer magazine published in Arabic, which launched in April 2006. F1 Magazine is the first tutorials based Magazine in the Middle East. Its policy concentrates on tutorials, using the How to concept....

     (Syria
    Syria
    Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....

    )
  • Free Access Magazine
    Free Access Magazine
    Free Access Magazine is a free computer magazine distributed through major Australian consumer electronics retailers such Harvey Norman, Dick Smith Electronics and Myer. The magazine targets mainstream computer users and is designed to be easy-to-read...

     (Australia
    Australia
    Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

    )
  • Full Circle
    Full Circle Magazine
    Full Circle Magazine is a free distribution Portable Document Format magazine that was launched in April 2007. The magazine is an independent publication and is not affiliated with Canonical Ltd., the sponsors of the Ubuntu operating system...

  • InfoSecurity (India)
  • IT Voice (India)
  • Linux Journal
    Linux Journal
    Linux Journal is a monthly technology magazine published by Belltown Media, Inc. of Houston, Texas. The magazine focuses specifically on Linux, allowing the content to be a highly specialized source of information for open source enthusiasts.-History:...

     (United States)
  • Maximum PC
    Maximum PC
    Maximum PC, formerly known as boot, is an American magazine and web site published by Future US. It focuses on cutting-edge PC hardware, with an emphasis on product reviews, step-by-step tutorials, and in-depth technical briefs...

     (United States)
  • MikroBitti
    MikroBitti
    MikroBitti is a Finnish computer magazine, founded in May 1984 and published by Sanoma Magazines, a division of the Sanoma Group. MikroBitti is aimed mainly for beginner to mid-level computer users...

     (Finland)
  • Monthly ENGINEERING & INDUSTRIAL REVIEW (EIR) Pakistan(Engineering Magazine-ISO 9001:2008 Certified) 'www.eironline.com)
  • NetGuide
    NetGuide
    NetGuide is a monthly New Zealand technology magazine.It was launched in September 1996 by an independent Auckland-based publisher, then owned by Australian Consolidated Press 2003 to 2008 and now is owned by TechDay...

     (New Zealand, Australia)
  • PC Advisor magazine
    PC Advisor magazine
    PC Advisor is a monthly computer magazine, released in the United Kingdom, and website published by IDG. It offers advice on various aspects of PCs, related items such as digital photography, the internet, security and smartphones, and other personal-technology products and services.It is the UK...

     (United Kingdom)
  • PC Answers
    PC Answers
    PC Answers was a computer magazine published in the United Kingdom by Future Publishing.It was notable for its focus on the technical side of computing. It ran several series of articles on overclocking, a "Danger! Don't Try This At Home!" section which reviewed hardware projects such as the Stone...

     (United Kingdom)
  • PCchip
    PCchip
    PC Chip is a monthly Croatian computer magazine. It is one of three general computer magazines published in Croatia, along with its main competitors BUG and Vidi. The magazine is published by company A1 video d.o.o., which is also maintaining website pcchip.hr...

     (Croatia
    Croatia
    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...

    )
  • PC Format
    PC Format
    PC Format is a computer magazine published in the United Kingdom by Future Publishing, and licensed to other publishers in countries around the world. In publication since 1991, it is part of Future Publishing's Format series of magazines that include articles about games, entertainment and how to...

     (United Kingdom, South Africa)
  • PC Magazine
    PC Magazine
    PC Magazine is a computer magazine published by Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. A print edition was published from 1982 to January 2009...

     (United States)
  • PC Novice (United states)
  • PC Plus
    PC Plus
    PC Plus is a Computer magazine published monthly since 1986 in the UK by Future Publishing. The magazine is aimed at intermediate to advanced PC users, computer professionals and enthusiasts. The magazine is specifically for users of PCs and related technologies, so features articles are...

     (United Kingdom)
  • PC Powerplay
    PC PowerPlay
    PC PowerPlay is Australia's only dedicated PC games magazine. Also available in New Zealand, PC PowerPlay focuses on news and reviews for upcoming and newly released games on the Microsoft Windows platform. The magazine also reviews computer hardware for use on gaming computers...

     (Australia
    Australia
    Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

    )
  • PC Pro
    PC Pro
    PC Pro is one of several computer magazines published monthly in the United Kingdom by Dennis Publishing. PC Pro also licenses individual articles for republication in various countries around the world - and some articles are translated into local languages...

     (United Kingdom)
  • PCQuest
    PCQuest
    PCQuest is an Indian technology publication, and part of the Cyber Media group of publications that also publish Dataquest.Founded in 1982, the magazine was originally called PC World, and was one of the earliest technology magazines published in India...

    (India)
  • PC User
    PC User
    PC User is an Australian general computer magazine, published by Australian Consolidated Press. It was first published in 1990 and is issued monthly. It is Australia's best selling computer magazine, with over 350,000 readers and 60,000 copies sold each month...

     (Australia)
  • PC Utilities
    PC Utilities
    PC Utilities is a monthly computer magazine published in the UK.The magazine describes itself as "the definitive guide to free Windows software". Each issue comes with a DVD coverdisc, containing hundreds of freeware and shareware programs....

     (United Kingdom)
  • PC World
    PC World (magazine)
    PC World is a global computer magazine published monthly by IDG. It offers advice on various aspects of PCs and related items, the Internet, and other personal-technology products and services...

     (India, Thailand)
  • PC World
    PC World (magazine)
    PC World is a global computer magazine published monthly by IDG. It offers advice on various aspects of PCs and related items, the Internet, and other personal-technology products and services...

     (United States), (United Kingdom, India, Australia, Romania)
  • Personal Computer Magazine
    Personal Computer Magazine
    Personal Computer Magazine, PCMagazine or PCM is a Dutch monthly magazine about personal computersThe first edition of PCM was issued in October 1983 by VNU Business Publications. Since November 2007 PCM is published by HUB Uitgevers. The magazine appears in a circulation of roughly 50.000 copies...

     (Netherlands)
  • Personal Computer World
    Personal Computer World
    Personal Computer World was a long-running British Computer magazine.Although for at least the last decade it contained a high proportion of Windows PC content , the magazine's title was not intended as a specific reference to this...

     (United Kingdom) (Discontinued)
  • Shabakeh (Network) Magazine (Iran)
  • SmartComputing
    SmartComputing
    SmartComputing is a monthly computing and technology magazine published by Sandhills Publishing Company in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. It was formerly known as PC Novice, and the first issue rolled out in 1990.-Content:...

     (United States)
  • Spider (Pakistan
    Pakistan
    Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

    )
  • The Computer Paper Publication (Canada) (discontinued)
  • Vidi
    Vidi (magazine)
    Vidi is a computer magazine, the first issue was released in November 1994. Its main topics are computers, but there are also articles about all segments of society where computers are in use.- History :...

     (Croatia
    Croatia
    Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...

    )
  • Wijaya Pariganaka (Sri Lanka)
  • Windows: The Official Magazine (United Kingdom)
  • XtremPC
    XtremPC
    XtremPC was a computer magazine from Romania founded in 1998. XtremPC included previews and reviews on computer hardware, software, PC games and gadgets as well as IT news. Although its major focus was on personal computers only, latter editions started including sections dedicated to game consoles...

     (Romania) (discontinued; online forum still active)
  • ZERO (Albania
    Albania
    Albania , officially known as the Republic of Albania , is a country in Southeastern Europe, in the Balkans region. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea...

    )

Weekly

  • Computerra
    Computerra
    Computerra was a Russian computer weekly publication. The first edition was released on December 21, 1992 and was published by C&C Computer Publishing Limited...

     (Russia)
  • Computing
    Computing (magazine)
    Computing is a weekly newspaper/magazine published by Incisive Media for IT managers and professionals in the United Kingdom., Computings circulation was verified by BPA Worldwide as 115,431.-History:...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Micro Mart
    Micro Mart
    Micro Mart is a weekly computer magazine published in the United Kingdom by Dennis Publishing Ltd. It is currently the only national, weekly, computer-trading magazine in the UK and enjoys weekly sales of 13,712 copies...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Computer Weekly
    Computer Weekly
    ComputerWeekly was a weekly magazine for IT professionals which was published by Reed Business Information for over 40 years. The magazine was available free to IT professionals who met the circulation requirements...

     (United Kingdom)
  • New Computer Express
    New Computer Express
    New Computer Express was a weekly magazine published by Future Publishing in the UK from the late 1980s to the early 1990s.During this time 8-bit micros were still prevalent, and 16-bit micros were growing their share of the market. The PC had yet to cement its hold on the home market and as a...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Popular Computing Weekly
    Popular Computing Weekly
    Popular Computing Weekly was a computer magazine in the UK published from the early 1980s until the early 1990s. It was sometimes referred to as PCW ....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • SoftwareBazar, (UAE)

Topic-specific magazines

These publications are marketed towards people who are interested in a specific topic of computing.

Commodore Amiga

  • Amiga Format
    Amiga Format
    Amiga Format was a British computer magazine for Amiga computers, published by Future Publishing. The magazine lasted 136 issues from 1989 to 2000. The magazine was formed when, in the wake of selling ACE to EMAP, Future split the dual-format title ST/Amiga Format into two separate publications...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amiga Computing
    Amiga Computing
    Amiga Computing was a monthly computer magazine of a serious nature, published by Europress and IDG in both the UK and USA. A total of 117 issues came out. The games section was called Gamer, although later Amiga Action was incorporated into the magazine and became the games section.- External...

     (United Kingdom, United States) (discontinued)

Apple Mac

  • Call-A.P.P.L.E.
    Call-A.P.P.L.E.
    Call-A.P.P.L.E. Magazine is the monthly journal publication of the Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange . The magazine was published from 1978 until 1990 when it was discontinued; after a 12 year lapse publication was restarted in 2002...

     (United States)
  • MacLife Formally MacAddict (United States)
  • MacCompanion (Internet
    Internet
    The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...

    )
  • MacFormat
    MacFormat
    MacFormat is a the UK's biggest computer magazine aimed at Macintosh users. It is published monthly by Future Publishing, and has been since 1993.-Content:...

     (United Kingdom)
  • MacUser
    MacUser
    MacUser is a biweekly computer magazine published by Dennis Publishing Ltd. and licensed by Felden in the UK.In 1985 Felix Dennis’ Dennis Publishing, the creators of MacUser in the UK, licensed the name and “mouse-rating” symbol for MacUser to Ziff-Davis Publishing for use in the rest of the world....

     (United Kingdom)
  • Macworld
    Macworld
    Macworld is a web site and monthly computer magazine dedicated to Apple Macintosh products. It is published by Mac Publishing, which is headquartered in San Francisco, California...

     (Australia, United States, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Spain, United Kingdom)
  • Mediamac, Denmark

RISC OS/Acorn

  • Acorn Publisher (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Acorn User
    Acorn User
    Acorn User magazine was founded by Acorn Computers in 1982, contract-published by Addison-Wesley, to coincide with the launch of the BBC Micro. It covered the range of Acorn home computers, the BBC Micro and Atom at first and later the Electron, Archimedes and Risc PC.The first issue was dated...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Archive (United Kingdom)
  • The Micro User
    The Micro User
    The Micro User was a British specialist magazine catering to users of the BBC Microcomputer series, Acorn Electron, Acorn Archimedes and, to a limited extent, the Cambridge Z88...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Qercus (United Kingdom)

Web development

  • .net
    .net (magazine)
    .net is a monthly Internet magazine published in the UK by Future Publishing. Founded in 1994, .net magazine is published every four weeks . The magazine is aimed at professional and amateur web designers, and a significant proportion of its readers are full-time web developers. The front cover...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Practical Webdesign
    Practical Webdesign
    Practical Web Design was a monthly British Web design Magazine, published by Future Publishing. It was cancelled at the end of 2006. The name is now used solely for the US edition of .net....

     (United Kingdom)

DataBase Development


Computer modification

  • Custom PC
    Custom PC
    Custom PC is a UK based computer customization magazine published by Dennis Publishing Ltd. It contains information on top performance hardware and gaming as well as monthly news related to these topics. The first issue was released in October 2003 and it is published monthly. Audited circulation...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Maximum PC
    Maximum PC
    Maximum PC, formerly known as boot, is an American magazine and web site published by Future US. It focuses on cutting-edge PC hardware, with an emphasis on product reviews, step-by-step tutorials, and in-depth technical briefs...

     (United States)
  • PC Extreme
    PC Extreme
    PC Extreme was a computer magazine published in the UK by Live Publishing International Ltd.It focussed on modding, overclocking, hardware, hacking and video games....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)

Gaming

  • ACE (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Computer and Video Games
    Computer and Video Games (magazine)
    Computer and Video Games is a video game magazine and website published in the United Kingdom.- History :...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Computer Gamer
    Computer Gamer
    Computer Gamer was a video game magazine published in the United Kingdom by Argus Specialist Publications, covering home gaming during the late 1980s...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Computer Games
    Computer Games Magazine
    Computer Games Magazine was a computer gaming print magazine. It was formerly Computer Games Strategy Plus, and before that, Strategy Plus, which had been founded as Games International in the UK in 1988. While its initial focus was on strategy games, it covered a wide range of game genres...

     (USA) (discontinued)
  • Computer Gaming World
    Computer Gaming World
    Computer Gaming World was a computer game magazine founded in 1981 by Russell Sipe as a bimonthly publication. Early issues were typically 40-50 pages in length, written in a newsletter style, including submissions by game designers such as Joel Billings , Dan Bunten , and Chris Crawford...

     (United States) (discontinued)
  • Level
    Level
    Level or levels may refer to:-Places:*Levél, Győr-Moson-Sopron, Hungary*Level, Ohio, United States*Level Valley*Levels, West Virginia-Engineering-related:*Floor, or storey, of a building or a mine...

     (Romania)
  • PC Gamer
    PC Gamer
    PC Gamer is a magazine founded in Britain in 1993 devoted to PC gaming and published monthly by Future Publishing. The magazine has several regional editions, with the UK and US editions becoming the best selling PC games magazines in their respective countries...

