Concordia University, Saint Paul
Encyclopedia
Concordia University is a liberal arts
university located in Saint Paul, Minnesota
. Concordia University was founded in 1893 and currently enrolls approximately 2,800 students. The institution is an affiliate of the ten-member Concordia University System
, which is operated by the second-largest Lutheran church body in the United States, the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
(LCMS).
In the next decade, Concordia continued to grow, adding a fourth year of high school, and then freshman and sophomore college years. Concordia's early success fueled new construction projects on campus, including the Gymnasium (converted in the 1950s to Graebner Memorial Chapel) and Recitation Hall (now Meyer Hall). Dr. Theodore Buenger served as Concordia St. Paul's professor and first director.
Concordia earned accreditation as a two-year college in 1921. The change made it possible for Concordia High School students to remain at their high school alma mater to complete their first two years of college work before transferring to a Concordia senior college where they would finish their studies in the church professions or teaching. Rev. Martin A.H. Graebner was installed in 1927 as Concordia's second president, serving until 1946.
entered World War II
, Concordia St. Paul's fortunes once again shifted in a more positive direction. Enrollment was on the upswing and Concordia was poised to help respond to a growing shortage of pastors in the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. In 1943, Concordia St. Paul celebrated half a century as an institution. During this time, planning and fundraising for a new library began in earnest, but the project stalled for nearly a decade in the wake of post-war inflation and growing enthusiasm for another new construction on campus - the Lutheran Memorial Center, a gymnasium/auditorium and memorial to those who served in the war. Rev. W.A. Poehler was installed in 1946 as the third president at Concordia St. Paul, serving the campus community until 1970.
Concordia admitted its first class of female students in fall 1950, much to the delight of the young men on campus and to the dismay of coeducational opponents who predicted a significant drop in academic achievement. Despite this new "distraction," students continued to excel in their studies. Concordia entered a decade of intense expansion and growth. The college began granting Associate in Arts degrees in 1951 and began seeking North Central Association accreditation for the junior college in earnest. Major changes in various administrative functions and academic management, more manageable teaching loads and greater emphasis on faculty with graduate degrees finally produced the desired results and Concordia College earned accreditation in 1959.
New buildings dedicated during the 1950s included Buenger Memorial Library (1951), Lutheran Memorial Center (1953); Centennial Hall (1957), Minnesota Hall (1958), and Walther Hall (1959). In addition, the original gymnasium was converted into Graebner Memorial Chapel.
Concordia expanded its curriculum in 1962 to include a four-year college degree and awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees two years later. By 1967, Concordia had earned accreditation for its four-year liberal arts program, which allowed the college to join the Minnesota Private College Council. Concordia High School officially separated itself from the college, moved to its suburban location in Roseville
and adopted its new name, Concordia Academy
.
With mushrooming enrollment, Concordia St. Paul enjoyed another decade of expansion with the construction of another student residence, Wollaeger Hall, and Arndt Science Hall. The Poehler Administration Building, Buetow Music Center and the Student Union were constructed and dedicated in the 1970s.
The college responded to a growing need for minority teachers in the public schools by forming Metropolitan Teacher Education Program Selection (M-TEPS), which enrolled African-American and other under-represented students in a program designed to supplement the curriculum with personal counseling, tutoring as needed, academic planning and similar services. The program was reformed in 1983 as the Southeast Asian Teacher (SEAT) Licensure Program, which serves Hmong and other minority populations in a similar fashion.
Concordia was served during these years by four presidents: Rev. Harvey Stoegemoeller (1971-1976), Rev. Gerhardt Hyatt (1976-1984), Rev. Allan Harre (1984-1989) and Dr. John Johnson (1989-1991).
Concordia inaugurated Rev. Dr. Robert Holst as its eighth president in 1991 and celebrated its centennial in 1993. The college launched a successful fundraising campaign that would provide for additional building and expansion. The major curricular development of the period was the formation in 1985 of a pioneering program that allowed students to complete their B.A. degree and, later, their M.A. degree, in an accelerated format. The first of its kind in Minnesota, today the College of Business and Organizational Leadership, which administers Concordia's accelerated degree completion and master's degree programs, represents more than half of the institution's enrollments.
