Don Chafin
Encyclopedia
Don Chafin was the sheriff
of Logan County, West Virginia
and a commander in the Battle of Blair Mountain
. As sheriff of Logan County, Chafin was a fierce opponent of unionization and received hundreds of thousands of dollars from coal mine operators in return for his violent suppression of the United Mine Workers
union.
Chafin's most notable anti-union measures came during the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain, when he organized an effort to prevent armed miners from crossing through Logan County. He assembled a force of thousands of local townspeople, sheriff's deputies, and national guardsmen. His forces successfully prevented the advance of the miners until federal troops intervened and forced the latter to disperse. As a result of his actions, Chafin became a hero of the mine operators and an enemy of the miners.
In 1924, Chafin was arrested in connection with moonshining and sentenced to two years in prison. After his release, he became an important figure in the Democratic Party
of West Virginia, and a lobbyist for the coal industry. In 1936, he moved to Huntington, West Virginia
where he was a wealthy and well-known figure until his death in 1954.
in present-day Mingo County, West Virginia
, the sixth of eleven children. His father, Francis Marion Chafin, was the sheriff of Logan County
, and Chafin grew up in the town of Logan
. For two years he studied in the preparatory department of Marshall College
– without taking college courses – but did not graduate. He also attended the Mountain State Business College
, before teaching at the Dingress School in Mingo County.
In 1905, Chafin married Mary Mounts, with whom he eventually had 10 children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Three years later, in 1908, Chafin was appointed the tax assessor of Logan county. In 1912, Chafin was elected sheriff of Logan County for the first time, and in 1920 he was elected county clerk as well.
, the former Attorney General of West Virginia, Chafin was so powerful that "no schoolteacher was employed without his approval."
Chafin's vast power attracted the attention of mine operators, who paid him to keep the unions out of Logan County. The operators bribed Chafin with large payments, and paid many of the expenses of the sheriff's department. While the exact payments to Chafin are unknown, a special commission ordered by Governor John Cornwell
found that he received a payment of at least $32,700 per year in return for keeping the union out of Logan County. Other estimates of the bribes paid to Chafin range as high as $61,571 in 1921, and other evidence suggests the possibility of even higher figures. The historian Robert Shogan reports that although Chafin's annual salary was only $3,500 per year, his net worth by 1921 was in excess of $350,000, suggesting that he received bribes of at least $50,000 annually.
The operators also directly paid the salary of at least forty of Chafin's deputies, ensuring control over the department and favorable treatment. The bribes from the mine owners did indeed result in favors from Chafin; Chafin stationed one of his deputies at every railway station in Logan County to "guard against union organizers". Upon suspicion that someone entering the county was a union organizer, Chafin's deputies would either force him to leave, arrest him, or beat him. In one case, Chafin mistook the J.L. Heiser, the Chief Clerk of the West Virginia Department of Mines, for a union organizer, then threatened him with a gun, hit him over the head with a blackjack, and forced him to leave the county. After the incident, realizing his mistake, Chafin paid Heiser $1,000 in compensation, but never faced any other consequences for his actions.
out of Logan County, but they also aroused the anger of UMW officials. Chafin also established a record of violent and unpleasant confrontations with union officials outside of Logan County. In one such incident in September 1919, Chafin entered the office of the UMW in Charleston, West Virginia
while he was "drunk armed and very belligerent." William Petry, the vice-president of the local union asked Chafin to leave, but Chafin responded by brandishing a revolver. Petry then shot Chafin in the chest with a 22-caliber
pistol. Petry was later cleared of criminal wrongdoing on the grounds that his action was self defense, but he expressed no remorse about the shooting and later remarked "That's what happens when a man carries a toy pistol. That goddamned son of a bitch is liable to get well. I should have had my old 'forty-four.'"
In a second shooting incident, a miner walked into Chafin's sheriff office in Logan and, without a word, shot him in the chest. Chafin walked the two blocks to Logan general hospital with a bullet lodged in his chest two inches from his heart.
In a third incident, a disgruntled constituent walked into his office, with a gun drawn and reportedly said "Don Chafin, I'm gonna' shoot you dead." Chafin reached into his desk drawer and pulled out a pistol of his own, and said,"Go ahead. We'll hop into Hell together." The man left without firing a shot.
. The growing violence led to a declaration of martial law in 1921, and a Congressional investigation into the circumstances in the area began, but it accomplished little. Then Sid Hatfield
, the miners' hero from the Battle of Matewan, was killed on August 1 by Baldwin-Felts
agents on the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse in Welch. After his murder and funeral, tensions erupted in southern West Virginia.
Faced with the oncoming miner army, Chafin put into place plans he had been forming since early summer. Chafin had formed a small army of several hundred volunteers, composed of his deputies, mine guards, and members of the Logan County middle class, and had begun to train them in June. He established large weapons caches, including a stockpile of machine guns, and erected breastworks on the slopes of Blair Mountain. At around 2 a.m. on August 25, Chafin turned on the fire siren in the town of Logan, calling together his army. By morning, 700 members of his volunteer army were assembled on the slopes of Blair Mountain. In addition to his land forces, Chafin established a small air force
, composed of three biplanes that he rented from private owners for use in reconnaissance.
After initial skirmishes on August 25 and August 26 between Chafin's forces and the miners, UMW officials managed to defuse the tensions in the area, and convinced the miners to go home. Chafin recalled his troops and told them "You have been in defense of our rights. Logan County will never forget it." Before the miners dispersed, however, the West Virginia State Police
attempted to arrest a group of their leaders, and the attempt escalated into a shootout in which several miners died. Suddenly the rebellion reignited, and it became clear that a major battle was coming.
Chafin reorganized and enlarged his forces, and volunteers from around the state arrived to join his army. The Governor of West Virginia, Ephraim Morgan, also helped Chafin recruit men to join his forces, and sent an unofficial national guard unit to join him. Governor Morgan then named William Eubanks as a colonel
of the National Guard, and ordered him to take command of the forces from Chafin. Chafin officially passed command to Eubanks, but "the army remained Chafin's in popular perception."
As it became clear that battle was imminent, and Chafin printed leaflets for his biplanes to drop on the miners, ordering them one last time to disperse. The effort produced no results, and both sides prepared for the conflict. Not long after the leaflets were dropped, the battle "erupted in hot warfare." Chafin served as Eubanks's second in command, and helped organize forces. The next day, September 1, as the fighting intensified, Chafin left the front lines to establish a second line of defense around the town of Logan in case the miners broke through the first line. That same day, Chafin also equipped his biplanes with pipe bombs and tear gas, which they dropped on the miners, though they inflicted no serious casualties.
arrived. Chafin and his army went home, and Chafin became "a hero in the eyes of the coal operators" for his role in stopping the march. While the operators regarded Chafin as a hero, the miners placed the blame for the bloodshed on Chafin.
Regardless of his role in the events, Chafin remained sheriff after the battle and began to round up and arrest a number of the leaders of the miners. While some of the top leaders arranged to be arrested in other jurisdictions to stay out of Chafin's hand, others including Frank Keeney, a top UMW official, and Bill Blizzard
, the so-called general of the miners, surrendered to Chafin and were put in jail in Logan County. The trials eventually were transferred to other jurisdictions, and the prisoners passed out of Chafin's hands without incident.
as a member of the West Virginia delegation.
A few months later, Chafin's illegal activities led to his arrest. One of his deputies, Tennis Hatfield, was arrested for violation of the Volstead Act
, and he implicated Chafin at his trial. Chafin was tried and convicted of violation of the Volstead Act at the federal courthouse in Huntington, West Virginia
on October 14, 1924. He was given the maximum sentence of two years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of $10,000. The judge in the case also took special precautions to protect the witnesses against Chafin, due to his potentially violent nature. Chafin appealed the verdict, but it was upheld in April 1925, and he was sent to the federal penitentiary in Atlanta. He served part of his term before being parole
d back to Logan County. While Chafin was in prison, he lost much of his influence in Logan County, and his political opponents took power. After his release from prison, Chafin moved to Charleston and retained some of his influence in the Democratic Party
of West Virginia while lobbying for the coal industry.
In his later days, Chafin trained coon dogs, and was known as "one of Huntington's wealthiest men" and a "familiar figure" in the city. He suffered several heart attacks in his later life, and eventually died on August 9, 1954 in a Huntington hospital after a surgical procedure.
, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
in 1994.
Sheriff
A sheriff is in principle a legal official with responsibility for a county. In practice, the specific combination of legal, political, and ceremonial duties of a sheriff varies greatly from country to country....
of Logan County, West Virginia
Logan County, West Virginia
As of the census of 2000, there were 37,710 people, 14,880 households, and 10,936 families residing in the county. The population density was 83 people per square mile . There were 16,807 housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile...
and a commander in the Battle of Blair Mountain
Battle of Blair Mountain
The Battle of Blair Mountain was one of the largest civil uprisings in United States history and the largest armed insurrection since the American Civil War...
. As sheriff of Logan County, Chafin was a fierce opponent of unionization and received hundreds of thousands of dollars from coal mine operators in return for his violent suppression of the United Mine Workers
United Mine Workers
The United Mine Workers of America is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners and coal technicians. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada...
union.
Chafin's most notable anti-union measures came during the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain, when he organized an effort to prevent armed miners from crossing through Logan County. He assembled a force of thousands of local townspeople, sheriff's deputies, and national guardsmen. His forces successfully prevented the advance of the miners until federal troops intervened and forced the latter to disperse. As a result of his actions, Chafin became a hero of the mine operators and an enemy of the miners.
In 1924, Chafin was arrested in connection with moonshining and sentenced to two years in prison. After his release, he became an important figure in the Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
of West Virginia, and a lobbyist for the coal industry. In 1936, he moved to Huntington, West Virginia
Huntington, West Virginia
Huntington is a city in Cabell and Wayne counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia, along the Ohio River. Most of the city is in Cabell County, for which it is the county seat. A small portion of the city, mainly the neighborhood of Westmoreland, is in Wayne County. Its population was 49,138 at...
where he was a wealthy and well-known figure until his death in 1954.
Early life
Chafin was born on June 26, 1887, near the town of KermitKermit, West Virginia
Kermit is a town in Mingo County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 209 at the 2000 census. Kermit is located along the Tug Fork, opposite Warfield, Kentucky...
in present-day Mingo County, West Virginia
Mingo County, West Virginia
As of the census of 2000, there were 28,253 people, 11,303 households, and 8,217 families residing in the county. The population density was 67 people per square mile . There were 12,898 housing units at an average density of 30 per square mile...
, the sixth of eleven children. His father, Francis Marion Chafin, was the sheriff of Logan County
Logan County, West Virginia
As of the census of 2000, there were 37,710 people, 14,880 households, and 10,936 families residing in the county. The population density was 83 people per square mile . There were 16,807 housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile...
, and Chafin grew up in the town of Logan
Logan, West Virginia
Logan is a city in Logan County, West Virginia, United States, along the Guyandotte River. The population was 1,779 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Logan County.-History:...
. For two years he studied in the preparatory department of Marshall College
Marshall University
Marshall University is a coeducational public research university in Huntington, West Virginia, United States founded in 1837, and named after John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States....
– without taking college courses – but did not graduate. He also attended the Mountain State Business College
Mountain State University
Mountain State University is a private nonsectarian university based in Beckley, West Virginia, United States. The university offers undergraduate and master's degree programs, as well as a doctoral degree program. Most of the university's programs focus on the professions in business,...
, before teaching at the Dingress School in Mingo County.
In 1905, Chafin married Mary Mounts, with whom he eventually had 10 children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Three years later, in 1908, Chafin was appointed the tax assessor of Logan county. In 1912, Chafin was elected sheriff of Logan County for the first time, and in 1920 he was elected county clerk as well.
As sheriff
After becoming sheriff of Logan County, Chafin became known as "the boss" of Logan County or "the czar", and its "best known citizen". His authority extended so far into every aspect of public life that he reportedly controlled every judge and jury in the county. According to Howard B. LeeHoward B. Lee
Howard Burton Lee , of Mercer County, served as the Republican Attorney General of West Virginia from 1925 to 1933. His efforts to eliminate government corruption during that time helped to end the West Virginia Mine Wars. Lee was born in Wirt County, West Virginia and graduated from Marshall...
, the former Attorney General of West Virginia, Chafin was so powerful that "no schoolteacher was employed without his approval."
Chafin's vast power attracted the attention of mine operators, who paid him to keep the unions out of Logan County. The operators bribed Chafin with large payments, and paid many of the expenses of the sheriff's department. While the exact payments to Chafin are unknown, a special commission ordered by Governor John Cornwell
John J. Cornwell
John Jacob Cornwell was a Democratic politician from Romney in Hampshire County, West Virginia. Cornwell served as the 15th Governor of the US state of West Virginia...
found that he received a payment of at least $32,700 per year in return for keeping the union out of Logan County. Other estimates of the bribes paid to Chafin range as high as $61,571 in 1921, and other evidence suggests the possibility of even higher figures. The historian Robert Shogan reports that although Chafin's annual salary was only $3,500 per year, his net worth by 1921 was in excess of $350,000, suggesting that he received bribes of at least $50,000 annually.
The operators also directly paid the salary of at least forty of Chafin's deputies, ensuring control over the department and favorable treatment. The bribes from the mine owners did indeed result in favors from Chafin; Chafin stationed one of his deputies at every railway station in Logan County to "guard against union organizers". Upon suspicion that someone entering the county was a union organizer, Chafin's deputies would either force him to leave, arrest him, or beat him. In one case, Chafin mistook the J.L. Heiser, the Chief Clerk of the West Virginia Department of Mines, for a union organizer, then threatened him with a gun, hit him over the head with a blackjack, and forced him to leave the county. After the incident, realizing his mistake, Chafin paid Heiser $1,000 in compensation, but never faced any other consequences for his actions.
Shooting
Chafin's anti-union activities did successfully keep the United Mine WorkersUnited Mine Workers
The United Mine Workers of America is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners and coal technicians. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada...
out of Logan County, but they also aroused the anger of UMW officials. Chafin also established a record of violent and unpleasant confrontations with union officials outside of Logan County. In one such incident in September 1919, Chafin entered the office of the UMW in Charleston, West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia
Charleston is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers in Kanawha County. As of the 2010 census, it has a population of 51,400, and its metropolitan area 304,214. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.Early...
while he was "drunk armed and very belligerent." William Petry, the vice-president of the local union asked Chafin to leave, but Chafin responded by brandishing a revolver. Petry then shot Chafin in the chest with a 22-caliber
.22 Short
.22 Short is a variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition. Developed in 1857 for the first Smith and Wesson revolver, the .22 rimfire was the first American metallic cartridge....
pistol. Petry was later cleared of criminal wrongdoing on the grounds that his action was self defense, but he expressed no remorse about the shooting and later remarked "That's what happens when a man carries a toy pistol. That goddamned son of a bitch is liable to get well. I should have had my old 'forty-four.'"
In a second shooting incident, a miner walked into Chafin's sheriff office in Logan and, without a word, shot him in the chest. Chafin walked the two blocks to Logan general hospital with a bullet lodged in his chest two inches from his heart.
In a third incident, a disgruntled constituent walked into his office, with a gun drawn and reportedly said "Don Chafin, I'm gonna' shoot you dead." Chafin reached into his desk drawer and pulled out a pistol of his own, and said,"Go ahead. We'll hop into Hell together." The man left without firing a shot.
Battle of Blair Mountain
Chafin's conflict with the unions became most pronounced during the Battle of Blair Mountain in August and September 1921. A strike, with its beginning in 1920, had led to increasing violence throughout southern West Virginia, including the Battle of MatewanBattle of Matewan
The Battle of Matewan was a shootout in the town of Matewan, West Virginia in Mingo County on May 19, 1920 between local miners and the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency....
. The growing violence led to a declaration of martial law in 1921, and a Congressional investigation into the circumstances in the area began, but it accomplished little. Then Sid Hatfield
Sid Hatfield
William Sidney "Sid" Hatfield , was Police Chief of Matewan, West Virginia during the Battle of Matewan, a shootout that followed a series of evictions carried out by detectives from the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency....
, the miners' hero from the Battle of Matewan, was killed on August 1 by Baldwin-Felts
Baldwin-Felts
The Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency was a private detective agency in the United States.-Formation of the agency:The agency was founded in the early 1890s by William Gibbony Baldwin as the Baldwin Detective Agency....
agents on the steps of the McDowell County Courthouse in Welch. After his murder and funeral, tensions erupted in southern West Virginia.
The miners assemble
Shortly after Hatfield's death, a large group of miners began to assemble south of Charleston along Lens Creek, and prepared to march south to Mingo County, and free their fellow miners who had been imprisoned under the martial law decree for violent acts. The path of the march would take the miners directly across Logan County, causing fear for Chafin and his backers. Chafin declared "No armed mob will cross Logan County", and prepared to stop the miners as they crossed Blair Mountain. Chafin's pronouncements and preparations were regarded with contempt by the miners, who took up the cry, "We'll hang Don Chafin to a sour apple tree." One of the leaders of the miners, Ed Reynolds, later testified that a central aim of the march was "to kill Sheriff Don Chafin".Faced with the oncoming miner army, Chafin put into place plans he had been forming since early summer. Chafin had formed a small army of several hundred volunteers, composed of his deputies, mine guards, and members of the Logan County middle class, and had begun to train them in June. He established large weapons caches, including a stockpile of machine guns, and erected breastworks on the slopes of Blair Mountain. At around 2 a.m. on August 25, Chafin turned on the fire siren in the town of Logan, calling together his army. By morning, 700 members of his volunteer army were assembled on the slopes of Blair Mountain. In addition to his land forces, Chafin established a small air force
Air force
An air force, also known in some countries as an air army, is in the broadest sense, the national military organization that primarily conducts aerial warfare. More specifically, it is the branch of a nation's armed services that is responsible for aerial warfare as distinct from an army, navy or...
, composed of three biplanes that he rented from private owners for use in reconnaissance.
After initial skirmishes on August 25 and August 26 between Chafin's forces and the miners, UMW officials managed to defuse the tensions in the area, and convinced the miners to go home. Chafin recalled his troops and told them "You have been in defense of our rights. Logan County will never forget it." Before the miners dispersed, however, the West Virginia State Police
West Virginia State Police
The West Virginia State Police is a paramilitary organization, state law enforcement agency in the United States that provides statewide police services to the 1.83 million residents in West Virginia...
attempted to arrest a group of their leaders, and the attempt escalated into a shootout in which several miners died. Suddenly the rebellion reignited, and it became clear that a major battle was coming.
The battle
Colonel
Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
of the National Guard, and ordered him to take command of the forces from Chafin. Chafin officially passed command to Eubanks, but "the army remained Chafin's in popular perception."
As it became clear that battle was imminent, and Chafin printed leaflets for his biplanes to drop on the miners, ordering them one last time to disperse. The effort produced no results, and both sides prepared for the conflict. Not long after the leaflets were dropped, the battle "erupted in hot warfare." Chafin served as Eubanks's second in command, and helped organize forces. The next day, September 1, as the fighting intensified, Chafin left the front lines to establish a second line of defense around the town of Logan in case the miners broke through the first line. That same day, Chafin also equipped his biplanes with pipe bombs and tear gas, which they dropped on the miners, though they inflicted no serious casualties.
Aftermath
The next day, September 2, the battle ended when federal troops under General Harry Hill BandholtzHarry Hill Bandholtz
Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz was the US representative of the Allied Military Mission in Hungary in 1919.-Life:Bandholtz was born in Constantine, Michigan and a graduate of the United States Military Academy. In 1902 he served as Provincial Governor in Tayabas Province in the Philippines...
arrived. Chafin and his army went home, and Chafin became "a hero in the eyes of the coal operators" for his role in stopping the march. While the operators regarded Chafin as a hero, the miners placed the blame for the bloodshed on Chafin.
Regardless of his role in the events, Chafin remained sheriff after the battle and began to round up and arrest a number of the leaders of the miners. While some of the top leaders arranged to be arrested in other jurisdictions to stay out of Chafin's hand, others including Frank Keeney, a top UMW official, and Bill Blizzard
Bill Blizzard
right|thumb|Bill Blizzard William H. "Bill" Blizzard was a union organizer, a commander of the miners' army during the Battle of Blair Mountain, and president of District 17 of the United Mine Workers. Blizzard is most remembered for his role in the Battle of Blair Mountain, leading the miners...
, the so-called general of the miners, surrendered to Chafin and were put in jail in Logan County. The trials eventually were transferred to other jurisdictions, and the prisoners passed out of Chafin's hands without incident.
Politics and arrest
After the battle, Chafin went back to his normal work as sheriff of Logan County and "became more arrogant", believing his position to be unassailable. He became involved in a number of illegal ventures, including a moonshining operation. He also became increasingly important within the West Virginia Democratic party, due to his celebrity status after the battle. He was frequently present in the state capitol, and attended the 1924 Democratic National Convention1924 Democratic National Convention
The 1924 Democratic National Convention, also called the Klanbake, held at the Madison Square Garden in New York City from June 24 to July 9, took a record 103 ballots to nominate a presidential candidate. It was the longest continuously running convention in United States political history...
as a member of the West Virginia delegation.
A few months later, Chafin's illegal activities led to his arrest. One of his deputies, Tennis Hatfield, was arrested for violation of the Volstead Act
Volstead Act
The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was the enabling legislation for the Eighteenth Amendment which established prohibition in the United States...
, and he implicated Chafin at his trial. Chafin was tried and convicted of violation of the Volstead Act at the federal courthouse in Huntington, West Virginia
Huntington, West Virginia
Huntington is a city in Cabell and Wayne counties in the U.S. state of West Virginia, along the Ohio River. Most of the city is in Cabell County, for which it is the county seat. A small portion of the city, mainly the neighborhood of Westmoreland, is in Wayne County. Its population was 49,138 at...
on October 14, 1924. He was given the maximum sentence of two years in prison, and ordered to pay a fine of $10,000. The judge in the case also took special precautions to protect the witnesses against Chafin, due to his potentially violent nature. Chafin appealed the verdict, but it was upheld in April 1925, and he was sent to the federal penitentiary in Atlanta. He served part of his term before being parole
Parole
Parole may have different meanings depending on the field and judiciary system. All of the meanings originated from the French parole . Following its use in late-resurrected Anglo-French chivalric practice, the term became associated with the release of prisoners based on prisoners giving their...
d back to Logan County. While Chafin was in prison, he lost much of his influence in Logan County, and his political opponents took power. After his release from prison, Chafin moved to Charleston and retained some of his influence in the Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
of West Virginia while lobbying for the coal industry.
Later life
In 1936, Chafin moved to Huntington, where he purchased a number of properties including the Guaranty Bank, on top of which he built a penthouse as his home. He lived in semi-retirement there for the rest of his life.In his later days, Chafin trained coon dogs, and was known as "one of Huntington's wealthiest men" and a "familiar figure" in the city. He suffered several heart attacks in his later life, and eventually died on August 9, 1954 in a Huntington hospital after a surgical procedure.
Legacy
His house at Logan, known as the Chafin HouseChafin House
Chafin House, also known as Women's Club of Logan Library, is a historic home located at Logan, Logan County, West Virginia. The house was built about 1900, and is a two story, brick and frame dwelling a generous raised foundation of rock-faced ashlar. It has a cross-gabled roof with a gambrel...
, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
in 1994.