EThekwini ECOPEACE
Encyclopedia
ECOPEACE Party, previously eThekwini ECOPEACE, and before that eThekwini Ecoparty, is a nationally registered environmental political party in South Africa that was founded in 1995. eThekwini
is the isiZulu name for Durban. The isiZulu ECOPEACE motto Buhlakuleni uButhi, Yitshaleni iMithi means ‘Uproot Poisons, Grow Trees (medicine)’. It entered the 1996 Municipal Elections but failed to win a seat. In 2000 it won one seat in the eThekwini Municipal Council. This was the only Green seat in South Africa. ECOPEACE was not re-elected in the 2006 local elections. However its sister organisation Operation Khanyisa Movement (OKM) gained a seat in the Johannesburg City Council in those elections. OKM is a fellow member of the Socialist Green Coalition (SGC).
Although ECOPEACE is environmentalist in the broadest meaning of seeking sustaianability of natural, built, social, economic, and political aspects etc. Global climate disruption and renewable energy production are major concerns.
The World Bank
has recently defied the recommendation of its own Extractive Industries Review which calls for the phasing out of financing for coal, oil and gas extraction. Both the ANC government and the DA official opposition support the continued financing of fossil carbon exploration (Karoo
fracking, offshore drilling), extraction (many more coal mines, even near the Cradle of Humankind
, with associated acid mine drainage
), import, export, chemical processing (including increased Sasol
oil from coal), combustion and emissions (four largest record breaking massive coal-fired power stations) that worsen global climate disruptions – while dedicating only token sums to renewable energy
.
This 'Burn More Coal' response to global climate disruption was characterised as ‘criminally insane’ by ECOPEACE. "Business as usual
having brought us to our present predicament will result in not only Barbarization, a collapse of civilisation, but even a global mass extinction event. The present global economic, ecological, environmental, climate and energy crises are intimately linked. There is an immediate need to move away from the capitalist causes of these problems, especially the unfair, unequal concentration of wealth and power. Not only is it self-centred, self-serving elitist decisions made through such condensation of wealth and power that propel us all towards mass species extinction, but heading towards these catastrophes has continuing effects on everyone. This creates an ethical responsibility for all to take part in the resolution of this unprecedented human caused global problem.”
"The only alternative is a set of sufficiently strong enough policy demands to challenge and change elitist concentration of wealth and power that is the cause of our global problems; i.e. a Trans-Capitalist Great Transition
. If the evolutionary advantage of human intelligence is not used to solve our human caused environmental problems then that intelligence when used merely to amplify universal behaviours of living organisms to monopolise resources to exhaustion and to dominate in quality (fitness, advantage, leverage) and in numbers, will eventually become a disadvantage and we like many other species will reach natural limits, and become extinct when unable to adapt in time and to a necessary degree (too little too late).”
and nature. Those culpable in maintaining or increasing fossil carbon emission may not actually believe in global climate disruption, or they may be acting unethically, or even be insane by any every day definition and use of the word, without negating their criminal culpability.
The need for ‘base-load’ is exaggerated to cover up the inefficiency of dirty coal and nuclear. Baseload is the last issue in changing completely to renewables, not the first. Even though there must be an immediate and continual decrease in the use of and dependency on fossil carbon, Renewable Energy baseload will not become an issue until Renewable Energy is 50% of supply which should by necessity be the case by 2020.
Renewable Energy is not all variable. A distributed mix of wind and solar with storage options on a smart grid can deliver fairly consistently. Potential for the continuous production equivalent of base-load from Concentrated Solar Power and other renewable technologies must be considered. At local scale, biogas digesters would provide small scale base-load. Ocean power; waves, currents and thermal are continuous; and tidal is very regular.
OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
) is a continuous Renewable Energy that also mitigates global climate disruption by taking heat directly out of oceans. This creates greater mixing and combats thermal stagnation due to human caused ocean heating, which if allowed to continue can result in ocean anoxia and mass species extinction.
There is a free basic amount of household electricity in South Africa, but not on a per capita basis. The amount of electricity used by one Aluminium smelter that employs 1 000 workers is comparable to that generally used in eThekwini to employ about 2 000 000. Along with many organisations, ECOPEACE calls for the end of these perverse subsidies.
Eskom
offers Solar Water Heater rebates based on energy rating only and not on cost, so they are not used by the majority poor South Africans. Lower priced solar water heaters could receive a proportionately larger subsidy; to avoid being another perverse subsidy.
, i.e. a point will be reached where this move becomes ever more economical and more rapid.
ECOPEACE campaigns against fossil carbon and supports calls for an immediate moratorium on fossil carbon exploration and immediate and continual decrease in the extraction, import, export, chemical processing, and combustion of fossil carbon.
• Continually decrease use of and dependency upon fossil fuels.
• Invest in renewable energy.
• Invest in energy-efficiency,
• Change to zero waste
industrial ecology
(Reduce Reuse Repair Remake Remanufacture Recycle Re-engineer Redesign).
• Radically reduce elitist non-essential luxury consumption.
• Increase extensive democratic controls over government.
• End perverse subsidies – no discounts for high industrial electricity users.
• Use economic mechanisms, innovative taxes, and cross subsidies.
• Redirect military budgets.
• Nationalise Eskom under democratic community and worker control
• Promote sustainable GE-free organic farming and food sovereignty.
• Encourage sustainable subsistence fishing.
• Build sustainable social housing for all.
• Promote public transport.
• Create Eco-cities.
Extensive Democracy
Economic Mechanisms
Sustainability Measurements
Coordinated Campaigns
ECOPEACE is non-ideological, or non-dogmatic, non-authoritarian; meaning it is principle
based where means/tactics should correspond to aims/strategy
, so as to be honest and ethical. It does not claim to represent all views, recognising political plurality and multiparty democracy, while seeking alliances and coalitions with those sharing related goals and visions.
Peace
Sustainability
Consensus
Science
▪ Rational, logical, holistic, synergistic polices. An appreciation of; science; philosophy of science
; the scientific method
; the limits of science; the demarcation
issue of; non-science, traditional knowledge
, proto-science, fringe science
, anti-science, pseudo-science, the abuses and misuses of science, and; the need for rigour and vigour in the pursuit of proper scientific knowledge. This is all necessary to be informed correctly regarding the dangers to society, our environments, ecology and economies, and in finding and campaigning for appropriate remedies.
▪ Environmental sustainability includes other sustainable practices in the ecological, social, economic, political, built-environment, urban, rural, agricultural, energy areas etc.
▪ Peace is based on freedom, equality, justice, just transitions, fairness, absolute rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations to others and our environments.
▪ Consensus decision making and an extensive democracy of multiple complementary components, including but not limited to; parliamentary reforms, participatory, direct and consensus democracy. An increase in democracy means allowing space for divergent views; Participatory democracy means people get together and discuss issues; Direct democracy means deciding directly on policy instead of electing representatives to make those decisions for you; Consensus decision making means prioritising areas where there is most agreement, where there are no substantial objections based on common principles and values. An extensive democracy means all forms of democracy working together. This means improvements should also be proposed to the present parliamentary representational system, as well as proposals on how to include other democratic forms.
The election of public officials other than politicians and the right of recall
of any elected appointee at any level through appropriate referenda could make vast improvements. The tender process could be in the form of an open transparent public auction where bidders can be vetoed based on conflict of interest and other democratically agreed conditions.
South Africa has ‘weak’ public participation processes where decisions are not made by the participants themselves. This process can be strengthened.
Economic barriers to participation in elections must be dismantled. Funding of parties must be transparent and within seemly limits. Campaign expenditure and wasteful proliferation of posters must be limited.