     (United Kingdom & United States)
  • PC Leisure
    PC Leisure
    PC Leisure was the United Kingdom's first magazine dedicated exclusively to IBM PC compatible entertainment and was published by EMAP between spring 1990 and September 1991. A total of nine issues were published in its lifetime, the first four being quarterly with the remaining five bimonthly...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • NAG (New Age Gaming) (South Africa)

Internet

  • Webuser (United Kingdom)
  • First Monday
    First Monday (journal)
    First Monday is an open-access electronic peer-reviewed scientific journal for articles about the Internet.-Publication:First Monday is sponsored and hosted by the University of Illinois at Chicago...

     (Internet) (Peer reviewed)
  • Spider (internet magazine)
    Spider (internet magazine)
    Spider written as SPIDER is a monthly magazine circulated in Pakistan by the DAWN group of newspapers, focusing on issues related to software/hardware and Internet technologies. The magazine sported a tagline boasting it to be "Pakistan's Internet Magazine" till March 2005...

     (Pakistan)
  • Open Source Magazine (Internet)

Business

  • Monthly ENGINEERING & INDUSTRIAL REVIEW (EIR) Pakistan(Engineering Magazine-ISO 9001:2008 Certified) 'www.eironline.com)
  • EIRONLINE.COM (Pakistan) Pakistan's First Commercial International Engineering Website) 'www.eironline.com)
  • eWeek
    EWeek
    eWeek is a weekly computing business magazine published by Ziff Davis Enterprise.The magazine consists of a print publication and web site covering enterprise topics and is targeted at IT professionals rather than hobbyists.-Audience:The eWeek audience is actively involved in buying enterprise...

     (United States)
  • InfoWorld
    InfoWorld
    InfoWorld is an information technology online media and events business operating under the umbrella of InfoWorld Media Group, a division of IDG...

     (United States)
  • InformationWeek
    InformationWeek
    InformationWeek is a weekly print magazine, an online site with corresponding face-to-face and virtual events, and research. It is headquartered in San Francisco, California and was first published in 1979 by CMP Media, later called CMP Technology. On February 29, 2008, CMP Technology was...

     (United States)

Retro computers

The following magazines cover topics related to classic computer
Retrogaming
Retrogaming, also known as old-school gaming, is the hobby of playing and collecting older computer, video, and arcade games. These games are played either on the original hardware, on modern hardware via emulation, or on modern hardware via ports or compilations...

 makes such as the Amiga
Amiga
The Amiga is a family of personal computers that was sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The first model was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its graphical, audio and multi-tasking abilities...

, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64
Commodore 64
The Commodore 64 is an 8-bit home computer introduced by Commodore International in January 1982.Volume production started in the spring of 1982, with machines being released on to the market in August at a price of US$595...

, ZX Spectrum
ZX Spectrum
The ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd...

 or Amstrad CPC
Amstrad CPC
The Amstrad CPC is a series of 8-bit home computers produced by Amstrad between 1984 and 1990. It was designed to compete in the mid-1980s home computer market dominated by the Commodore 64 and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, where it successfully established itself primarily in the United Kingdom,...

. Many of these magazines are now discontinued as the computers they discuss are now out of production.
  • .info
    .info (magazine)
    .info was a computer magazine covering Commodore 8-bit computers and later the Amiga. It was published from 1983 to 1992.-History:...

     (United States, Canada) (discontinued)
  • Acorn User
    Acorn User
    Acorn User magazine was founded by Acorn Computers in 1982, contract-published by Addison-Wesley, to coincide with the launch of the BBC Micro. It covered the range of Acorn home computers, the BBC Micro and Atom at first and later the Electron, Archimedes and Risc PC.The first issue was dated...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amiga Power
    Amiga Power
    Amiga Power was a monthly magazine about Amiga computer games. It was published in the United Kingdom by Future Publishing, and ran for 65 issues, from May 1991 to September 1996....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amiga Format
    Amiga Format
    Amiga Format was a British computer magazine for Amiga computers, published by Future Publishing. The magazine lasted 136 issues from 1989 to 2000. The magazine was formed when, in the wake of selling ACE to EMAP, Future split the dual-format title ST/Amiga Format into two separate publications...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amiga Active
    Amiga Active
    Amiga Active was a monthly computer magazine published by Pinprint Publishing, it launched at a time when most other Amiga magazines had already closed, and as a result only had one major competitor Amiga Format. A large proportion of the Amiga Active staff were from CU Amiga Magazine, which closed...

     (discontinued)
  • Amiga Computing
    Amiga Computing
    Amiga Computing was a monthly computer magazine of a serious nature, published by Europress and IDG in both the UK and USA. A total of 117 issues came out. The games section was called Gamer, although later Amiga Action was incorporated into the magazine and became the games section.- External...

     (discontinued)
  • Amiga Survivor
    Amiga Survivor
    Amiga Survivor was a monthly computer magazine published by Crystal Software. This publication originally started as a black and white A5 size fanzine called The Domain but eventually became a full colour A4 magazine.- See also :* Amiga Active...

     (discontinued)
  • Amiga User International
    Amiga User International
    Amiga User International was a monthly computer magazine published in its later years by AUI Limited, it was the first dedicated Amiga magazine in Europe and in comparison to other Amiga magazines, AUI had a more serious perspective...

     (discontinued)
  • Amiga World
    Amiga World
    Amiga World was a magazine dedicated to the Amiga computer platform. It was a prominent Amiga magazine, particularly in the United States, and was published by IDG Publishing from 1985 until April 1995. The first several issues were distributed before the computer was available for sale to the public...

     (discontinued)
  • Amstrad Action
    Amstrad Action
    Amstrad Action was a monthly magazine, published in the United Kingdom, which catered to owners of home computers from the Amstrad CPC range and later the GX4000 console....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amstrad Computer User
    Amstrad Computer User
    Amstrad Computer User was the official magazine for the Amstrad CPC series of 8-bit home computers. This monthly publication, usually referred to as ACU by its readers, concentrated more on the hardware and technical side of the Amstrad range, although it had a small dedicated games section as...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Amtix!
    Amtix!
    Amtix! magazine was, as its subtitle stated, a "monthly software review for the Amstrad computers". Published by Newsfield Publications Ltd in the mid eighties.-Lifetime:...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • A.N.A.L.O.G.
    A.N.A.L.O.G.
    A.N.A.L.O.G. was an American computer magazine devoted to the Atari 8-bit home computer line. It was known for its "advanced" programs in comparison to most type-in magazines of the era, especially its main rival, ANTIC, another long-lived magazine devoted to the Atari 8-bit line...

     (United States) (discontinued)
  • ANTIC
    ANTIC (magazine)
    Antic was the name of a home computer magazine devoted to the Atari 8-bit computer line . Its ISSN is 0113-1141. It took its name from the ANTIC chip, which produced the Atari line's graphics. The first issue was published in April 1982. While it began as a bimonthly magazine, within a year it had...

     (United States) (discontinued)
  • Atari User
    Atari User
    Atari User was a British computer magazine aimed at users of Atari home computers, and published by Database Publications between 1985 and 1988....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Commodore User
    Commodore User
    Commodore User, known to the readers as the abbreviated CU, was one of the oldest British Commodore magazines. A publishing history spanning over 15 years, mixing content with technical and games features...

     (later renamed to CU Amiga Magazine) (discontinued)
  • Computer Gamer
    Computer Gamer
    Computer Gamer was a video game magazine published in the United Kingdom by Argus Specialist Publications, covering home gaming during the late 1980s...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Crash
    CRASH (magazine)
    Crash was a magazine dedicated to the ZX Spectrum home computer. It was published from 1984 to 1991 by Newsfield Publications Ltd until their liquidation, and then until 1992 by Europress.-Development:...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Electron User
    Electron User
    Electron User was a magazine targeted at owners of the Acorn Electron microcomputer. It was published by Database Publications of Stockport, starting in October 1983 and ending after 82 issues in July 1990....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Page 6
    Page 6
    Page 6 was an independent British publication aimed at users of Atari home computers. It was published between 1982 and 1998...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Personal Computer Games
    Personal Computer Games
    Personal Computer Games was a multi-format UK computer games mag of the early/mid eighties.-History:It is famous for launching the careers of several notable games journalists of the '80s including Bob Wade, Peter Connor and Chris Anderson. Anderson would later launch Amstrad Action, and Future...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • "Retrogamer" (United Kingdom)
  • Zzap!64
    Zzap!64
    Zzap!64 was a computer games magazine covering games on the Commodore International series of computers, especially the Commodore 64 . It was published in the UK by Newsfield Publications Ltd and later by Europress Impact....

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • The Micro User
    The Micro User
    The Micro User was a British specialist magazine catering to users of the BBC Microcomputer series, Acorn Electron, Acorn Archimedes and, to a limited extent, the Cambridge Z88...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Your Computer
    Your Computer (British magazine)
    Your Computer was a British computer magazine published monthly from 1981 to 1988, and aimed at the burgeoning home computer market. At one stage it was, in its own words, "Britain's biggest selling home computer magazine". It offered support across a wide range of computer formats, and included...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)
  • Your Sinclair
    Your Sinclair
    Your Sinclair or YS as it was commonly abbreviated, was a British computer magazine for the Sinclair range of computers, mainly the ZX Spectrum.-History:...

     (United Kingdom) (discontinued)

Partworks

The following magazines were published as partwork
Partwork
A partwork is a written publication released as a series of planned magazine-like issues over a period of time. Issues are typically released on a weekly, fortnightly or monthly basis, and often a completed set is designed to form a reference work on a particular topic.-Publication:Partwork series...

s:
  • The Home Computer Course
    The Home Computer Course
    The Home Computer Course was a partwork magazine published by Orbis Publishing in the United Kingdom during 1983 and 1984, covering the subject of home computer technology...

     (United Kingdom) (1983-1984)
  • The Home Computer Advanced Course
    The Home Computer Advanced Course
    The Home Computer Advanced Course was a partwork magazine published by Orbis Publishing in the United Kingdom during 1984 and 1985, providing a comprehensive introduction to computing and computer technology for home computer users. It ran for 96 weekly issues, succeeding the previous 24-part...

     (United Kingdom) (1984-1985)
  • Input
    Input Magazine
    Input was a partwork published by Marshall Cavendish in the United Kingdom during 1984 and 1985, covering the subject of home computer programming....

     (United Kingdom) (1984-1985)
  • PC Ace
    PC Ace
    PC Ace was a partwork magazine published by Eaglemoss Publications, between 1999 and 2001. It was aimed at those aged between 10 and 14, providing information on how to operate a personal computer...

     (United Kingdom) (1999-2001)

Linux and open-source

The following magazines cover topics related to the Linux
Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...

 operating system
Operating system
An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system...

 (as well as other Unix
Unix
Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna...

 based operating systems) and other forms of open-source/ free software. Some of these magazines are targeted at IT
Information technology
Information technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...

 professionals (with an emphasis on the use of these systems in the workplace) whilst others are designed for home users.
  • Free Software Magazine
    Free Software Magazine
    Free Software Magazine is a website which produces a mostly free-content e-zine about free software....

     (Internet)
  • Full Circle
    Full Circle Magazine
    Full Circle Magazine is a free distribution Portable Document Format magazine that was launched in April 2007. The magazine is an independent publication and is not affiliated with Canonical Ltd., the sponsors of the Ubuntu operating system...

  • Linux Format
    Linux Format
    Linux Format was the UK's first Linux-specific magazine, and is currently the best-selling Linux title in the UK. It is also exported to many countries worldwide. It is published by Future Publishing...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Linux Gazette
    Linux Gazette
    The Linux Gazette is a monthly self-published Linux computing webzine.-History:It was started in 1995 by John M. Fisk as a free service. He went on to pursue his studies and become a medical doctor. At Mr. Fisk's request, the publication was sponsored and managed by SSC...

     (Internet)
  • Linux Journal
    Linux Journal
    Linux Journal is a monthly technology magazine published by Belltown Media, Inc. of Houston, Texas. The magazine focuses specifically on Linux, allowing the content to be a highly specialized source of information for open source enthusiasts.-History:...

     (United States)
  • Linux Magazine
    Linux Magazine
    Linux Magazine is a European professional journal. It addresses itself to readers who work professionally with operating systems based around the Linux kernel. Linux Magazine is published by Linux New Media AG and was born after the great success of Linux-Magazin...

     (United Kingdom/Europe)
  • Linux Magazine (USA)
    Linux Magazine (USA)
    Linux Magazine was a magazine about Linux written in English and published in the United States.In June 2008, Linux New Media AG purchased assets related to Linux Magazine...

     (United States)
  • Linux User and Developer
    Linux User and Developer
    Linux User and Developer is a monthly magazine about Linux.Linux User and Developer is a UK magazine written specifically for Linux professionals and IT decision makers. It is available in newsagents, via subscription, or for download as a PDF for a fee from the magazine's web page.- External links...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Linux Weekly News (Internet)
  • Linux For You
    Linux For You
    LINUX For You is Asia's first publication about Linux and Open Source Software.This monthly magazine from India was launched in February 2003 by the EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd, which also publishes other magazines, such as Electronics For You...

     (India)
  • Free Open Source Magazine (Internet)
  • FOSS User Magazine (Sri Lanka/ Internet)

Sales

The following magazines cover computer, peripheral, software and service distribution, through all their aspects (marketing, strategy, channel, retail or wholesale).
  • CRN Magazine
    CRN Magazine
    CRN was first launched as Computer Retail Week on June 7, 1982 as a magazine targeted to computer resellers - the same year that UK channel publication MicroScope Magazine was launched...

     US, Europa and other countries
  • IT Bransjen, Norway
  • Channel World
    Channel World
    Channel World is published by IDG and covers the it sales channel. It is published in local versions in Belgium, Czech Republic, India and Netherlands Channel World is published by IDG and covers the it sales channel. It is published in local versions in Belgium, Czech Republic, India (since...

    , Belgium, Czech Republic, India, Netherlands

Academic journals

As well as consumer magazines there are a number of academic journal
Academic journal
An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research...

s circulated in academic circles
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...

 (normally associated with a governing body such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a non-profit professional association headquartered in New York City that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence...

, IEEE). These magazines may cover several different topics as well as computing and often deal with more technical aspects of hardware and software.
  • ACM Computing Reviews
    ACM Computing Reviews
    ACM Computing Reviews is an academic journal that reviews computer science literature. It is published by the Association for Computing Machinery .- External links :* — limited access for non-subscribers...

     (United States) (ACM
    Association for Computing Machinery
    The Association for Computing Machinery is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of 2009...

    )
  • ACM Queue
    ACM Queue
    ACM Queue is a computer magazine published by the Association for Computing Machinery . Steve Bourne helped found the magazine when he was President of the ACM and he is now Chair of the Advisory Board. The magazine is produced by computing professionals and is intended for computing professionals...

     (United States) (ACM)
  • ACM Transactions on Graphics
    ACM Transactions on Graphics
    ACM Transactions on Graphics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that aims to disseminate the latest findings of note in the field of computer graphics. It has been published since 1982 by the Association for Computing Machinery...

     (United States) (ACM)
  • American Programmer
    American Programmer
    American Programmer is a high-end independent magazine for programmers and software technologists. The magazine was founded in the 1990s, and published by Edward Yourdon, inventor of the Yourdon Method of structured systems analysis and design methodology and the Coad/Yourdon Object-Oriented...

     (United States)
  • Computer
    Computer (magazine)
    Computer is an IEEE Computer Society practitioner-oriented magazine issued to all members of the society. It contains peer-reviewed articles, regular columns and interviews on current computing-related issues. The magazine can be categorized somewhere between a trade magazine and a research...

     (United States) (IEEE)
  • Computer Graphics
    Computer Graphics (Publication)
    Computer Graphics is a publication of ACM SIGGRAPH. It has published the yearly proceedings of the annual SIGGRAPH conferences, as well as a variety of papers on a quarterly basis. Since 2003, all printed materials from the annual conference are included in an issue of ACM Transactions on Graphics ....

     (United States) (ACM SIGGRAPH
    ACM SIGGRAPH
    ACM SIGGRAPH is the New York–based Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. It was founded in 1969 by Andy van Dam ....

    )
  • C/C++ Users Journal
    C/C++ Users Journal
    C/C++ Users Journal was a computer magazine published by CMP Media LLC in the United States. The magazine concentrated on the C++ programming language and was one of the last printed magazines to cover the topic....

     (United States) (independent publisher, defunct)
  • Dr. Dobb's Journal
    Dr. Dobb's Journal
    Dr. Dobb's Journal was a monthly journal published in the United States by CMP Technology. It covered topics aimed at computer programmers. DDJ was the first regular periodical focused on microcomputer software, rather than hardware. It later became a monthly section within the periodical...

     (United States) (independent publisher, defunct)
  • Overload (United Kingdom) (ACCU
    ACCU (organisation)
    ACCU is a non-profit, worldwide user group of people interested in software development, dedicated to raising the standard of programming...

    )

Other, now defunct, computer-related magazines

  • Amstrad Action
    Amstrad Action
    Amstrad Action was a monthly magazine, published in the United Kingdom, which catered to owners of home computers from the Amstrad CPC range and later the GX4000 console....

  • Ahoy!
    Ahoy! (magazine)
    Ahoy! was a magazine published between January 1984 and January 1989 that focused on all Commodore International color computers, but especially the Commodore 64 and Amiga. It was noted for the quality and learnability of its type-in program listings...

  • Amazing Computing
    Amazing Computing
    Amazing Computing was a computer magazine devoted to the Amiga computer. It was published by PiM Publications of Fall River, Massachusetts, USA, from 1985 to 1999. Other Amiga publications from PiM include AC's Tech for the Amiga and AC's Guide...

  • C (Finland)
  • CD-ROM Today
    CD-ROM Today
    CD-ROM Today was an American magazine targeted to computer users. Published from 1993 to 1996 by Imagine Publishing , the magazine was initially issued once every other month, before being changed to a monthly...

  • Compute!
    COMPUTE!
    Compute! was an American computer magazine that was published from 1979 to 1994, though it can trace its origin to 1978 in Len Lindsay's PET Gazette, one of the first magazines for the Commodore PET computer. In its 1980s heyday Compute! covered all major platforms, and several single-platform...

  • COMPUTE!'s Gazette
    COMPUTE!'s Gazette
    COMPUTE!'s Gazette was a computer magazine of the 1980s, directed at users of Commodore's 8-bit home computers. Publishing its first issue in July 1983, the Gazette was a Commodore-only daughter magazine of the computer hobbyist magazine COMPUTE!....

  • Creative Computing
    Creative Computing
    Creative Computing was one of the earliest magazines covering the microcomputer revolution. Published from 1974 until December 1985, Creative Computing covered the whole spectrum of hobbyist/home/personal computing in a more accessible format than the rather technically-oriented BYTE. The magazine...

  • Datamation
    Datamation
    Datamation was a print computer magazine published in the United States between 1957 and 1998. When first published it wasn't clear there would be a significant market for a computer magazine given how few computers there were...

