Depressariinae
Encyclopedia
| image = Psorosticha zizyphi (ento-csiro-au).jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Adult Psorosticha zizyphi
| regnum = Animal
ia
| phylum = Arthropod
a
| classis = Insect
a
| ordo = Lepidoptera
| subordo = Glossata
| infraordo = Heteroneura
| zoodivisio = Ditrysia
| superfamilia = Gelechioidea
| familia = Oecophoridae
(disputed)
| subfamilia = Depressariinae (but see text)
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
Numerous, see text
| synonyms =
Cryptolechiinae
Cryptolechiini
Depressariini
Depressiinae (lapsus
)
Epigraphiini
(but see text)
}}
The Depressariinae – sometimes spelled "Depressiinae" in error – are a subfamily of moth
s in the superfamily
Gelechioidea
. Like their relatives therein, their exact relationships are not yet very well resolved. It has been considered part of family
Elachistidae
sensu lato or treated as distinct gelechioid family Depressariidae, but more recently they are assumed to be closer to the Oecophorinae
and included in an expanded Oecophoridae
.
As regards subdivisions, the Amphisbatinae
are often held to be as close to the Depressariinae as to be included there, in particular if the latter are raised to full family rank, but also otherwise (as a tribe
Amphisbatini in the Depressariinae). If Depressariinae are treated as oecophorid subfamily as they are here, it is more common to include the group around Cryptolechia, which is sometimes (especially in older arrangements) separated as tribe Cryptolechiini in subfamily Cryptolechiinae. The lineage of Cacochroa
and its closest relatives – typically included in the "Cryptolechiinae" if these are treated as independent oecophorid subfamily – actually seems to be closer to Orophia, and would be part of tribe Orophiini if these are placed in the Oecophorinae. But they have also been included in the present group (as tribe(s) Orophiini and sometimes also Cacochroini), particularly if this is considered a full-fledged family. The same holds true for the Xyloryctidae, a doubtfully distinct group treated here as family but possibly a subfamily of the Oecophoridae. Finally, the Semioscopis lineage is occasionally separated from the rest of the Depressariinae as tribe Epigraphiini (after its junior synonym Epigraphia). In all such treatments, the core group of Depressariinae becomes a tribe Depressariini – but which arrangement ultimately turns out to be correct is unresolved. Hence, the "Cryptolechiinae" sensu stricto are here tentatively included in the Depressariinae while the Orophiini (including "Cacochroini") are not, and a subdivision of the Depressariinae into tribes is avoided pending more and better data.
were placed here as of 1999 (but see the caveats about the group's circumscription above). New taxa of Depressariinae are still being discovered and described on a regular basis. The group is found worldwide except on some oceanic islands and frozen wasteland, but the diversity is highest in temperate
regions and the group is presumably Holarctic
in origin – possibly Palaearctic, as gelechoid diversity in the Neotropics is poor but e.g. in Australia
almost 20 species are found. From Europe alone, more than 160 species and subspecies
(mostly of genus
Agonopterix
) were known in 2009, with over 80 recorded from Central Europe
.
The caterpillars usually develop in leaves spun together with silk
, as stem borers or as seed or flower feeders of dicotyledon
s. Recorded Depressariinae host plants are mainly eurosids I (e.g. Betulaceae
, Fabaceae
, Fagaceae
, Rosaceae
, Salicaceae
, Urticaceae
) but also from some other families (e.g. Malvaceae
and Rutaceae
– eurosids II –, or euasterids II like Apiaceae
and Asteraceae
).
of Depressariinae – with some notable species
also listed – include:
Luquetia
is quite often placed here too, and this may well be correct. However, its actual relationships among the Oecophoridae are yet to be determined with full certainty.
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Adult Psorosticha zizyphi
Psorosticha zizyphi
The Citrus Leaf Roller is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found in south-east Asia, including Hong Kong, India, Ceylon, New Guinea and Queensland and New South Wales in Australia....
| regnum = Animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
ia
| phylum = Arthropod
Arthropod
An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton , a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others...
a
| classis = Insect
Insect
Insects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
a
| ordo = Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies...
| subordo = Glossata
Glossata
Glossata is the suborder of the insect order Lepidoptera that includes all the superfamilies of moths and butterflies that have a coilable proboscis. ....
| infraordo = Heteroneura
Heteroneura
Heteroneura is a natural group in the insect order Lepidoptera that comprises over 99% of all butterflies and moths. This is the sister group of the infraorder Exoporia , and is characterised by wing venation which is not similar or homoneurous in both pairs of wings....
| zoodivisio = Ditrysia
Ditrysia
The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the Lepidopteran order containing both butterflies and moths. They are so named because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs .About 98% of described species of Lepidoptera belong to Ditrysia...
| superfamilia = Gelechioidea
Gelechioidea
| name = Curved-horn moths| image = Xylorycta assimilis.jpg| image_width = 240px| image_caption = Adult Xylorycta assimilis of the Xyloryctidae, photographed in Aranda Note prominent "horns" and long antennae| regnum = Animalia| phylum = Arthropoda...
| familia = Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this....
(disputed)
| subfamilia = Depressariinae (but see text)
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
Numerous, see text
| synonyms =
Cryptolechiinae
Cryptolechiini
Depressariini
Depressiinae (lapsus
Lapsus
A lapsus is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a missed deed that hides an unconscious desire....
)
Epigraphiini
(but see text)
}}
The Depressariinae – sometimes spelled "Depressiinae" in error – are a subfamily of moth
Moth
A moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Moths form the majority of this order; there are thought to be 150,000 to 250,000 different species of moth , with thousands of species yet to be described...
s in the superfamily
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
Gelechioidea
Gelechioidea
| name = Curved-horn moths| image = Xylorycta assimilis.jpg| image_width = 240px| image_caption = Adult Xylorycta assimilis of the Xyloryctidae, photographed in Aranda Note prominent "horns" and long antennae| regnum = Animalia| phylum = Arthropoda...
. Like their relatives therein, their exact relationships are not yet very well resolved. It has been considered part of family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Elachistidae
Elachistidae
| image = Elachista rufocinerea 2.jpg| image_width = 240px| image_caption = Adult Elachista rufocinerea,demonstrating its tiny size versus an aphid and a spider mite | regnum = Animalia| phylum = Arthropoda| classis = Insecta...
sensu lato or treated as distinct gelechioid family Depressariidae, but more recently they are assumed to be closer to the Oecophorinae
Oecophorinae
| image = Philobota1.jpg| image_width = 250px| image_caption = Adult of Philobota arabella or a related species,Aranda | regnum = Animalia| phylum = Arthropoda| classis = Insecta| ordo = Lepidoptera| subordo = Glossata| infraordo = Heteroneura...
and included in an expanded Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this....
.
As regards subdivisions, the Amphisbatinae
Amphisbatinae
| image =| image_width = 240px| image_caption = Adult Psorosticha zizyphi| regnum = Animalia| phylum = Arthropoda| classis = Insecta| ordo = Lepidoptera| subordo = Glossata| infraordo = Heteroneura| zoodivisio = Ditrysia| superfamilia = Gelechioidea...
are often held to be as close to the Depressariinae as to be included there, in particular if the latter are raised to full family rank, but also otherwise (as a tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
Amphisbatini in the Depressariinae). If Depressariinae are treated as oecophorid subfamily as they are here, it is more common to include the group around Cryptolechia, which is sometimes (especially in older arrangements) separated as tribe Cryptolechiini in subfamily Cryptolechiinae. The lineage of Cacochroa
Cacochroa
Cacochroa is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea.-Taxonomy:The systematic placement is problematic due to insufficient research...
and its closest relatives – typically included in the "Cryptolechiinae" if these are treated as independent oecophorid subfamily – actually seems to be closer to Orophia, and would be part of tribe Orophiini if these are placed in the Oecophorinae. But they have also been included in the present group (as tribe(s) Orophiini and sometimes also Cacochroini), particularly if this is considered a full-fledged family. The same holds true for the Xyloryctidae, a doubtfully distinct group treated here as family but possibly a subfamily of the Oecophoridae. Finally, the Semioscopis lineage is occasionally separated from the rest of the Depressariinae as tribe Epigraphiini (after its junior synonym Epigraphia). In all such treatments, the core group of Depressariinae becomes a tribe Depressariini – but which arrangement ultimately turns out to be correct is unresolved. Hence, the "Cryptolechiinae" sensu stricto are here tentatively included in the Depressariinae while the Orophiini (including "Cacochroini") are not, and a subdivision of the Depressariinae into tribes is avoided pending more and better data.
Distribution and ecology
Some 600 speciesSpecies
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
were placed here as of 1999 (but see the caveats about the group's circumscription above). New taxa of Depressariinae are still being discovered and described on a regular basis. The group is found worldwide except on some oceanic islands and frozen wasteland, but the diversity is highest in temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
regions and the group is presumably Holarctic
Holarctic
The Holarctic ecozone refers to the habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world as a whole. This region is divided into the Palearctic, consisting of Northern Africa and all of Eurasia, with the exception of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and the Nearctic,...
in origin – possibly Palaearctic, as gelechoid diversity in the Neotropics is poor but e.g. in Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
almost 20 species are found. From Europe alone, more than 160 species and subspecies
Subspecies
Subspecies in biological classification, is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, ora taxonomic unit in that rank . A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more, never just one...
(mostly of genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Agonopterix
Agonopterix
Agonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is placed in the subfamily Depressariinae, which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family Depressariidae or included in the Elachistidae, but actually seems to belong in the...
) were known in 2009, with over 80 recorded from Central Europe
Central Europe
Central Europe or alternatively Middle Europe is a region of the European continent lying between the variously defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe...
.
The caterpillars usually develop in leaves spun together with silk
Silk
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity...
, as stem borers or as seed or flower feeders of dicotyledon
Dicotyledon
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, are a group of flowering plants whose seed typically has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 199,350 species within this group...
s. Recorded Depressariinae host plants are mainly eurosids I (e.g. Betulaceae
Betulaceae
Betulaceae, or the Birch Family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams and hop-hornbeams, numbering about 130 species...
, Fabaceae
Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, is a large and economically important family of flowering plants. The group is the third largest land plant family, behind only the Orchidaceae and Asteraceae, with 730 genera and over 19,400 species...
, Fagaceae
Fagaceae
The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like nuts. Fagaceous leaves are often...
, Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae are a medium-sized family of flowering plants, including about 2830 species in 95 genera. The name is derived from the type genus Rosa. Among the largest genera are Alchemilla , Sorbus , Crataegus , Cotoneaster , and Rubus...
, Salicaceae
Salicaceae
Salicaceae are a family of flowering plants. Recent genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 55 genera....
, Urticaceae
Urticaceae
Urticaceae, or the nettle family, is a family of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica . Urticaceae includes a number of well-known and useful plants, including the aforementioned nettles, Ramie , māmaki , and ajlai .The family includes approximately 2600 species, grouped...
) but also from some other families (e.g. Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallow family, is a family of flowering plants containing over 200 genera with close to 2,300 species. Judd & al. Well known members of this family include okra, jute and cacao...
and Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents...
– eurosids II –, or euasterids II like Apiaceae
Apiaceae
The Apiaceae , commonly known as carrot or parsley family, is a group of mostly aromatic plants with hollow stems. The family is large, with more than 3,700 species spread across 434 genera, it is the sixteenth largest family of flowering plants...
and Asteraceae
Asteraceae
The Asteraceae or Compositae , is an exceedingly large and widespread family of vascular plants. The group has more than 22,750 currently accepted species, spread across 1620 genera and 12 subfamilies...
).
Selected genera
GeneraGenera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
of Depressariinae – with some notable species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
also listed – include:
- AcriaACRIAThe or ACRIA was founded in December 1991 to provide community based clinical drug trials for people living with AIDS. They also run the HIV Health Literacy Program . ACRIA can trace their history back to the founding of the Community Research Initiative by Michael Callen and Joseph Sonnabend....
Stephens, 1834 - Afdera
- AgonopterixAgonopterixAgonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is placed in the subfamily Depressariinae, which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family Depressariidae or included in the Elachistidae, but actually seems to belong in the...