Hyatt Village residence hall was dedicated in 1984, and in the 1990s, Gangelhoff Center and the theater addition to the Fine Arts complex were dedicated.
As the university moved into the new millennium, the institution implemented a number of important changes that would reflect the changing needs of the students, the church and the community. Foremost among these was restructuring that enabled Concordia to become a university. In 1997, the college became Concordia University, St. Paul, and adopted the semester system. The university also developed its current mission and vision statements and refined its strategic priorities. Its new focus led to the formation of departments in three colleges: College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, College of Graduate and Continuing Studies. In 2002, the College of Vocation and Ministry was added to coordinate the university's programs for church professionals and to enhance the understanding of all Concordia students of how they serve God and humanity in whatever vocation they choose. In 2006, the College of Graduate and Continuing Studies was refocused and many of the programs that were in that college are now in the College of Business and Organizational Leadership.
In 1999, Concordia became the first NCAA Division II university in the Twin Cities. Critics feared Concordia would fare poorly against the larger, more established teams, but the newly renamed Golden Bears teams showed their heart right away. Since the switch, Golden Bears teams have brought home NSIC championships in softball, volleyball, baseball, basketball and football. Concordia's Women's Volleyball team won the NCAA Division II National Volleyball Championship
in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, becoming the first school in Division II history to win four consecutive championships in volleyball.
Concordia University was the first private, four-year institution in the state of Minnesota to become a "laptop campus," providing a laptop computer to all full-time traditional undergraduate students. It paved the way for more streamlined communication across campus and provided new innovations in the way education was delivered to students. Now, students have wireless internet access campus wide, giving them a virtual world of information at their fingertips.
In 2003, Concordia celebrated the conclusion of Enlightening Individuals, Enriching Generations, a five-year, $32 million, comprehensive campaign - the largest in Concordia history. Gifts from alumni and friends, which totaled $35.5 million, allowed the university to build a much-needed and long-awaited Library Technology Center, dedicated in 2003. The 46000 square feet (4,273.5 m²) building includes seven new classrooms, centralizes technology support staff (HelpDesk) and provides an appealing new entrance point to campus.
In the fall 2006, Concordia began construction on a chapel expansion and remodeling project. The new Cross of Christ Fellowship Center provides ample gathering space in the entrance of the Chapel.
In 2007 the Board of Regents approved a plan to construct a new residence hall in the space originally occupied by Walther Hall, Minnesota Hall, Centennial Hall and "the white houses." The Residence Life Center (RLC) was completed in 2008. The campus community celebrated the completion of the facility with a Service of Dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony, celebratory chapel service, campus picnic and pig roast. The RLC is a three-story apartment-style residence hall that houses 300 upperclassmen in 4-bedroom, 2-bedroom and studio-style units. Each suite includes a private bathroom, kitchen, living room and bedroom furnishings. Building amenities include fitness center, laundry facility and media room. In May 2011, the Board of Regents renamed the building Holst Hall in honor of the retiring 20-year president, Rev. Dr. Robert Holst. With most residential students residing on the other side of campus, the Student Union was transformed to the Art Center, uniting nearly all of the art work and gallery spaces on campus.
Before Concordia's 2008 Homecoming football game, a donation of $5 million was presented by alumnus Phil Fandrei, on behalf of the Sea Foam Sales Company, to build a stadium on-campus that would provide space for the soccer, football, track and field and club lacrosse teams. The stadium, Sea Foam Stadium
, seats nearly 3,500 spectators and includes artificial turf, running track, scoreboard, lights, bleachers, parking, concession facilities, press box, outdoor plaza and an inflatable dome to make the stadium usable during the winter months. Construction began after Concordia's 2008 football season. The inaugural football game in the stadium was held on Sept. 19, 2009 and a special military appreciation day celebration was held, complete with fireworks and a ceremony to honor past and present military service men and women.
Concordia University is accredited (among others) by the Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association. Concordia University, St. Paul has been accredited since 1967, with reaccreditation given in 2008. (http://www.csp.edu/AboutUs/Accreditation.html)
As of Fall 2008: (http://www.csp.edu/AboutUs/fastfacts.html)
- 1,070 Traditional Undergraduate
- 621 Accelerated Degree and Continuing Studies
- 953 Graduate
- 2,644 Total enrollment
. The Gangelhoff Center
hosts several of the school's sports teams.
3-2. In 2009, they won their third NCAA Division II national title, becoming the first NCAA Division I or II team to win three in a row. The Golden Bear volleyball team currently had a 75 match winning streak from 2008-2010. They won their fourth straight national title in 2010 defeating the University of Tampa 3-1.
Women's varsity sports are:
Liberal arts
The term liberal arts refers to those subjects which in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free citizen to study. Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic were the core liberal arts. In medieval times these subjects were extended to include mathematics, geometry, music and astronomy...
university located in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city...
. Concordia University was founded in 1893 and currently enrolls approximately 2,800 students. The institution is an affiliate of the ten-member Concordia University System
Concordia University System
The Concordia University System is an organization of ten colleges and universities throughout the United States operated by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod . All ten institutions are named "Concordia" and all include professional church work programs as part of their curricula. The CUS was...
, which is operated by the second-largest Lutheran church body in the United States, the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is a traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States. With 2.3 million members, it is both the eighth largest Protestant denomination and the second-largest Lutheran body in the U.S. after the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The Synod...
(LCMS).
Early history
Concordia University was founded in 1893 to provide a Christian learning environment for high school students preparing to enter the professional ministries of The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. The first students were welcomed to class on September 13, 1893, in temporary quarters next to Zion Lutheran Church in St. Paul. The following year, Concordia spent $22,000 to purchase 5 acres (2 ha) and several buildings previously owned by the state training school for boys in its current location midway between downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul.In the next decade, Concordia continued to grow, adding a fourth year of high school, and then freshman and sophomore college years. Concordia's early success fueled new construction projects on campus, including the Gymnasium (converted in the 1950s to Graebner Memorial Chapel) and Recitation Hall (now Meyer Hall). Dr. Theodore Buenger served as Concordia St. Paul's professor and first director.
Concordia earned accreditation as a two-year college in 1921. The change made it possible for Concordia High School students to remain at their high school alma mater to complete their first two years of college work before transferring to a Concordia senior college where they would finish their studies in the church professions or teaching. Rev. Martin A.H. Graebner was installed in 1927 as Concordia's second president, serving until 1946.
Through the Depression
The college continued to thrive until 1931 when the effects of the financial panic of 1929 and the Great Depression caused enrollments to drop precipitously from 282 to 131. There were far fewer pulpits available than pastors to fill them, and The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod considered closing the college for a year or two to wait out the financial slump. Budgets were slashed, three residence halls stood empty, students worked around campus without pay, and food donations from congregations helped supplement the school's food service. It was, perhaps, the most difficult era in the history of Concordia, but the college survived.WWII
As the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
entered World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, Concordia St. Paul's fortunes once again shifted in a more positive direction. Enrollment was on the upswing and Concordia was poised to help respond to a growing shortage of pastors in the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. In 1943, Concordia St. Paul celebrated half a century as an institution. During this time, planning and fundraising for a new library began in earnest, but the project stalled for nearly a decade in the wake of post-war inflation and growing enthusiasm for another new construction on campus - the Lutheran Memorial Center, a gymnasium/auditorium and memorial to those who served in the war. Rev. W.A. Poehler was installed in 1946 as the third president at Concordia St. Paul, serving the campus community until 1970.
Concordia admitted its first class of female students in fall 1950, much to the delight of the young men on campus and to the dismay of coeducational opponents who predicted a significant drop in academic achievement. Despite this new "distraction," students continued to excel in their studies. Concordia entered a decade of intense expansion and growth. The college began granting Associate in Arts degrees in 1951 and began seeking North Central Association accreditation for the junior college in earnest. Major changes in various administrative functions and academic management, more manageable teaching loads and greater emphasis on faculty with graduate degrees finally produced the desired results and Concordia College earned accreditation in 1959.
New buildings dedicated during the 1950s included Buenger Memorial Library (1951), Lutheran Memorial Center (1953); Centennial Hall (1957), Minnesota Hall (1958), and Walther Hall (1959). In addition, the original gymnasium was converted into Graebner Memorial Chapel.
Concordia expanded its curriculum in 1962 to include a four-year college degree and awarded its first Bachelor of Arts degrees two years later. By 1967, Concordia had earned accreditation for its four-year liberal arts program, which allowed the college to join the Minnesota Private College Council. Concordia High School officially separated itself from the college, moved to its suburban location in Roseville
Roseville
-United States:*Roseville, Arkansas, in Logan County, Arkansas*Roseville, California*Roseville, Illinois*Roseville, Michigan*Roseville, Minnesota*Roseville, Ohio*Roseville, Pennsylvania*Roseville Township, Minnesota*Roseville, Newark, New Jersey...
and adopted its new name, Concordia Academy
Concordia Academy (Minnesota)
Concordia Academy is a Christian high school with campuses in Roseville. Concordia Academy, a Lutheran high school, originated in 1893 as the high school of Concordia College, St. Paul, and in 1967 merged with St. Paul Lutheran High School at 2400 North Dale St. in Roseville. The school was owned...
.
With mushrooming enrollment, Concordia St. Paul enjoyed another decade of expansion with the construction of another student residence, Wollaeger Hall, and Arndt Science Hall. The Poehler Administration Building, Buetow Music Center and the Student Union were constructed and dedicated in the 1970s.
The college responded to a growing need for minority teachers in the public schools by forming Metropolitan Teacher Education Program Selection (M-TEPS), which enrolled African-American and other under-represented students in a program designed to supplement the curriculum with personal counseling, tutoring as needed, academic planning and similar services. The program was reformed in 1983 as the Southeast Asian Teacher (SEAT) Licensure Program, which serves Hmong and other minority populations in a similar fashion.
Concordia was served during these years by four presidents: Rev. Harvey Stoegemoeller (1971-1976), Rev. Gerhardt Hyatt (1976-1984), Rev. Allan Harre (1984-1989) and Dr. John Johnson (1989-1991).
Recent history
Rev. Tom Ries became Concordia University, St. Paul's ninth president on June 1, 2011.Concordia inaugurated Rev. Dr. Robert Holst as its eighth president in 1991 and celebrated its centennial in 1993. The college launched a successful fundraising campaign that would provide for additional building and expansion. The major curricular development of the period was the formation in 1985 of a pioneering program that allowed students to complete their B.A. degree and, later, their M.A. degree, in an accelerated format. The first of its kind in Minnesota, today the College of Business and Organizational Leadership, which administers Concordia's accelerated degree completion and master's degree programs, represents more than half of the institution's enrollments.
Hyatt Village residence hall was dedicated in 1984, and in the 1990s, Gangelhoff Center and the theater addition to the Fine Arts complex were dedicated.
As the university moved into the new millennium, the institution implemented a number of important changes that would reflect the changing needs of the students, the church and the community. Foremost among these was restructuring that enabled Concordia to become a university. In 1997, the college became Concordia University, St. Paul, and adopted the semester system. The university also developed its current mission and vision statements and refined its strategic priorities. Its new focus led to the formation of departments in three colleges: College of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, College of Graduate and Continuing Studies. In 2002, the College of Vocation and Ministry was added to coordinate the university's programs for church professionals and to enhance the understanding of all Concordia students of how they serve God and humanity in whatever vocation they choose. In 2006, the College of Graduate and Continuing Studies was refocused and many of the programs that were in that college are now in the College of Business and Organizational Leadership.
In 1999, Concordia became the first NCAA Division II university in the Twin Cities. Critics feared Concordia would fare poorly against the larger, more established teams, but the newly renamed Golden Bears teams showed their heart right away. Since the switch, Golden Bears teams have brought home NSIC championships in softball, volleyball, baseball, basketball and football. Concordia's Women's Volleyball team won the NCAA Division II National Volleyball Championship
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship
The NCAA has contested team championships in women's volleyball since 1981. The following is a list of the champions of each division with their record for the year in which they won the championship, and the runner up, city, site and other final four participants for division I...
in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, becoming the first school in Division II history to win four consecutive championships in volleyball.
Concordia University was the first private, four-year institution in the state of Minnesota to become a "laptop campus," providing a laptop computer to all full-time traditional undergraduate students. It paved the way for more streamlined communication across campus and provided new innovations in the way education was delivered to students. Now, students have wireless internet access campus wide, giving them a virtual world of information at their fingertips.
In 2003, Concordia celebrated the conclusion of Enlightening Individuals, Enriching Generations, a five-year, $32 million, comprehensive campaign - the largest in Concordia history. Gifts from alumni and friends, which totaled $35.5 million, allowed the university to build a much-needed and long-awaited Library Technology Center, dedicated in 2003. The 46000 square feet (4,273.5 m²) building includes seven new classrooms, centralizes technology support staff (HelpDesk) and provides an appealing new entrance point to campus.
In the fall 2006, Concordia began construction on a chapel expansion and remodeling project. The new Cross of Christ Fellowship Center provides ample gathering space in the entrance of the Chapel.
In 2007 the Board of Regents approved a plan to construct a new residence hall in the space originally occupied by Walther Hall, Minnesota Hall, Centennial Hall and "the white houses." The Residence Life Center (RLC) was completed in 2008. The campus community celebrated the completion of the facility with a Service of Dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony, celebratory chapel service, campus picnic and pig roast. The RLC is a three-story apartment-style residence hall that houses 300 upperclassmen in 4-bedroom, 2-bedroom and studio-style units. Each suite includes a private bathroom, kitchen, living room and bedroom furnishings. Building amenities include fitness center, laundry facility and media room. In May 2011, the Board of Regents renamed the building Holst Hall in honor of the retiring 20-year president, Rev. Dr. Robert Holst. With most residential students residing on the other side of campus, the Student Union was transformed to the Art Center, uniting nearly all of the art work and gallery spaces on campus.
Before Concordia's 2008 Homecoming football game, a donation of $5 million was presented by alumnus Phil Fandrei, on behalf of the Sea Foam Sales Company, to build a stadium on-campus that would provide space for the soccer, football, track and field and club lacrosse teams. The stadium, Sea Foam Stadium
Sea Foam Stadium
Sea Foam Stadium is the football field on the campus of Concordia University, Saint Paul in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It opened in 2009, and seats about 3,500 spectators...
, seats nearly 3,500 spectators and includes artificial turf, running track, scoreboard, lights, bleachers, parking, concession facilities, press box, outdoor plaza and an inflatable dome to make the stadium usable during the winter months. Construction began after Concordia's 2008 football season. The inaugural football game in the stadium was held on Sept. 19, 2009 and a special military appreciation day celebration was held, complete with fireworks and a ceremony to honor past and present military service men and women.
Presidents
- Rev. Theodore Buenger (1893-1927)
- Rev. Martin Graebner (1927-1946)
- Rev. William Poehler (1946-1970)
- Rev. Harvey Stoegemoeller (1971-1976)
- Rev. Gerhardt Hyatt (1976-1984)
- Rev. Alan Harre (1984-1989)
- Rev. Dr. John Johnson (1989-1991)
- Rev. Dr. Robert Holst (1991-2011)
- Rev. Tom Ries (2011- )
Academics, accreditation, and enrollment
CSP offers a wide variety of programs including most traditional majors. They offer many Undergraduate Majors and Minors, Graduate Programs, Undergraduate Accelerated Degree Programs, Continuing Education Classes & Certificates, and Licensure & Colloquy Programs. (http://www.csp.edu/academics/)Concordia University is accredited (among others) by the Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association. Concordia University, St. Paul has been accredited since 1967, with reaccreditation given in 2008. (http://www.csp.edu/AboutUs/Accreditation.html)
As of Fall 2008: (http://www.csp.edu/AboutUs/fastfacts.html)
- 1,070 Traditional Undergraduate
- 621 Accelerated Degree and Continuing Studies
- 953 Graduate
- 2,644 Total enrollment
Technology
Concordia University provides faculty, staff and most students with University-issued laptops. Every three years the University completely exchanges the laptops for newer models. The support system for technology at the University is wide ranging. The center for support at the University is called the "Help Desk".Athletics
The Concordia Golden Bears compete in NCAA Division II and Northern Sun Intercollegiate ConferenceNorthern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
The Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference is a college athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern United States. Nine of its members are in Minnesota, with two members in South Dakota and one member each in the states of Iowa, Nebraska and North Dakota. It participates in the NCAA's...
. The Gangelhoff Center
Gangelhoff Center
Gangelhoff Center is a 3,200-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of Concordia University in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It was open in 1993. It is the home to Concordia University Golden Bears volleyball and basketball teams and was home to the Minnesota Ripknees during their one season in the...
hosts several of the school's sports teams.
Men's sports
Men's varsity teams include:- BaseballBaseballBaseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond...
- BasketballBasketballBasketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules...
- Cross-country running
- FootballCollege footballCollege football refers to American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, colleges, and military academies, or Canadian football played by teams of student athletes fielded by Canadian universities...
- GolfGolfGolf is a precision club and ball sport, in which competing players use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes....
- Track and fieldTrack and fieldTrack and field is a sport comprising various competitive athletic contests based around the activities of running, jumping and throwing. The name of the sport derives from the venue for the competitions: a stadium which features an oval running track surrounding a grassy area...
Women's sports
In 2007 the Golden Bears women's volleyball team won the NCAA Division II national title. In 2008, they followed up that victory with another NCAA Division II national title, this time beating Cal State-San BernardinoCalifornia State University, San Bernardino
California State University, San Bernardino, also known as Cal State San Bernardino or CSUSB is a public research university and one of the twenty three general campuses of the California State University system. The main campus sits on in the suburban University District of , United States, with...
3-2. In 2009, they won their third NCAA Division II national title, becoming the first NCAA Division I or II team to win three in a row. The Golden Bear volleyball team currently had a 75 match winning streak from 2008-2010. They won their fourth straight national title in 2010 defeating the University of Tampa 3-1.
Women's varsity sports are:
- BasketballBasketballBasketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules...
- Competitive DanceCompetitive danceCompetitive dance is a popular, widespread activity in which competitors perform dances in any of several permitted dance styles—such as acro, ballet, jazz, hip-hop, lyrical, modern, and tap—before a common group of judges...
- CheerleadingCheerleadingCheerleading is a physical activity, sometimes a competitive sport, based on organized routines, usually ranging from one to three minutes, which contain the components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting to direct spectators of events to cheer on sports teams at games or to participate...
- Cross-countryCross country runningCross country running is a sport in which people run a race on open-air courses over natural terrain. The course, typically long, may include surfaces of grass and earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road...
- GolfGolfGolf is a precision club and ball sport, in which competing players use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes....
- Soccer
- SoftballSoftballSoftball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of 10 to 14 players. It is a direct descendant of baseball although there are some key differences: softballs are larger than baseballs, and the pitches are thrown underhand rather than overhand...
- Track and fieldTrack and fieldTrack and field is a sport comprising various competitive athletic contests based around the activities of running, jumping and throwing. The name of the sport derives from the venue for the competitions: a stadium which features an oval running track surrounding a grassy area...
- VolleyballVolleyballVolleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.The complete rules are extensive...