Ethekwini
eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality created in 2000 that includes the city of Durban, South Africa and surrounding towns. eThekwini is one of the 11 districts of KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The majority of its 3,090,126 people speak Zulu...
is the isiZulu name for Durban. The isiZulu ECOPEACE motto Buhlakuleni uButhi, Yitshaleni iMithi means ‘Uproot Poisons, Grow Trees (medicine)’. It entered the 1996 Municipal Elections but failed to win a seat. In 2000 it won one seat in the eThekwini Municipal Council. This was the only Green seat in South Africa. ECOPEACE was not re-elected in the 2006 local elections. However its sister organisation Operation Khanyisa Movement (OKM) gained a seat in the Johannesburg City Council in those elections. OKM is a fellow member of the Socialist Green Coalition (SGC).
Although ECOPEACE is environmentalist in the broadest meaning of seeking sustaianability of natural, built, social, economic, and political aspects etc. Global climate disruption and renewable energy production are major concerns.
Energy in South Africa
Per capita per dollar GDP, South Africa’s emissions are 20 times worse than the USA, they are the highest in Africa, and in terms of commitment to Renewable Energy, South Africa lags far behind China, India, Brazil and Russia. Germany, with almost half as much sunshine as South Africa has over 15% Renewable Energy.The World Bank
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
has recently defied the recommendation of its own Extractive Industries Review which calls for the phasing out of financing for coal, oil and gas extraction. Both the ANC government and the DA official opposition support the continued financing of fossil carbon exploration (Karoo
Karoo
The Karoo is a semi-desert region of South Africa. It has two main sub-regions - the Great Karoo in the north and the Little Karoo in the south. The 'High' Karoo is one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger South African Platform division.-Great Karoo:The Great Karoo has an area of...
fracking, offshore drilling), extraction (many more coal mines, even near the Cradle of Humankind
Cradle of Humankind
The Cradle of Humankind is a World Heritage Site first named by UNESCO in 1999, about 50 kilometres northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Gauteng province. This site currently occupies ; it contains a complex of limestone caves, including the Sterkfontein Caves, where the 2.3-million...
, with associated acid mine drainage
Acid mine drainage
Acid mine drainage , or acid rock drainage , refers to the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines. However, other areas where the earth has been disturbed may also contribute acid rock drainage to the environment...
), import, export, chemical processing (including increased Sasol
Sasol
Sasol Ltd. is a South African company involved in mining, energy, chemicals and synfuels. In particular, they produce petrol and diesel profitably from coal and natural gas using Fischer-Tropsch process...
oil from coal), combustion and emissions (four largest record breaking massive coal-fired power stations) that worsen global climate disruptions – while dedicating only token sums to renewable energy
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from...
.
This 'Burn More Coal' response to global climate disruption was characterised as ‘criminally insane’ by ECOPEACE. "Business as usual
Business as usual (business)
Business as usual is the normal execution of standard functional operations within an organisation, particularly in contrast to a project or programme which would introduce change....
having brought us to our present predicament will result in not only Barbarization, a collapse of civilisation, but even a global mass extinction event. The present global economic, ecological, environmental, climate and energy crises are intimately linked. There is an immediate need to move away from the capitalist causes of these problems, especially the unfair, unequal concentration of wealth and power. Not only is it self-centred, self-serving elitist decisions made through such condensation of wealth and power that propel us all towards mass species extinction, but heading towards these catastrophes has continuing effects on everyone. This creates an ethical responsibility for all to take part in the resolution of this unprecedented human caused global problem.”
"The only alternative is a set of sufficiently strong enough policy demands to challenge and change elitist concentration of wealth and power that is the cause of our global problems; i.e. a Trans-Capitalist Great Transition
Great Transition
Great Transition is a vision created by the Global Scenario Group of how humanity could create a civilization that reflects egalitarian social and ecological values, affirms diversity, and defeats poverty, war, and environmental destruction....
. If the evolutionary advantage of human intelligence is not used to solve our human caused environmental problems then that intelligence when used merely to amplify universal behaviours of living organisms to monopolise resources to exhaustion and to dominate in quality (fitness, advantage, leverage) and in numbers, will eventually become a disadvantage and we like many other species will reach natural limits, and become extinct when unable to adapt in time and to a necessary degree (too little too late).”
Climate denialism
South Africa cannot increase coal mining, burning and exports in isolation; if other countries follow suit this will mean burning as much fossil carbon in the next forty years as in the previous two hundred, a commitment to a 6 degree rise and well past the point of no return to mass species extinction. This will be the ultimate crime against humanityCrime against humanity
Crimes against humanity, as defined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Explanatory Memorandum, "are particularly odious offenses in that they constitute a serious attack on human dignity or grave humiliation or a degradation of one or more human beings...
and nature. Those culpable in maintaining or increasing fossil carbon emission may not actually believe in global climate disruption, or they may be acting unethically, or even be insane by any every day definition and use of the word, without negating their criminal culpability.
‘Baseload’ myth
Coal fired power stations have to keep running even when the demand is below production. Coal must be mined, transported, crushed, pulverised into a powder and injected into a furnace (all energy intensive processes) to superheat dry steam to run a 20 tonne turbine that drives the generator. The generator could be detached from the grid to balance a decreased load, but the turbine must continue to turn, must stay hot, and must continue to be supplied with dry superheated steam. The furnace must stay hot and continue to be fed with powdered, pulverised coal. Coal must keep burning, even if the 'baseload' is oversupplied. So 'baseload' is a synonym for the dirty inefficient commitment to gigantic coal-fired power stations and dirty coal mining.The need for ‘base-load’ is exaggerated to cover up the inefficiency of dirty coal and nuclear. Baseload is the last issue in changing completely to renewables, not the first. Even though there must be an immediate and continual decrease in the use of and dependency on fossil carbon, Renewable Energy baseload will not become an issue until Renewable Energy is 50% of supply which should by necessity be the case by 2020.
Renewable Energy is not all variable. A distributed mix of wind and solar with storage options on a smart grid can deliver fairly consistently. Potential for the continuous production equivalent of base-load from Concentrated Solar Power and other renewable technologies must be considered. At local scale, biogas digesters would provide small scale base-load. Ocean power; waves, currents and thermal are continuous; and tidal is very regular.
OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion uses the difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity....
) is a continuous Renewable Energy that also mitigates global climate disruption by taking heat directly out of oceans. This creates greater mixing and combats thermal stagnation due to human caused ocean heating, which if allowed to continue can result in ocean anoxia and mass species extinction.
Perverse subsidies
Aluminium Smelters in South Africa are supplied electricity below cost. Since electricity costs are a higher percentage of household costs and income for poorer people, the higher per capita electricity costs for households in comparison to industry is unfair and discriminatory. This could be reversed through tariffs for per capita consumption increasing at an exponential rate.There is a free basic amount of household electricity in South Africa, but not on a per capita basis. The amount of electricity used by one Aluminium smelter that employs 1 000 workers is comparable to that generally used in eThekwini to employ about 2 000 000. Along with many organisations, ECOPEACE calls for the end of these perverse subsidies.
Eskom
Eskom
Eskom is a South African electricity public utility, established in 1923 as the Electricity Supply Commission by the government of South Africa in terms of the Electricity Act . It was also known by its Afrikaans name Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie . The two acronyms were combined in 1986 and...
offers Solar Water Heater rebates based on energy rating only and not on cost, so they are not used by the majority poor South Africans. Lower priced solar water heaters could receive a proportionately larger subsidy; to avoid being another perverse subsidy.
Status quo paradigm
The fossil carbon industries wish to exhaust reserves since to leave them and return for their extraction at a later date may become prohibitively expensive. While technologies and infrastructure are locked into the present fossil paradigm it is also possible to have the greatest profit returns on the back of increasing demands and increasing prices of dwindling reserves while productions costs rise at much lower rates. Moves to less easily monopolised renewable energy technologies are disruptiveDisruptive technology
A disruptive technology or disruptive innovation is an innovation that helps create a new market and value network, and eventually goes on to disrupt an existing market and value network , displacing an earlier technology there...
, i.e. a point will be reached where this move becomes ever more economical and more rapid.
100% Renewable Energy – ohpre
Similar to other Green Parties. ECOPEACE proposes a transition to 100% Renewable Energy before 2030. ECOPEACE Party members built a $100 solar water heater.ECOPEACE campaigns against fossil carbon and supports calls for an immediate moratorium on fossil carbon exploration and immediate and continual decrease in the extraction, import, export, chemical processing, and combustion of fossil carbon.
• Continually decrease use of and dependency upon fossil fuels.
• Invest in renewable energy.
• Invest in energy-efficiency,
• Change to zero waste
Zero waste
Zero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. Any trash sent to landfills and incinerators is minimal. The process recommended is one similar to the way that resources are reused in nature...
industrial ecology
Industrial ecology
Industrial Ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modeled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into commodities which can be bought and sold to meet the...
(Reduce Reuse Repair Remake Remanufacture Recycle Re-engineer Redesign).
• Radically reduce elitist non-essential luxury consumption.
• Increase extensive democratic controls over government.
• End perverse subsidies – no discounts for high industrial electricity users.
• Use economic mechanisms, innovative taxes, and cross subsidies.
• Redirect military budgets.
• Nationalise Eskom under democratic community and worker control
• Promote sustainable GE-free organic farming and food sovereignty.
• Encourage sustainable subsistence fishing.
• Build sustainable social housing for all.
• Promote public transport.
• Create Eco-cities.
Platform
The ECOPEACE platform is grouped under four headings:Extensive Democracy
Economic Mechanisms
Sustainability Measurements
Coordinated Campaigns
ECOPEACE is non-ideological, or non-dogmatic, non-authoritarian; meaning it is principle
Principle
A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed...
based where means/tactics should correspond to aims/strategy
Strategy
Strategy, a word of military origin, refers to a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. In military usage strategy is distinct from tactics, which are concerned with the conduct of an engagement, while strategy is concerned with how different engagements are linked...
, so as to be honest and ethical. It does not claim to represent all views, recognising political plurality and multiparty democracy, while seeking alliances and coalitions with those sharing related goals and visions.
Four pillars
The ECOPEACE versions of the four green pillars are:Peace
Peace
Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the...
Sustainability
Sustainability
Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of union, an interdependent relationship and mutual responsible position with all living and non...
Consensus
Science
▪ Rational, logical, holistic, synergistic polices. An appreciation of; science; philosophy of science
Philosophy of science
The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. It is also concerned with the use and merit of science and sometimes overlaps metaphysics and epistemology by exploring whether scientific results are actually a study of truth...
; the scientific method
Scientific method
Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of...
; the limits of science; the demarcation
Demarcation
Demarcation is the act of creating a boundary around a place or thing.Demarcation may also refer to:*Demarcation line, a temporary border between the countries...
issue of; non-science, traditional knowledge
Traditional knowledge
Traditional knowledge , indigenous knowledge , traditional environmental knowledge and local knowledge generally refer to the long-standing traditions and practices of certain regional, indigenous, or local communities. Traditional knowledge also encompasses the wisdom, knowledge, and teachings...
, proto-science, fringe science
Fringe science
Fringe science is scientific inquiry in an established field of study that departs significantly from mainstream or orthodox theories, and is classified in the "fringes" of a credible mainstream academic discipline....
, anti-science, pseudo-science, the abuses and misuses of science, and; the need for rigour and vigour in the pursuit of proper scientific knowledge. This is all necessary to be informed correctly regarding the dangers to society, our environments, ecology and economies, and in finding and campaigning for appropriate remedies.
▪ Environmental sustainability includes other sustainable practices in the ecological, social, economic, political, built-environment, urban, rural, agricultural, energy areas etc.
▪ Peace is based on freedom, equality, justice, just transitions, fairness, absolute rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations to others and our environments.
▪ Consensus decision making and an extensive democracy of multiple complementary components, including but not limited to; parliamentary reforms, participatory, direct and consensus democracy. An increase in democracy means allowing space for divergent views; Participatory democracy means people get together and discuss issues; Direct democracy means deciding directly on policy instead of electing representatives to make those decisions for you; Consensus decision making means prioritising areas where there is most agreement, where there are no substantial objections based on common principles and values. An extensive democracy means all forms of democracy working together. This means improvements should also be proposed to the present parliamentary representational system, as well as proposals on how to include other democratic forms.
The election of public officials other than politicians and the right of recall
Right of recall
The term right of recall can mean:*The right of citizens to recall a representative or executive*The right of an employee under a collective bargaining agreement to be recalled to employment within a specified period after being laid off...
of any elected appointee at any level through appropriate referenda could make vast improvements. The tender process could be in the form of an open transparent public auction where bidders can be vetoed based on conflict of interest and other democratically agreed conditions.
South Africa has ‘weak’ public participation processes where decisions are not made by the participants themselves. This process can be strengthened.
Economic barriers to participation in elections must be dismantled. Funding of parties must be transparent and within seemly limits. Campaign expenditure and wasteful proliferation of posters must be limited.
Criticism
Inevitably political parties are criticised both by other opponent parties and disafected members or supporters. The ruling ANC threatened to revoke the electoral position of ECOPEACE Party for protesting against the eThekwini Municipal Council together with community members from Merebank. ECOPEACE helped in the election of Merebank local councillor Raja Naidoo who was assassinated.See also
- Green movement in South AfricaGreen movement in South AfricaThe environmental movement in South Africa traces its history from the early beginnings of conservation, to the rise of radicalism and activism amongst local ecologists. Before the Chernobyl disaster and the fall of the Berlin Wall, there were very few green activist groups in the country...
- 100% renewable energy source supply
- CraftivismCraftivismCraftivism is a form of activism, typically incorporating elements of anti-capitalism, environmentalism or third-wave feminism, that is centered around practices of craft - most notably knitting. Practitioners are known as craftivists.- Background :...
- EcofeminismEcofeminismEcofeminism is a social and political movement which points to the existence of considerable common ground between environmentalism and feminism, with some currents linking deep ecology and feminism...
- PeacePeacePeace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the...
- Consensus
- Structural violenceStructural violenceStructural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ascribed to Johan Galtung. It refers to a form of violence where some social structure or social institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs. Institutionalized elitism, ethnocentrism, classism, racism,...
- Environmental governanceEnvironmental governanceEnvironmental governance is a concept in political ecology or environmental policy related to defining the elements needed to achieve sustainability. All human activities -- political, social and economic — should be understood and managed as subsets of the environment and ecosystems...
- Zero wasteZero wasteZero waste is a philosophy that encourages the redesign of resource life cycles so that all products are reused. Any trash sent to landfills and incinerators is minimal. The process recommended is one similar to the way that resources are reused in nature...
- Industrial EcologyIndustrial ecologyIndustrial Ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modeled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into commodities which can be bought and sold to meet the...
- Cybersyn
- Democratic Left FrontDemocratic Left FrontThe Democratic Left Front was formed as a non-sectarian and non-authoritarian anti-capitalist front in South Africa. It was formed at the Conference for a Democratic Left held in Johannesburg in January 2011....
- Climate Justice Now!Climate Justice Now!Climate Justice Now! is a global coalition of networks and organizations campaigning for climate justiceThe coalition was founded at the UNFCCC meeting in Bali, and has since mobilised for UNFCCC meetings in Bangkok, Copenhagen and Cancun.-Members:...