Hübner, 1825- Agonopterix alstromeriana – Hemlock Moth, Defoliating Hemlock Moth, Poison Hemlock Moth
- Agonopterix angelicellaAgonopterix angelicellaAgonopterix angelicella is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found in most of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula and south-eastern Europe. It is also found on the Russian plain and Siberia and in Japan.The wingspan is 16-21 mm...
- Agonopterix arenellaAgonopterix arenellaAgonopterix arenella is a species of moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in all of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula.The wingspan is 19-23 mm....
- Agonopterix capreolellaAgonopterix capreolellaAgonopterix capreolella is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found in most of Europe, the eastern Palearctic ecozone and the Near East.The wingspan is 15-19 mm. Adults are on wing from August to May....
- Agonopterix nervosaAgonopterix nervosaThe Gorse Tip Moth is a smallish moth species of the family Oecophoridae . Therein, it belongs to the subfamily Depressariinae, which is sometimes placed in the related family Elachistidae instead, or elevated to a full family Depressariidae within the Gelechioidea.It is found in Europe and North...
– Gorse Tip Moth - Agonopterix ocellanaAgonopterix ocellanaAgonopterix ocellana is a species of moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 19–22 mm.The larvae feed on Willow.-External links:*...
- Agonopterix propinquellaAgonopterix propinquellaAgonopterix propinquella is a species of moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Europe.The wingspan is 16-19 mm. Adults are on wing from September to July depending on the location....
- Agonopterix robiniellaAgonopterix robiniellaThe Four-dotted Agonopterix Moth is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in North America. The wingspan is about 16 mm.The larvae feed on Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus species....
– Four-dotted Agonopterix Moth - Agonopterix ulicitella – Gorse Soft Shoot Moth
- Apachea Clarke, 1941
- Bibarrambla Clarke, 1941
- Cryptolechia Zeller, 1852
- DepressariaDepressariaDepressaria is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is the type genus of subfamily Depressariinae, which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family Depressariidae or included in the Elachistidae, but actually seems to belong in the...
- Ectaga Walsingham, 1912
- Eutoma Meyrick, 1889
- Exaeretia Stainton, 1849
- Exaeretia ciniflonellaExaeretia ciniflonellaExaeretia ciniflonella is a species of moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found from Great Britain to Fennoscandia, south trough Germany to Italy, east through Austria, Poland and the Baltic region to the eastern parts of the Palearctic ecozone. It is also present in western North America.The...
- Exaeretia ciniflonella
- Himmacia Clarke, 1941
- Hozbeka Özdikmen, 2009 (formerly Talitha Clarke, 1978 (non Faure, 1958: preoccupied))
- Levipalpus Hannemann, 1953
- Machimia (Amphisbatinae?)
- Machimia tentoriferellaMachimia tentoriferellaThe Gold-striped Leaftier Moth is a moth of the Oecophoridae family. It is found from Nova Scotia to North Carolina and Tennessee, west to Mississippi and Iowa, north to Ontario....
– Gold-striped Leaftier Moth
- Machimia tentoriferella
- Nites Hodges, 1974
- Psilocorsis Clemens, 1860 (Amphisbatinae?)
- Psorosticha Lower, 1901
- Semioscopis Hübner, 1825
- Thalamarchella Fletcher, 1940 (formerly Thalamarchis Meyrick, 1904 (non Meyrick, 1897: preoccupiedThalamarchisThalamarchis is a genus of grass moths . It is monotypic, with a single species Thalamarchis chalchorma. It is known from Sangir in the Malay Archipelago.The wingspan is about 16 mm....
)) - Tonica Walker, 1864
Luquetia
Luquetia
Luquetia is a moth genus of the superfamily Gelechioidea. It is mostly placed in the subfamily Depressariinae, which is often – particularly in older treatments – considered a distinct family Depressariidae or included in the Elachistidae, but actually seems to belong in the...
is quite often placed here too, and this may well be correct. However, its actual relationships among the Oecophoridae are yet to be determined with full certainty.