  • Electronics today international (magazine)
    Electronics today international (magazine)
    Electronics Today International or ETI was a magazine for electronics hobbyists and professionals.Originally started in Australia in 1971, ETI was published in the UK in 1972. From there, it expanded to various European countries and over to Canada....

     electronics
    Electronics
    Electronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies...

     magazine that also published early homebrew computer systems
  • Family Computing
    Family Computing
    Family Computing was a 1980s U.S. computer magazine published by Scholastic, Inc.. It covered all the major home computer platforms of the day including the Apple II series, Commodore Vic 20 and 64, Atari 8-bit family as well as the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh. It printed a mixture of product...

     (later Home Office Computing) home/educational-oriented magazine published by Scholastic, Inc.
  • Free Software Magazine (China)
    Free Software Magazine (China)
    Free Software Magazine was a China-based attempt, in 2002, at a free-content magazine, typeset with LaTeX, on the Free Software Movement, free software and related issues, which was very similar to the more recent globally distributed Free Software Magazine.It was created by Hong Feng under the...

  • Games for Windows: The Official Magazine
    Games for Windows: The Official Magazine
    Games for Windows: The Official Magazine was a monthly computer game magazine published by Ziff Davis Media, licensing the Games for Windows brand from Microsoft Corporation. It was the successor to Computer Gaming World. The first issue was released in November 2006...

  • IT-Branchen
    IT-Branchen
    IT-Branchen is a now discontinued it sales magazine and website, www.itbranchen.dk published by IDC. It was first published on May 17, 1999 with a monthly circulation of 9,000 includes traditional distributors, dealers, marketing managers, product sales personnel, and Internet e-commerce developers...

     (Denmark)
  • .info
    .info (magazine)
    .info was a computer magazine covering Commodore 8-bit computers and later the Amiga. It was published from 1983 to 1992.-History:...

  • Kilobaud Microcomputing
    Kilobaud Microcomputing
    Kilobaud Microcomputing was a magazine dedicated to the computer homebrew hobbyists from the end of the 1970s until the beginning of the 1980s.-How kilobaud started:...

     (United States)
  • Microsystems
    Microsystems (magazine)
    Microsystems was a personal computing magazine founded by Sol Libes and published from January 1980 to November 1984. Oriented toward the home and business personal computer user, it included an editorial page, letters from readers, technical articles, and advertisements. As a historical...

  • Nibble
    Nibble (magazine)
    Nibble was a magazine for Apple II computer users with a focus on hobbyist programming. The name meant "half a byte" or "four bits." Its slogan was "The Magazine for Apple II Enthusiasts." Most of the articles incorporated the source code of a small to medium-sized utility, application program,...

  • The Rainbow
    The Rainbow (magazine)
    The Rainbow was a monthly magazine for the TRS-80 Color Computer by the Tandy Corporation . It was started by the late Lawrence C...

  • RUN
  • Sinclair User
    Sinclair User
    Sinclair User, often abbreviated SU, was a magazine dedicated to the Sinclair Research range of home computers, most specifically the ZX Spectrum...

  • The One
    The One (magazine)
    The One was a video game magazine in the United Kingdom which covered 16-bit home gaming during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was first published by EMAP in October 1988 and initially covered computer games aimed at the Atari ST, Commodore Amiga, and IBM PC markets.Like many similar magazines,...

  • Verbum
    Verbum (magazine)
    Verbum was an early personal computer and computer art magazine focusing on interactive art and computer graphics. It was published from 1987 until the late 1990s. It, along with Info 64, was one of the first periodicals to be entirely based on desktop publishing techniques...

     desktop publishing and computer art focused magazine of the 1990s
  • Zero

Computer magazine publishers

The following companies
Company
A company is a form of business organization. It is an association or collection of individual real persons and/or other companies, who each provide some form of capital. This group has a common purpose or focus and an aim of gaining profits. This collection, group or association of persons can be...

 publish one or several computer related magazines. Some of these publishers produce computer magazines exclusively and most produce multiple magazines from this genre
Genre
Genre , Greek: genos, γένος) is the term for any category of literature or other forms of art or culture, e.g. music, and in general, any type of discourse, whether written or spoken, audial or visual, based on some set of stylistic criteria. Genres are formed by conventions that change over time...

.
  • Future plc (United Kingdom)
  • Newsfield Publications
    Newsfield Publications
    Newsfield Publications Ltd was a British magazine publisher during the 1980s and early 1990s.-Overview:Newsfield Publications Ltd was founded by Roger Kean, Franco Frey and Oliver Frey in 1983. Based in Ludlow, Shropshire, Newsfield published a number of popular computer game magazines from the...

     (United Kingdom)
  • Next Media
    Next Media
    Next Media Limited , founded by serial entrepreneur Jimmy Lai, has more than 3,600 employees and is the largest-listed media company in Hong Kong....

     (Australia)
  • Sandhills Publishing Company
    Sandhills Publishing Company
    Sandhills Publishing Company is a privately held American magazine publishing company. It publishes trade and consumer publications for the computer, trucking, agriculture, aircraft, and heavy machinery industries...

    (United States)

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK