Elections in Brazil
Encyclopedia
Brazil
elects on the national level a head of state
– the president
– and a legislature
. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people. The National Congress
(Congresso Nacional) has two chambers
. The Chamber of Deputies
(Câmara dos Deputados) has 513 members, elected to a four-year term by proportional representation
. The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-third of the seats.
Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties
that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition government
s.
known as the "open list."
Senators are elected to the Federal Senate with a plurality of the vote in a first-past-the-post system, which is not proportional. Three senators are elected for each state and for the Federal District
.
was first introduced to Brazil in 1996; with the first tests carried out in the state of Santa Catarina. The primary design goal of the Brazilian voting machine is extreme simplicity, the model being a public phone booth.
The first Brazilian voting machine
s were developed in 1996 by a Brazilian partnership of three companies OMNITECH (previously known as TDA), Microbase and Unisys do Brasil
attending the TSE
RFP for the Brazilian Elections in 1996. This machine was a modified IBM PC 80386 compatible clone, known as UE96. In 1998, Diebold-Procomp, Microbase and Samurai (formerly known as OMNITECH) partnered to produce UE98. In 2000, Microbase and Diebold-Procomp developed the UE2000 together. In 2000, Brazil completed the first completely automated election.
The original operating system was VirtuOS
, similar to DOS
and includes multitasking support, was developed by Microbase. It was used in the 1996, 1998 and 2000 elections. In 2002, Unisys was unable to renew their partnership with Microbase, and were unable to reuse the VirtuOS based code. Microsoft stepped in, and provided licenses Windows CE
operating system free of charge. In 2004, Diebold-Procomp migrated to a Linux
OS to reduce costs.
The Brazilian voting machine accomplishes three steps (voter identification, secure voting and tallying) in a single process, eliminating fraud based on forged or falsified public documents. Political parties have access to the voting machine's programs before the election for auditing. There still remain some questions about the security of the electronic voting system, but no case of election fraud has been uncovered:
On the eve of an election, the election authorities in each State select a number of voting machines by lot (all available voting machines take part in that lot, identified by their serial number), and those machines so selected, instead of being used in actual pooling stations, are retained in the seat of the State's Regional Electoral Court for a "parallel voting", conducted for audit purposes in the presence of representatives designated by the political parties. The audit vote takes place on the same date as the election. This parallel voting is a mock election but the votes entered in the voting machine are not secret, instead they are witnessed by all party representatives present at the audit process. The whole audit is filmed, and the representatives of the political parties present for the audit direct publicly that a random quantity of votes are to be inserted in the machine for each candidate. A tally is kept of the instructions received from each party representative. Each party representative orders a number of votes to be inserted at the machine, but he only reveals that number, and the recipients, during the audit. So, the numbers are not previously known, because the only way they could be known by others is if there were a collusion between rival parties. At the end of the process, then, when all the parties have directed that certain number of votes then chosen are to be registered for each candidate in the audit vote, the votes ordered to be inserted by each party representative for each candidate are added up, and the total number of votes of the mock election is known, as well as the total number of votes of each candidate. Once the mock votes end and the profile of the vote is known, the electronic counting of the votes contained in the voting machines used during the audit takes place. The result indicated by the voting machines software has to correspond to the previously known result. As the machines were selected at random by lot, if the result given by the software corresponds to the previously known result resulting from the sum of the parties's public instructions (which has happened in all elections so far), the system is deemed by the election authorities as reliable for receiving, properly registering and accurately tallying the votes. Given that the machines are chosen at random, the reliability of the chosen ones is deemed to represent the reliability of the others. If the audit failed to produce a positive result (the maching of the votes counted to the sum of the instructions), then the whole election in the State in question would be void.
The voting system has been widely accepted, due in great part to the fact that it speeds up the vote count tremendously. In the 1989
presidential election between Fernando Collor de Mello
and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
, the vote count required nine days. In the 2002 general election
, the count required less than 12 hours. In some smaller towns the election results are known minutes after the closing of the ballots.
Supporters of the electronic vote claim that unless the fraud
were intentionally designed into the machines, it would be impossible to carry an extensive fraud in such a small amount of time. However, security has always been an issue, and the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) regularly funds research aimed at improving it. The source code to the voting software is proprietary and the public is not able to examine it. In order to be able to recount the votes, a printing system has been developed and a new electoral registration system is planned.
Brazil loans the machines to other countries. They have been used for elections in Paraguay
and Ecuador
, and there are plans to export the patent
ed machines.
Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) is testing a new machine which has a digital screen, so the voters just have to put three fingerprints which will identify them. It will make it more difficult to carry out fraudulent voting for absent voters.
However, the National Congress of Brazil
has to approve a law to change the electoral registration process, because then they will register their fingerprints in the Electoral Court computers. The goal is to have this law totally approved by July 2008, so the election in 2012 will use this new system.
election results
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top rowspan=2|Coalition
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top rowspan=2 colspan=2|Parties
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top colspan=3|Chamber
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" valign=top align=center colspan=4|Senate
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|% of seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|+/–
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Elected seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Total seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|% of seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|+/–
|-
| rowspan=10 | Lulista
| bgcolor="#CC0000"|
| PT
| 88
| 17.1
| +5
| 12
| 15
| 18.5
| +7
|-
| bgcolor="#008000"|
| PMDB
| 79
| 15.3
| –10
| 16
| 20
| 24.6
| +3
|-
| bgcolor="#0047AB"|
| PR
| 41
| 7.9
| +16
| 3
| 4
| 4.9
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#C04000"|
| PSB
| 34
| 6.6
| +7
| 3
| 3
| 3.7
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#E34234"|
| PDT
| 28
| 5.4
| +4
| 2
| 4
| 4.9
| –2
|-
| bgcolor="#006633"|
| PSC
| 17
| 3.3
| +8
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#8B0000"|
| PCdoB
| 15
| 2.9
| +2
| 1
| 2
| 2.4
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#008000"|
| PRB
| 8
| 1.5
| +7
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| –1
|-
| bgcolor="#C08081"|
| PTC
| 1
| 0.1
| –2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#FC0FC0"|
| PTN
| 0
| 0.0
| —
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | Total
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 311
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 60.6
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | +37
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 39
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 50
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 61.7
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | +8
|-
| rowspan=6 | Opposition
Centre-right
| bgcolor="#0247FE"|
| PSDB
| 53
| 10.3
| –13
| 5
| 11
| 13.5
| –5
|-
| bgcolor="#FFEF00"|
| DEM
| 43
| 8.3
| –22
| 2
| 6
| 7.4
| –7
|-
| bgcolor="red"|
| PTB
| 21
| 4.0
| –2
| 1
| 6
| 7.4
| –1
|-
| bgcolor="#F08080"|
| PPS
| 12
| 2.3
| –10
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#FF4500"|
| PMN
| 4
| 0.7
| +1
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#AF4035"|
| PTdoB
| 3
| 0.5
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | Total
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 136
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 26.5
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | –44
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 10
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 25
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 30.8
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | –11
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#E3A857"|
| PP
| 41
| 7.9
| —
| 3
| 4
| 4.9
| +3
|-
| Opposition
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#4CBB17"|
| PV
| 15
| 2.9
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| –1
|-
| Opposition
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#801818"|
| PSOL
| 3
| 0.5
| —
| 2
| 2
| 2.4
| +1
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="orange"|
| PHS
| 2
| 0.3
| —
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|
| PRP
| 2
| 0.3
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#FF2400"|
| PRTB
| 2
| 0.3
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#4682B4"|
| PSL
| 1
| 0.1
| +1
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|}
Source: http://electionresources.org/br/deputies.php?election=2010&state=BR
Source: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Brazil/brazil.html
A third national referendum, on the prohibition of the commerce of personal firearms and ammunition
, was held on October 23, 2005. The ban proposal was rejected by 64% of the voterate.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
elects on the national level a head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
– the president
President of Brazil
The president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
– and a legislature
Legislature
A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws. The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise or lower taxes and adopt the budget and...
. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people. The National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
(Congresso Nacional) has two chambers
Bicameralism
In the government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of two chambers or houses....
. The Chamber of Deputies
Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. As of 2006, the chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms...
(Câmara dos Deputados) has 513 members, elected to a four-year term by proportional representation
Proportional representation
Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...
. The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-third of the seats.
Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties
Political Parties
Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 , and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy...
that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition government
Coalition government
A coalition government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several political parties cooperate. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament...
s.
Electoral systems
Deputies are elected to the Chamber of Deputies using a form of party-list proportional representationParty-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems emphasizing proportional representation in elections in which multiple candidates are elected...
known as the "open list."
Senators are elected to the Federal Senate with a plurality of the vote in a first-past-the-post system, which is not proportional. Three senators are elected for each state and for the Federal District
Brazilian Federal District
The Federal District is set apart for Brasília, the capital of Brazil. Located in a region called Planalto Central, or Central Plateau, the Federal District is divided in 29 administrative regions. Brasilia - place where the three branches of the Federal Government are located - is the main...
.
The Brazilian voting machines
Electronic votingElectronic voting
Electronic voting is a term encompassing several different types of voting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes....
was first introduced to Brazil in 1996; with the first tests carried out in the state of Santa Catarina. The primary design goal of the Brazilian voting machine is extreme simplicity, the model being a public phone booth.
Voting machine
Voting machines are the total combination of mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic equipment , that is used to define ballots; to cast and count votes; to report or display election results; and to maintain and produce any audit trail information...
s were developed in 1996 by a Brazilian partnership of three companies OMNITECH (previously known as TDA), Microbase and Unisys do Brasil
Unisys
Unisys Corporation , headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware, is a long established business whose core products now involves computing and networking.-History:...
attending the TSE
Supreme Electoral Court (Brazil)
The Supreme Electoral Court is the highest body of the Brazilian Electoral Court. There are also Regional Electoral Courts and Electoral Registry offices spread throughout Brazil....
RFP for the Brazilian Elections in 1996. This machine was a modified IBM PC 80386 compatible clone, known as UE96. In 1998, Diebold-Procomp, Microbase and Samurai (formerly known as OMNITECH) partnered to produce UE98. In 2000, Microbase and Diebold-Procomp developed the UE2000 together. In 2000, Brazil completed the first completely automated election.
The original operating system was VirtuOS
Virtuos
Virtuos Ltd. is a provider of digital entertainment production services for the game and movie industries. It was founded in 2004. Virtuos has development centers in Shanghai and Chengdu, China, and offices in Paris, Vancouver and Tokyo...
, similar to DOS
DOS
DOS, short for "Disk Operating System", is an acronym for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95, 98, and Millennium Edition.Related...
and includes multitasking support, was developed by Microbase. It was used in the 1996, 1998 and 2000 elections. In 2002, Unisys was unable to renew their partnership with Microbase, and were unable to reuse the VirtuOS based code. Microsoft stepped in, and provided licenses Windows CE
Windows CE
Microsoft Windows CE is an operating system developed by Microsoft for embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinct operating system and kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows...
operating system free of charge. In 2004, Diebold-Procomp migrated to a Linux
Linux
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...
OS to reduce costs.
The Brazilian voting machine accomplishes three steps (voter identification, secure voting and tallying) in a single process, eliminating fraud based on forged or falsified public documents. Political parties have access to the voting machine's programs before the election for auditing. There still remain some questions about the security of the electronic voting system, but no case of election fraud has been uncovered:
- Critics argue that the voting machines do not produce receipt for the voter, nor maintain an internal paper based journal which would allow for vote auditing. This makes them highly dependent on trusting the software. The application program which verifies the internal integrity of the system is itself vulnerable to modification. http://www.cic.unb.br/docentes/pedro/trabs/analise_setup.html An inspection by the City of Sto. Estevão, BahiaBahiaBahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast. It is the fourth most populous Brazilian state after São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, and the fifth-largest in size...
described the system of seals and closure of the machine as simple, and allowed easy access to the internal memory slot. http://www.votoseguro.org/arquivos/stoestevao.zip http://www.votoseguro.org/textos/stoestevao1.htm - There is the possibility to violate the voting, because the voter number is typed in one machine which is connected to the voting machine, but it is not possible to know that it means that it is the same name (person)clarify.
- Election workers could vote in place absent voters without their permission. However, as voting sections are composed of multiple workers drawn at random from the population as a means of preventing this type of fraud.
The voting system has been widely accepted, due in great part to the fact that it speeds up the vote count tremendously. In the 1989
Brazilian presidential election, 1989
The Brazilian presidential election of 1989 was the first direct presidential election in Brazil since 1960.-Historical context:On January 15, 1985, Tancredo Neves won the election for president on the electoral college, represented by Deputies and Senators, putting an end to the 21-year-old...
presidential election between Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Collor de Mello
Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello was the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his trial of impeachment by the Brazilian Senate...
and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as...
, the vote count required nine days. In the 2002 general election
Brazilian general election, 2002
Lula's Worker's Party won the most seats in the Parliamentary elections, though failed to gain an outright majority as they won only 91 of the 513 seats.-Results:...
, the count required less than 12 hours. In some smaller towns the election results are known minutes after the closing of the ballots.
Supporters of the electronic vote claim that unless the fraud
Electoral fraud
Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates or both...
were intentionally designed into the machines, it would be impossible to carry an extensive fraud in such a small amount of time. However, security has always been an issue, and the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) regularly funds research aimed at improving it. The source code to the voting software is proprietary and the public is not able to examine it. In order to be able to recount the votes, a printing system has been developed and a new electoral registration system is planned.
