In astrodynamics

Astrodynamics

Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. It...

, the eccentricity vector of a Kepler orbit

Kepler orbit

In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit describes the motion of an orbiting body as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space...

 is the vector pointing towards the periapsis having a magnitude equal to the orbit's scalar eccentricity

Orbital eccentricity

The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical body is the amount by which its orbit deviates from a perfect circle, where 0 is perfectly circular, and 1.0 is a parabola, and no longer a closed orbit...

. The magnitude is unitless. For Kepler orbits the eccentricity vector is a constant of motion. Its main use is for almost circular orbits as perturbing (non-Keplarian) forces on an actual orbit will cause the osculating

Osculating orbit

In astronomy, and in particular in astrodynamics, the osculating orbit of an object in space is the gravitational Kepler orbit In astronomy, and in particular in astrodynamics, the osculating orbit of an object in space (at a given moment of time) is the gravitational Kepler orbit In astronomy,...

 eccentricity vector to change continuously as opposed to the parameters eccentricity and argument of perigee for which eccentricity zero (circular orbit) corresponds to a singularity. See the article Kepler orbit

Kepler orbit

In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit describes the motion of an orbiting body as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space...

Calculation

The eccentricity vector can be calculated


where:

• is orbital velocity vector,
• is orbital angular momentum vector,
• is orbital position vector,
• is standard gravitational parameter
  Standard gravitational parameter
  In astrodynamics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of the body.\mu=GM \ The SI units of the standard gravitational parameter are m3s−2....
  
  .

or equivalently from the orbital state vectors

Orbital state vectors

In astrodynamics or celestial dynamics orbital state vectors are vectors of position and velocity that together with their time uniquely determine the state of an orbiting body....

 by
where:

• is velocity vector of the orbital state vectors
  Orbital state vectors
  In astrodynamics or celestial dynamics orbital state vectors are vectors of position and velocity that together with their time uniquely determine the state of an orbiting body....
  
  ,
• is position vector  of the orbital state vectors,
• is standard gravitational parameter
  Standard gravitational parameter
  In astrodynamics, the standard gravitational parameter μ of a celestial body is the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M of the body.\mu=GM \ The SI units of the standard gravitational parameter are m3s−2....
  
  .

See also

• Kepler orbit
  Kepler orbit
  In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit describes the motion of an orbiting body as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space...
  
  
• Orbit
  Orbit
  In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space, for example the orbit of a planet around the center of a star system, such as the Solar System...
  
  
• Eccentricity
• Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector