Dayan Khan
Encyclopedia
Dayan Khan (given name: Batumöngke; 1464-1517/1543), was a Mongol khan
who reunited the Mongols under Chinggis
id supremacy in the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia
. His reigning title, "Dayan", means the "Great Yuan" (or Khan of the whole universe), as he enthroned himself as Great Khan
of the Great Yuan though the Yuan Dynasty
, the principal khanate of the Mongol Empire
, had already been overthrown in China
by the Ming Dynasty
founded by native Chinese a century ago (1368). He is remembered as one of the most glorious Mongolian Emperor
s.
Dayan Khan and his queen, Mandukhai, eliminated Oirat
power and abolished the taishi system used by both local and foreign warlords. Dayan Khan's victory at Dalan Tergin reunified the Mongols and solidified their corporate identity as Chinggisid people. His decision to divide the Six tumens of Eastern Mongolia as fiefs for his sons created decentralized but stable Borjigin rule over Mongolia
for a century.
1470-79) the Bolkhu jinong
(or crown prince
/viceroy
) of the Borjigin Dynasty and Shiker Taiko of the Uriyangkhai in Mongolia. His paternal grandmother, Sechen, was a daughter of Esen Tayshi of the Oirats
. Although Bolkhu and his family suffered through life's darkest hours during the reign of Esen and the internal conflict of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, they were welcomed by his uncle (brother) Manduul Khan (r. 1465-67) soon after his coronation.
Batumongke's father and his uncle Manduul had come to blows due to warlords' convictions, and Bayanmongke had fled and been murdered. Manduul's taishi Ismayil
(also known as Isama) then took his wife Shikher and properties. In order to save Batumongke's life Shiker gave her child to the Bakhay family to nurse him. However, Temur-Qadag of the Tangud (already Mongolicized) took the child from Bakhay. Because of his Borjigin blood, Batumongke was well taken care by the Mongol commoners and minor nobles.
At the sudden death of Manduul Khan in 1467, Batumongke was five years old. Later he was adopted by Mandukhai Khatun
, the widow of Manduul Khan. When Mandukhai's loyalists brought back Batumongke, he was suffering echinococcus
. Mandukhai had him treated and the boy recovered soon.
(r.1260-1294), Mandukhai had him ascend to the throne at the Royal shrine
kept by the Chakhar and he became known by the title "Dayan Khan" (meaning the "Great Khan of the Great Yuan", although one of the editors of chronicle in the 17th century interpreted the meaning of Dayan of Dayan khan as "whole" instead of the "Great Yuan"). When he was aged nineteen, she married him, and retained great influence over court and military. They reunified the Mongol retainers of the former eastern region of the Mongol Empire
. The Oirats
were defeated by the military skill of Mandukhai and control reclaimed over the Eastern Mongols. Batumongke and his queen Mandukhai led Mongol armies in 1483 against Ismayil Taishi who fled after the imperial victory over him to Hami where he was killed by other Muslim
s and the Turco-Mongol
s. Dayan Khan's mother Shiker was brought back and given the title taikhu (empress dowager
). However, she did not live long enough after that. The imperial power was supported by Unubold (Naybolad), the descendant of Hasar who was the brother of Chingis Khaan, and the tribes ruled by descendants of Chingis Khan's brothers were allied. Most of the Four Oirats remained in Mongolia surrendered and provided troops. Only Khoosai of the Tumed
rejected to accept Batumongke Dayan Khan's supremacy but he was defeated by Dayan Khan.
The most important achievement of the couple was their defeat of the war-like Oirats who had previously revolted against the rule of the Borjigin Emperors since the 14th century. By 1495, Batumongke won the Three Guards (Doyin Uriankhai, Ujiyed and Fuyu guard), tributaries of the Ming Dynasty
, and had them incorporated into his Six tumens.
lost its power in Russia
in 1480, the Mongol raids on Ming Chinese territories became virtually constant. Under Dayan Khan they reached a new level of organization.
Batmongke intended to maintain good relations with Ming Dynasty
at first. His envoys were sent to sign open-trade contract with gifts, but one of them was killed by the Ming court, so he launched military expeditions into the Ming China. Dayan Khan as a mature ruler had no interest in joining the Ming's tribute system.
Dayan Khan allied with the Monggoljins under Toloogen and Khooshai of Ordos
. With Dayan Khan and Mandukhai's movement to the Eight white yurts in Ordos in 1500, they launched a massive attack on Ningxia
and conquered some lands. At first their invasion caused trouble to the Ming Chinese but Yu
, the officer of the Ming Dynasty, and his commander Wang ambushed the Mongols and organized unexpectedly vigorous counter attack to capture Dayan Khan the next year. Barely escaping the Ming attack, Dayan Khan relocated to the Kherlen River
, yet large-scale raids all along the frontier continued through 1507.
s (Ordos
, Tümed
and Yöngshiyebü) invited Dayan Khan to rule them. Because Iburai Taishi (also known as Ibrahim
), an Uighur
adventurer or an Oirat/Kharchin
warlord
, and Mandulai dominated the area, the three tumens discontented with their power. In one skirmish raid on one of the rebel groups, the imperial army killed Ibrahim’s younger brother before that. Dayan Khan dispatched to the Three Right Wing Tumens his sons Ulusbaikh (Ulusbold) and Barsubolad Sainalag. As Ulusbold was being enthroned as jinong, he was killed in a riot and Barsubolad escaped. In revenge, Dayan khan attacked the Three Right Wing Tumens with his three Left Wing Tumens (Chakhar, Khalkha
and Uriankhai
), the Khorchin
and the Abagha. Because a large group of the Uriankhai tumen defected to Iburai, Dayan Khan was first defeated at Turgen Stream at present-day Tumed territory.
In 1510, he crushed the Three Right Wing Tumens and killed Mandulai the Ordos elder. Iburai fled to Kokenuur where he remained active to 1533. Dayan Khan dispersed the rebel Uriankhais among other 5 tumens. Instead of enslaving the Right Wing Tumens, Dayan khan had Barsubolad enthroned as jinong in 1513, abolishing old titles like taishi and chingsang of the Yuan Dynasty. He exempted his soldiers from imposts and made them Darqan. According to an ancient Mongolian source, the Mongol were again peaceful thereafter thanks to the policy of Batumongke and his khatun
Maudukhai.
With defeats of Iburai and Ismayil, Dayan and Mandukhai could remove the power of descendants of the Alans
, the Kypchaks and the Hami Muslim warlords from the imperial court of Mongolia.
From 1513 Mongol invasions of China recommenced. Dayan Khan built forts in Xuanhua
and Datong
. He also stationed 15,000 cavalry on Ming territory. His Mongols numbering up to 70,000 invaded China in 1514 and 1517. His sons established a series of permanent bases along the Chinese border where the Mongols could keep watch on the Chinese
. Batumongke Dayan Khan repeatedly sought trade relation with the Ming, but rejection turned him more and more to outright warfare.
The high point of Mongol power came in 1517, when Dayan Khan moved on Beijing
itself. Although, the Chinese held the Mongols off in a major battle, Dayan Khan and his successors continued to threaten China until 1526. The Mongolian armies raided the Ming Dynasty not only in the north, but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming Emperor Zhengde
lost his protecrate Hami to the Turpans at the same time. In 1542 Dayan Khan defeated Chinese troops just before his death.
Dayan Khan and Mandukhai's nation now stretched from the Siberia
n tundra
and Lake Baikal
in the north, across the Gobi, to the edge of the Yellow River
and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of Manchuria
in the East past the Altai Mountains and out onto the steppes of Central Asia
.
s (literally "ten thousand") as follows.
Left Wing: Khalkha
, Chahar and Uriankhai
Right Wing: Ordos, Tümed and Yöngshiyebü (including Asud
and Kharchin)
They functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the failed rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were divided in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. Under Dayan Khan or his successors, the Eastern Mongols compelled the Barga
to surrender. However, his decision to divide the Six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in law of the taijis created a decentralized system of Borjigin rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization there was a remarkable concord wthin the Dayan Khanid aristocracy and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligden Khan (1604–34).
Dayan Khan Batumongke and Mandukhai's children included:
Dayan Khan Batumongke and Jimsgene's children included:
Dayan Khan and Guushi (Khusei) khatun's children included:
His sons were made tribal chiefs. Many princes in Mongolia
were his descendants such as Altan Khan
and Ligden Khan. Dayan Khan and his successor Khagans led the Chahar tümen directly. The Chinese chroniclers of the Ming Dynasty considered him as Holy Emperor who restored former glory of the Mongol Empire. There is so much that is uncertain about Dayan Khan's life after the death of Mandukhai. The dates of death range from 1517 until 1543.
|-
Khan (title)
Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289...
who reunited the Mongols under Chinggis
Borjigin
Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors....
id supremacy in the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
. His reigning title, "Dayan", means the "Great Yuan" (or Khan of the whole universe), as he enthroned himself as Great Khan
Khagan
Khagan or qagan , alternatively spelled kagan, khaghan, qaghan, or chagan, is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate...
of the Great Yuan though the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
, the principal khanate of the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire , initially named as Greater Mongol State was a great empire during the 13th and 14th centuries...
, had already been overthrown in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
by the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
founded by native Chinese a century ago (1368). He is remembered as one of the most glorious Mongolian Emperor
Emperor
An emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife or a woman who rules in her own right...
s.
Dayan Khan and his queen, Mandukhai, eliminated Oirat
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
power and abolished the taishi system used by both local and foreign warlords. Dayan Khan's victory at Dalan Tergin reunified the Mongols and solidified their corporate identity as Chinggisid people. His decision to divide the Six tumens of Eastern Mongolia as fiefs for his sons created decentralized but stable Borjigin rule over Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
for a century.
Childhood
It is claimed that Batumongke was the son of Bayanmongke (fl.Floruit
Floruit , abbreviated fl. , is a Latin verb meaning "flourished", denoting the period of time during which something was active...
1470-79) the Bolkhu jinong
Jinong
Jinong was a title of the Mongols. It was derived from Chinese Jinwang although some historians have suggested it originates from Qinwang...
(or crown prince
Crown Prince
A crown prince or crown princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess....
/viceroy
Viceroy
A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. A viceroy's province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty...
) of the Borjigin Dynasty and Shiker Taiko of the Uriyangkhai in Mongolia. His paternal grandmother, Sechen, was a daughter of Esen Tayshi of the Oirats
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
. Although Bolkhu and his family suffered through life's darkest hours during the reign of Esen and the internal conflict of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, they were welcomed by his uncle (brother) Manduul Khan (r. 1465-67) soon after his coronation.
Batumongke's father and his uncle Manduul had come to blows due to warlords' convictions, and Bayanmongke had fled and been murdered. Manduul's taishi Ismayil
Ismail (name)
Ismail is the Arabic name of the English name Ishmael.-Etymology and meaning:The literal translation of the name Ismail is heard by Allah or God has heard and it refers to the yearning of Ibrahim and his wife, Sarah, to have a child. Ismail's mother, Hagar was the handmaiden of the Princess...
(also known as Isama) then took his wife Shikher and properties. In order to save Batumongke's life Shiker gave her child to the Bakhay family to nurse him. However, Temur-Qadag of the Tangud (already Mongolicized) took the child from Bakhay. Because of his Borjigin blood, Batumongke was well taken care by the Mongol commoners and minor nobles.
At the sudden death of Manduul Khan in 1467, Batumongke was five years old. Later he was adopted by Mandukhai Khatun
Mandukhai Khatun
Mandukhai Khatun was the Empress of the Post-imperial Mongolia. She united the warring Mongols with her husband Batmunkh Dayan Khan.- Background :...
, the widow of Manduul Khan. When Mandukhai's loyalists brought back Batumongke, he was suffering echinococcus
Echinococcus
The genus Echinococcus includes six species of cyclophyllid tapeworms to date, of the family Taeniidae. Infection with Echinococcus results in hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis....
. Mandukhai had him treated and the boy recovered soon.
Emperor and Mandukhai the Wise
As a direct descendant of Kublai KhanKublai Khan
Kublai Khan , born Kublai and also known by the temple name Shizu , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China...
(r.1260-1294), Mandukhai had him ascend to the throne at the Royal shrine
Shrine
A shrine is a holy or sacred place, which is dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon or similar figure of awe and respect, at which they are venerated or worshipped. Shrines often contain idols, relics, or other such objects associated with the figure being venerated....
kept by the Chakhar and he became known by the title "Dayan Khan" (meaning the "Great Khan of the Great Yuan", although one of the editors of chronicle in the 17th century interpreted the meaning of Dayan of Dayan khan as "whole" instead of the "Great Yuan"). When he was aged nineteen, she married him, and retained great influence over court and military. They reunified the Mongol retainers of the former eastern region of the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire , initially named as Greater Mongol State was a great empire during the 13th and 14th centuries...
. The Oirats
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
were defeated by the military skill of Mandukhai and control reclaimed over the Eastern Mongols. Batumongke and his queen Mandukhai led Mongol armies in 1483 against Ismayil Taishi who fled after the imperial victory over him to Hami where he was killed by other Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
s and the Turco-Mongol
Turco-Mongol
Turko-Mongol is a modern designation for various nomads who were subjects of the Mongol Empire. Being progressively Turkicized in terms of language and identity following the Mongol conquests, they derived their ethnic and cultural origins from steppes of Central Asia...
s. Dayan Khan's mother Shiker was brought back and given the title taikhu (empress dowager
Empress Dowager
Empress Dowager was the title given to the mother of a Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Vietnamese emperor.The title was also given occasionally to another woman of the same generation, while a woman from the previous generation was sometimes given the title of Grand empress dowager. Numerous empress...
). However, she did not live long enough after that. The imperial power was supported by Unubold (Naybolad), the descendant of Hasar who was the brother of Chingis Khaan, and the tribes ruled by descendants of Chingis Khan's brothers were allied. Most of the Four Oirats remained in Mongolia surrendered and provided troops. Only Khoosai of the Tumed
Tümed
The Tümed are a Mongol subgroup. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of Huhhot. Part of them live along Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia...
rejected to accept Batumongke Dayan Khan's supremacy but he was defeated by Dayan Khan.
The most important achievement of the couple was their defeat of the war-like Oirats who had previously revolted against the rule of the Borjigin Emperors since the 14th century. By 1495, Batumongke won the Three Guards (Doyin Uriankhai, Ujiyed and Fuyu guard), tributaries of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
, and had them incorporated into his Six tumens.
Early conflicts with China
While the Golden HordeGolden Horde
The Golden Horde was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire...
lost its power in Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
in 1480, the Mongol raids on Ming Chinese territories became virtually constant. Under Dayan Khan they reached a new level of organization.
Batmongke intended to maintain good relations with Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
at first. His envoys were sent to sign open-trade contract with gifts, but one of them was killed by the Ming court, so he launched military expeditions into the Ming China. Dayan Khan as a mature ruler had no interest in joining the Ming's tribute system.
Dayan Khan allied with the Monggoljins under Toloogen and Khooshai of Ordos
Ordos
-Places:*Ordos Loop of the Yellow River, a region of China*Ordos Desert, in Inner Mongolia*Ordos City, city and district in Inner Mongolia*Ordos International Circuit, a race track in Ordos City.-People:...
. With Dayan Khan and Mandukhai's movement to the Eight white yurts in Ordos in 1500, they launched a massive attack on Ningxia
Ningxia
Ningxia, formerly transliterated as Ningsia, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Located in Northwest China, on the Loess Plateau, the Yellow River flows through this vast area of land. The Great Wall of China runs along its northeastern boundary...
and conquered some lands. At first their invasion caused trouble to the Ming Chinese but Yu
Yu
is a very common Japanese given name used by either sex.-Possible writings:Yū can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:*優, "tenderness" or "superiority"*夕, "evening"*友, "friend"*有, "qualified"*勇, "courage"*祐, "help"*裕, "abundant"...
, the officer of the Ming Dynasty, and his commander Wang ambushed the Mongols and organized unexpectedly vigorous counter attack to capture Dayan Khan the next year. Barely escaping the Ming attack, Dayan Khan relocated to the Kherlen River
Kherlen River
Kherlen River is a river of 1,254 km length in Mongolia and China.-Course:The river has its origin in the south slopes of the Khentii mountains, near the Burkhan Khaldun mountain in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area, about 180 km northeast of Ulaanbaatar...
, yet large-scale raids all along the frontier continued through 1507.
The unrest of the right wing
A delegation from the Three Right Wing tumenTumen
Tumen or Tümen was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic and Mongol peoples to organize their armies. Tumen is an army unit of 10,000 soldiers...
s (Ordos
Ordos Mongols
The Ordos are a Mongol subgroup that live in Uushin district, Inner Mongolia. Ordos literally means plural of Ordo....
, Tümed
Tümed
The Tümed are a Mongol subgroup. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of Huhhot. Part of them live along Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia...
and Yöngshiyebü) invited Dayan Khan to rule them. Because Iburai Taishi (also known as Ibrahim
Ibrahim (name)
Ibrahim is the Arabic name of the prophet and patriarch Abraham. It is a common first name throughout the Muslim world.-Given name:*Ibrahim I , Ottoman sultan*Ibrahim I of Shirvan, a ruler of Shirvan from the Derbendid dynasty 1382-1417...
), an Uighur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
adventurer or an Oirat/Kharchin
Kharchin
Kharchin is a subgroup of the Mongols residing mainly in North-western Liaoning and Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. There are Khalkha-Kharchin Mongols in Dorno-Gobi Province and in Ulaanbaatar.They are descended directly from the Kharchin tümen of the Northern Yuan Dynasty...
warlord
Warlord
A warlord is a person with power who has both military and civil control over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority. The term can also mean one who espouses the ideal that war is necessary, and has the means and authority to engage in war...
, and Mandulai dominated the area, the three tumens discontented with their power. In one skirmish raid on one of the rebel groups, the imperial army killed Ibrahim’s younger brother before that. Dayan Khan dispatched to the Three Right Wing Tumens his sons Ulusbaikh (Ulusbold) and Barsubolad Sainalag. As Ulusbold was being enthroned as jinong, he was killed in a riot and Barsubolad escaped. In revenge, Dayan khan attacked the Three Right Wing Tumens with his three Left Wing Tumens (Chakhar, Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
and Uriankhai
Uriankhai
"Uriankhai" , also known as Urianhai or Uryangkhai, is a term applied to several neighboring ethnic groups...
), the Khorchin
Khorchin
Khorchin is a subgroup of the Mongols that speak the Khorchin dialect of Mongolian and predominantly live in southeastern Inner Mongolia....
and the Abagha. Because a large group of the Uriankhai tumen defected to Iburai, Dayan Khan was first defeated at Turgen Stream at present-day Tumed territory.
Khatun
Khatun is a female title of nobility and alternative to male "khan" prominently used in the First Turkic Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire...
Maudukhai.
With defeats of Iburai and Ismayil, Dayan and Mandukhai could remove the power of descendants of the Alans
Alans
The Alans, or the Alani, occasionally termed Alauni or Halani, were a group of Sarmatian tribes, nomadic pastoralists of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian.-Name:The various forms of Alan —...
, the Kypchaks and the Hami Muslim warlords from the imperial court of Mongolia.
Conflicts with the Ming Dynasty
Xuanhua
Xuanhua may refer to:*Xuanhua District , Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China*Xuanhua County , of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China*Xuanhua, Gaotai County , town in Gaotai County, Gansu, China*Xuanhua, Dengfeng , town in Dengfeng City, Henan, China...
and Datong
Datong
Datong is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province of North China, located a few hundred kilometres west by rail from Beijing with an elevation of...
. He also stationed 15,000 cavalry on Ming territory. His Mongols numbering up to 70,000 invaded China in 1514 and 1517. His sons established a series of permanent bases along the Chinese border where the Mongols could keep watch on the Chinese
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
. Batumongke Dayan Khan repeatedly sought trade relation with the Ming, but rejection turned him more and more to outright warfare.
The high point of Mongol power came in 1517, when Dayan Khan moved on Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
itself. Although, the Chinese held the Mongols off in a major battle, Dayan Khan and his successors continued to threaten China until 1526. The Mongolian armies raided the Ming Dynasty not only in the north, but also in the hitherto quiet west. The Ming Emperor Zhengde
Zhengde Emperor
The Zhengde Emperor was emperor of China between 1505-1521. Born Zhu Houzhao, he was the Hongzhi Emperor's eldest son...
lost his protecrate Hami to the Turpans at the same time. In 1542 Dayan Khan defeated Chinese troops just before his death.
Dayan Khan and Mandukhai's nation now stretched from the Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
n tundra
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term tundra comes through Russian тундра from the Kildin Sami word tūndâr "uplands," "treeless mountain tract." There are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine...
and Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal is the world's oldest at 30 million years old and deepest lake with an average depth of 744.4 metres.Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, it is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the...
in the north, across the Gobi, to the edge of the Yellow River
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
and south of it into the Ordos. The lands extended from the forests of Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
in the East past the Altai Mountains and out onto the steppes of Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
.
Reform
He reorganized the Eastern Mongols into 6 tümenTumen
Tumen or Tümen was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic and Mongol peoples to organize their armies. Tumen is an army unit of 10,000 soldiers...
s (literally "ten thousand") as follows.
Left Wing: Khalkha
Khalkha
Khalkha is the largest subgroup of Mongol people in Mongolia since 15th century. The Khalkha together with Tsahar, Ordos and Tumed, were directly ruled by the Altan Urag Khans until the 20th century; unlike the Oirat people who were ruled by the Dzungar nobles or the Khorchins who were ruled by...
, Chahar and Uriankhai
Uriankhai
"Uriankhai" , also known as Urianhai or Uryangkhai, is a term applied to several neighboring ethnic groups...
Right Wing: Ordos, Tümed and Yöngshiyebü (including Asud
Asud
Asud were a guard and military group of Alani origin. The Mongol clan Asud is the plural of As, the Arabic name for the Alans.After the Mongol invasion of Rus, many Alans submitted to the Mongol Empire. Some of them resisted the Golden Horde longer. Many warriors moved from Northern Caucasia to...
and Kharchin)
They functioned both as military units and as tribal administrative bodies. Northern Khalkha people and Uriyankhan were attached to the South Khalkha of eastern Inner Mongolia and Doyin Uriyangkhan of the Three Guards, respectively. After the failed rebellion of the northern Uriankhai people, they were divided in 1538 and mostly annexed by the northern Khalkha. Under Dayan Khan or his successors, the Eastern Mongols compelled the Barga
Barga Mongols
The Barga are a subgroup of the Mongol people who speak a Barga dialect of Buryat language and predominantly live Hulunbuir since 17th century under the Qing Dynasty....
to surrender. However, his decision to divide the Six tumens to his sons, or taijis, and local tabunangs-sons in law of the taijis created a decentralized system of Borjigin rule that secured domestic peace and outward expansion for a century. Despite this decentralization there was a remarkable concord wthin the Dayan Khanid aristocracy and intra-Chinggisid civil war remained unknown until the reign of Ligden Khan (1604–34).
Marriage and children
Dayan Khan married Mandukhai the Wise, Guushi and Jimsgene.Dayan Khan Batumongke and Mandukhai's children included:
- Turbolad
- Ulusbold
- Arsubolad
- Barsubolad
- Töröltu (Gegeen abuhai)
- Ochirbolad
- Alchubolad
- Albold
Dayan Khan Batumongke and Jimsgene's children included:
- Gersenji
- GerboldGerboldSaint Gerbold was a French bishop venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. He was a monk who founded the abbey of Livry in Normandy and later became bishop of Bayeux.-External links:...
Dayan Khan and Guushi (Khusei) khatun's children included:
- Gert
- Chin taiji
His sons were made tribal chiefs. Many princes in Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
were his descendants such as Altan Khan
Altan Khan
Altan Khan , whose given name was Anda , was the ruler of the Tümet Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols...
and Ligden Khan. Dayan Khan and his successor Khagans led the Chahar tümen directly. The Chinese chroniclers of the Ming Dynasty considered him as Holy Emperor who restored former glory of the Mongol Empire. There is so much that is uncertain about Dayan Khan's life after the death of Mandukhai. The dates of death range from 1517 until 1543.
Ancestors
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