Elections in Bolivia
Encyclopedia
Elections in Bolivia gives information on election
s and election results in Bolivia
.
Bolivia elects on national level a head of state
– the president
– and a legislature
. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people (first round) or parliament (second round). The National Congress
(Congreso Nacional) has two chambers
. The Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) has 130 members, elected for a five-year term by a mixture of proportional representation
, first-past-the-post
voting, and in the case of seven indigenous seats by usos y costumbres
. The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members: each of the country's nine departments returns four senators allocated proportionally.
Bolivia has a multi-party system, with numerous parties
. During the first 23 years of renewed democracy beginning 1982, no one party succeeded in gaining power alone, and parties
had to work with each other to form coalition government
s. Since 2005, a single party has achieved a parliamentary majority.
Ahead of any national election a period of prohibition takes effect. This is with the intention of preventing inebriated nationals voting in error. Nationals are also forbidden from travelling around during the same period. This is to prevent voters from voting in more than one district. On polling day it is difficult to obtain a taxi or bus, due to the limitations placed upon travel and transport.
, ending literacy requirements and racial restrictions which had massively reduced the Bolivian electorate up to that time. General elections were held in 1956, 1960, and 1964; and purely legislative elections were held in 1958 and 1962. Democracy was interrupted in 1964 by René Barrientos Ortuño, who proceeded to hold and win an election in 1966 and to convoke the Constituent Assembly of 1966-67 to rewrite the Constitution of Bolivia
. Following Barrientos' death in 1969, democracy was further interrupted by military rule until 1979, including the eight-year dictatorship of Hugo Bánzer Suarez.
, three elections were held in 1978, 1979, 1980. Parliamentary majorities were not obtained in 1978 and 1979 and alliance building was interrupted by coups. Lydia Gueiler, an elected member of the National Congress assumed power constitutionally from November 1979 to mid-1980. The results of the 1980 elections were the basis for the post-1982 parliament and the 1982-85 government of Hernán Siles Zuazo
.
, whose highest body is the Supreme Electoral Tribunal.
suggested he is eligible to run for re-election in 2014. However, Bolivian presidents are only eligible to be re-elected to one successive term under Article 168 of the Constitution. Morales and his supporters have argued that his first term, 2006–10, was incomplete. Juan del Granado
, leader of the Without Fear Movement (MSM), has challenged its former ally, the Movement towards Socialism to carry out a constitutional referendum if it wants Morales to stand for re-election. Simultaneously, del Granado stated that the MSM will present a candidate for president.
The political parties contesting elections in each department are as follows:
.
Election
An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy operates since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the...
s and election results in Bolivia
Politics of Bolivia
The politics of Bolivia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president is head of state, head of government and head of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the...
.
Bolivia elects on national level a head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
– the president
President of Bolivia
The President of Bolivia is head of state and head of government of Bolivia. According to the current Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five year term, renewable once...
– and a legislature
Legislature
A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise or lower taxes and adopt the budget and...
. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people (first round) or parliament (second round). The National Congress
National Congress of Bolivia
The Plurinational Legislative Assembly also known as the National Congress is the national legislature of Bolivia, based in the nation's de facto capital, La Paz....
(Congreso Nacional) has two chambers
Bicameralism
In the government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses....
. The Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) has 130 members, elected for a five-year term by a mixture of proportional representation
Proportional representation
Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...
, first-past-the-post
First-past-the-post
First-past-the-post voting refers to an election won by the candidate with the most votes. The winning potato candidate does not necessarily receive an absolute majority of all votes cast.-Overview:...
voting, and in the case of seven indigenous seats by usos y costumbres
Usos y costumbres
Usos y costumbres is a legal term denoting indigenous customary law in Latin America. Since the era of Spanish colonialism, authorities have recognized local forms of rulership, self governance, and juridical practice, with varying degrees of acceptance and formality...
. The Chamber of Senators (Cámara de Senadores) has 36 members: each of the country's nine departments returns four senators allocated proportionally.
Bolivia has a multi-party system, with numerous parties
Political Parties
Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 , and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy...
. During the first 23 years of renewed democracy beginning 1982, no one party succeeded in gaining power alone, and parties
Political Parties
Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 , and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy...
had to work with each other to form coalition government
Coalition government
A coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several political parties cooperate. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament...
s. Since 2005, a single party has achieved a parliamentary majority.
Ahead of any national election a period of prohibition takes effect. This is with the intention of preventing inebriated nationals voting in error. Nationals are also forbidden from travelling around during the same period. This is to prevent voters from voting in more than one district. On polling day it is difficult to obtain a taxi or bus, due to the limitations placed upon travel and transport.
Indirect elections, 1825-50
Elections were conducted in the early Republican period using multiple levels of electors, each of which would elect members of the next higher level, culminating in the President.Direct elections with restricted suffrage, 1839 and 1850-1938
In the elections of 1839, however, the president was elected by a majority of all voters. This system became the norm beginning in 1850. Voting requirements included a minimum property or income or service in one of the professions, and forbid all those "in domestic service" from voting. Indigenous peoples were effectively excluded from the franchise.Expanding electorate, 1938-1951
Under the Constitution of 1938, all requirements except for being male, literate, and of age, were removed from prospective voters. Elections were held in 1940 and 1951, and saw a dramatic expansion of the electorate.Universal suffrage and interruptions in democracy, 1952-79
Shortly after coming to power through the 1952 Revolution, the National Revolutionary Movement instituted universal suffrageUniversal suffrage
Universal suffrage consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens...
, ending literacy requirements and racial restrictions which had massively reduced the Bolivian electorate up to that time. General elections were held in 1956, 1960, and 1964; and purely legislative elections were held in 1958 and 1962. Democracy was interrupted in 1964 by René Barrientos Ortuño, who proceeded to hold and win an election in 1966 and to convoke the Constituent Assembly of 1966-67 to rewrite the Constitution of Bolivia
Constitution of Bolivia
The current Constitution of Bolivia is the 17th constitution in the country's history; previous constitutions were enacted in 1826, 1831, 1834, 1839, 1843, 1851, 1861, 1868, 1871, 1878, 1880, 1938, 1945, 1947, 1961 and 1967. It came into effect on February 7, 2009, when it was promulgated by...
. Following Barrientos' death in 1969, democracy was further interrupted by military rule until 1979, including the eight-year dictatorship of Hugo Bánzer Suarez.
Democratic transition and final dictatorship, 1979-82
In a chaotic period of transition marked by numerous coups d'étatCoup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
, three elections were held in 1978, 1979, 1980. Parliamentary majorities were not obtained in 1978 and 1979 and alliance building was interrupted by coups. Lydia Gueiler, an elected member of the National Congress assumed power constitutionally from November 1979 to mid-1980. The results of the 1980 elections were the basis for the post-1982 parliament and the 1982-85 government of Hernán Siles Zuazo
Hernán Siles Zuazo
Hernán Siles Zuazo was a politician from Bolivia. He served as his country's constitutionally elected president twice, from 1956 to 1960 and again from 1982 to 1985....
.
Multiparty democracy, 1982-2010
Elections have been held regularly in the democratic period that began in 1982. General elections were held in 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2005, and 2009. A Constituent Assembly was elected in 2006. The 1985 Organic Law of Municipalities restored local elections for mayor and created a legislative body, the municipal council, in each municipality. The first local elections were held in 1987, followed by further elections in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, and 2010. Similarly, departmental elections for Prefect began in 2006 and elections for Departmental Legislative Assemblies began in 2010. Following the passage of the 2009 Constitution, the National Electoral Court was replaced in late 2010 by a fourth branch of government, the Plurinational Electoral OrganPlurinational Electoral Organ
The Plurinational Electoral Organ is the independent electoral branch of the government of Bolivia. It replaced the National Electoral Court in 2010. The branch consists of the 7-member Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the nine Departmental Electoral Tribunals, Electoral Judges, the anonymously selected...
, whose highest body is the Supreme Electoral Tribunal.
2011 Judicial election
The first Bolivian judicial election is scheduled to be held on 5 December 2010. However, officials of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal and of the MAS majority in the Plurinational Legislative Assembly have suggested that it will be delayed into 2011. The national vote will elect magistrates to serve on the Supreme Tribunal of Justice , the Plurinational Constitutional Tribunal , the Agro-environmental Tribunal , and members of the Council of the Judiciary .2011 Special municipal election
A special election is due be held for the mayor of five cities where mayors have stepped down or been indicted. In July 2011, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal formally convoked the elections for Mayor in three cities: Sucre, Quillacollo, and Pazña for December 18, 2011.| City | Outgoing Mayor (Party) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Sucre, Chuquisaca | Jaime Barrón Jaime Barrón Jaime Barrón Poveda is former mayor of the city of Sucre, Bolivia, representing the Pact of Social Integration political party, which is closely aligned with the Inter-Institutional Committee of Chuquisaca. Following his election in the April 4, 2010 regional elections, Barrón was sworn in as... (PAÍS) |
Resigned in July 2010 under indictment for May 24, 2008 violence May 24, 2008 violence in Sucre The May 24, 2008 violence in Sucre, Bolivia, consisted of clashes, hostage-taking, assaults, and public humiliation against primarily indigenous rural leaders and their supporters... |
| Quillacollo Quillacollo Quillacollo is the capital of Quillacollo Province in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia.- Population and growth :The city of Quillacollo is located westward of Cochabamba City. Quillacollo's population is 74,980 based on the 2001 census and is estimated to reach 85,224 in 2009... , Cochabamba |
Héctor Cartagena (UNE) | |
| Punata Punata Punata is the capital of Punata Province and Punata Municipality in Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 14,742 inhabitants... , Cochabamba |
Víctor Balderrama (Insurgente Martín Uchu) | Suspended under indictment for aggravated rape of a minor on August 10, 2010 (convicted September 2011); pledged to resign to allow new elections |
| Pazña Pazña Municipality Pazña Municipality is the second municipal section of the Poopó Province in the Oruro Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Pazña.-Government:Municipal governments in Bolivia are divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Pazña is the head of the city government, elected by general... , Oruro |
Víctor Centeno (MAS-IPSP) | Resigned on 15 June 2010 under "psychological pressure and regional divisions" |
| Catacora Catacora Catacora is a location in the La Paz Department in Bolivia. It is the seat of the Catacora Municipality, the second municipal section of the José Manuel Pando Province.... , La Paz |
||
2014 General election
The next election for national executive and legislative offices, including President and Vice President and the Plurinational Legislative Assembly will be held in late 2014, with new terms beginning 2015. In September 2010, President Evo MoralesEvo Morales
Juan Evo Morales Ayma , popularly known as Evo , is a Bolivian politician and activist, currently serving as the 80th President of Bolivia, a position that he has held since 2006. He is also the leader of both the Movement for Socialism party and the cocalero trade union...
suggested he is eligible to run for re-election in 2014. However, Bolivian presidents are only eligible to be re-elected to one successive term under Article 168 of the Constitution. Morales and his supporters have argued that his first term, 2006–10, was incomplete. Juan del Granado
Juan del Granado
Juan del Granado is a Bolivian human-rights lawyer and politician, mayor of La Paz and founder of the Without Fear Movement , a progressive political party...
, leader of the Without Fear Movement (MSM), has challenged its former ally, the Movement towards Socialism to carry out a constitutional referendum if it wants Morales to stand for re-election. Simultaneously, del Granado stated that the MSM will present a candidate for president.
2010 Regional election
Departmental and municipal authorities will be elected on 4 April 2010. Among the officials to be elected are:- Governors of all nine departmentsDepartments of BoliviaBolivia is divided into nine departments . Each of the departments is subdivided into provinces , which are further subdivided into municipalities ....
- Members of Departamental Legislative Assemblies in each department; 23 seats in these Assemblies will represent indigenous communities, and have been selected by traditional usos y costumbresUsos y costumbresUsos y costumbres is a legal term denoting indigenous customary law in Latin America. Since the era of Spanish colonialism, authorities have recognized local forms of rulership, self governance, and juridical practice, with varying degrees of acceptance and formality...
in the weeks prior to the election - Provincial Subgovernors and Municipal Corregidors (executive authorities) in BeniBeni DepartmentBeni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second largest department in the country , covering 213,564 square kilometers , and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José...
- Sectional Development Executives at the provincial level in TarijaTarija DepartmentTarija is a department in Bolivia. It is located in south-eastern Bolivia bordering Argentina to the south and Paraguay to the east. According to the 2001 census, it has a population of 391,226 inhabitants. It has an area of 37.623 km²...
- Mayors and Council members in all 337 municipalitiesMunicipalities of BoliviaMunicipalities in Bolivia are administrative divisions of the entire national territory governed by local elections. Municipalities are the third level of administrative divisions, below departments and provinces. Some of the provinces consist of only one municipality...
- The five members of the Regional Assembly in the autonomous region of Gran ChacoGran Chaco ProvinceGran Chaco is a province in the eastern parts of the Bolivian department Tarija. The province voted to become an autonomous region on 6 December 2009.-Location:Gran Chaco province is one of six provinces in the Tarija Department...
The political parties contesting elections in each department are as follows:
- BeniBeni DepartmentBeni, sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second largest department in the country , covering 213,564 square kilometers , and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842 during the administration of General José...
: Amazon Convergence (Convergencia Amazónica), Beni First (Primero El Beni), Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
(Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario; MNR), Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
(Movimiento Al Socialismo - Instrumento Político por la Soberanía de los Pueblos; MAS-IPSP), and Autonomous Nationalities for Change and Empowerment (Nacionalidades Autónomas por el Cambio y Empoderamiento; NACER). - ChuquisacaChuquisaca DepartmentChuquisaca is a department of Bolivia located in the center south. It borders on the departments of Cochabamba, Tarija, Potosí, and Santa Cruz. The departmental capital is Sucre, which is also the constitutional capital of Bolivia.-Geography:...
:We are all ChuquisacaWe Are All ChuquisacaWe Are All Chuquisaca was an electoral alliance of the in the 4 April 2010 elections in Cochabamba department. Its candidate for Governor of Chuquisaca, Jhon Cava, former president of the Chuquisaca Civic Committee, placed second with 35.5% of the vote...
(Chuquisaca somos Todos), Renewing Freedom and Democracy (Libertad y Democracia Renovadora), Falange April 19, Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
(Movimiento sin Miedo; MSM), and Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
. - CochabambaCochabamba DepartmentCochabamba is one of the nine component departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the "granary" of the country because of its variety of agricultural products due to Cochabamba's geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km². Its population, in the 2007 census, was 1,750,000...
: All for CochabambaAll for CochabambaAll for Cochabamba is an electoral alliance of the National Unity Front and Popular Consensus parties in the 2010 elections in Cochabamba department...
(Todos por Cochabamba), Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
, Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
, and Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
. - La Paz:National Unity FrontNational Unity FrontThe National Unity Front is a political party in Bolivia.At the legislative elections in 2005, the party won 7.8 % of the popular vote and 8 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in the Senate. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Samuel Jorge Doria Medina Auza,...
(Frente de Unidad Nacional), Patriotic Social Alliance (Alianza Social Patriótica), Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
, Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
, Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
, and Movement for SovereigntyMovement for SovereigntyThe Movement for Sovereignty is a leftist, indigenist Bolivian political party founded by dissidents of the Movement for Socialism . Its leader, and fourth-place candidate for Governor of La Paz department in the 2010 regional election is Lino Villca...
(Movimiento por la Soberanía). - OruroOruro DepartmentOruro is a department in Bolivia, with an area of 53,588 km². Its capital is the city of Oruro. At the time of census 2001 it had a population of 391,870.- Provinces of Oruro :...
: National Unity FrontNational Unity FrontThe National Unity Front is a political party in Bolivia.At the legislative elections in 2005, the party won 7.8 % of the popular vote and 8 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in the Senate. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Samuel Jorge Doria Medina Auza,...
(Frente de Unidad Nacional), Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
, Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
, and Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
. - PandoPando DepartmentPando is a department of Bolivia, with an area of , adjoining the border with Brazil. Pando has a population 66,689 . Its capital is the city of Cobija....
: Popular Consensus (Consenso Popular), Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
, and Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
. - PotosíPotosí DepartmentPotosí Department is a department in southwestern Bolivia. It comprises 118,218 km² with 709,013 inhabitants . The capital is the city of Potosí....
: Potosí Regional Civic Front (Frente Cívico Regional Potosinista), Uqarikuna Citizen Association (Agrupación Ciudadana Uqarikuna), Social AllianceSocial AllianceThe Social Alliance is a Bolivian political party founded on 9 October 2005. The party grew out of the successful 2004 campaign of leader René Joaquino Cabrera for mayor of Potosí.-External links:**...
(Alianza Social), Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
, Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
. - Santa CruzSanta Cruz DepartmentSanta Cruz, with an area of 370,621 km², is the largest of the nine constituent departments of Bolivia. In the 2001 census, it reported a population of 2,029,471. The capital is the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The state is one of the wealthiest states in Bolivia with huge reserves of...
: Broad Front of Revolutionary Nationalist MovementRevolutionary Nationalist MovementThe Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivian political party, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the...
and Autonomy for BoliviaAutonomy for BoliviaAutonomy for Bolivia is a political party based in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.The party was founded by Ruben Costas, so that he could stand for election to the prefect of Santa Cruz Department in the Bolivian general elections of 2005....
(Frente Amplio), All for Santa Cruz (Todos por Santa Cruz), Nationalist Citizen Force (Fuerza Ciudadana Nacionalista), Greens (Verdes), Without Fear MovementWithout Fear MovementWithout Fear Movement is a Progressive political party in Bolivia. MSM was founded on March 1, 1999.The leader of the party, Juan del Granado, has been mayor of La Paz since 2000...
, and Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
. - TarijaTarija DepartmentTarija is a department in Bolivia. It is located in south-eastern Bolivia bordering Argentina to the south and Paraguay to the east. According to the 2001 census, it has a population of 391,226 inhabitants. It has an area of 37.623 km²...
: Path towards Change (Camino al Cambio (Alianza Departamental)), National Autonomous Power (Poder Autonómico Nacional), and Movement towards SocialismMovement for Socialism (Bolivia)The Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples , alternately referred to as "Movement Toward Socialism" or "Movement to Socialism", is a left-wing, socialist, Bolivian political organization led by Evo Morales, founded in 1995...
.
2009 General election
2009 Constitutional referendum
In elections held on 25 January 2009, Bolivian voters approved a new ConstitutionConstitution of Bolivia
The current Constitution of Bolivia is the 17th constitution in the country's history; previous constitutions were enacted in 1826, 1831, 1834, 1839, 1843, 1851, 1861, 1868, 1871, 1878, 1880, 1938, 1945, 1947, 1961 and 1967. It came into effect on February 7, 2009, when it was promulgated by...
.