Brazil loans the machines to other countries. They have been used for elections in Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...
and Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
, and there are plans to export the patent
Patent
A patent is a form of intellectual property. It consists of a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention....
ed machines.
Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court (TSE) is testing a new machine which has a digital screen, so the voters just have to put three fingerprints which will identify them. It will make it more difficult to carry out fraudulent voting for absent voters.
However, the National Congress of Brazil
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
has to approve a law to change the electoral registration process, because then they will register their fingerprints in the Electoral Court computers. The goal is to have this law totally approved by July 2008, so the election in 2012 will use this new system.
Parliamentary election
Summary of the 3 October 2010 National CongressNational Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
election results
Brazilian parliamentary election, 2010
The 2010 Brazilian parliamentary election was held on Sunday, October 3, as part of the country's general election. In the date, 54 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate and all 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies were up for election....
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top rowspan=2|Coalition
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top rowspan=2 colspan=2|Parties
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top colspan=3|Chamber
Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. As of 2006, the chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms...
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" valign=top align=center colspan=4|Senate
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|% of seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|+/–
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Elected seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|Total seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|% of seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top|+/–
|-
| rowspan=10 | Lulista
For Brazil to keep on changing
For Brazil to keep on changing is the name of an electoral coalition formed around the democratic socialist Workers' Party in Brazil for the 2010 presidential election. It comprised ten parties from the left and center spectrums: PT, PMDB, PCdoB, PDT, PRB, PR, PSB, PSC, PTC and PTN. On October...
| bgcolor="#CC0000"|
| PT
Workers' Party (Brazil)
The Workers' Party is a democratic socialist political party in Brazil. Launched in 1980, it is recognized as one of the largest and most important left-wing movements of Latin America. It governs at the federal level in a coalition government with several other parties since January 1, 2003...
| 88
| 17.1
| +5
| 12
| 15
| 18.5
| +7
|-
| bgcolor="#008000"|
| PMDB
| 79
| 15.3
| –10
| 16
| 20
| 24.6
| +3
|-
| bgcolor="#0047AB"|
| PR
Republic Party
The Republic Party is a centrist Brazilian political party.It was founded on December 21, 2006 by the merge of the Liberal Party and the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order .It is likely that in the future two other parties, the Social Christian Party The Republic Party (Partido da...
| 41
| 7.9
| +16
| 3
| 4
| 4.9
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#C04000"|
| PSB
Brazilian Socialist Party
The Brazilian Socialist Party , is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the military regime in 1965 and re-organized in 1985 with the re-democratization of Brazil. It elected six Governors in 2010, becoming the second largest party in number of state...
| 34
| 6.6
| +7
| 3
| 3
| 3.7
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#E34234"|
| PDT
Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)
The Democratic Labour Party is a populist, democratic socialist political party of Brazil. It was founded in 1979 by left-wing leader Leonel Brizola as an attempt to reorganize the Brazilian leftist forces during the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship...
| 28
| 5.4
| +4
| 2
| 4
| 4.9
| –2
|-
| bgcolor="#006633"|
| PSC
Social Christian Party (Brazil)
The Social Christian Party is a Christian-democratic political party in Brazil.At the legislative elections, 6 October 2002, the party won 1 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Senate. At the legislative elections of October 1, 2006, the party won 9 seats in the...
| 17
| 3.3
| +8
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#8B0000"|
| PCdoB
Communist Party of Brazil
The Communist Party of Brazil is a political party in Brazil. It has national reach and deep penetration in the trade union and students movements. PCdoB dispute with the Brazilian Communist Party the title of "oldest political party in Brazil"...
| 15
| 2.9
| +2
| 1
| 2
| 2.4
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#008000"|
| PRB
Brazilian Republican Party
The Brazilian Republican Party is a Brazilian political party. Its electoral number is 10 and it became a registered political party on August 25, 2005. The Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus uses the party to elect its bishops in Brazilian elections...
| 8
| 1.5
| +7
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| –1
|-
| bgcolor="#C08081"|
| PTC
Christian Labour Party
The Christian Labour Party is a christian-conservative political party in Brazil.The party was founded in 1985 as Youth Party by Daniel Tourinho, a brazilian lawyer...
| 1
| 0.1
| –2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| bgcolor="#FC0FC0"|
| PTN
National Labour Party (Brazil)
The National Labour Party is a tiny populist-centrist Brazilian political party originally founded in 1945.It was founded by dissidents from the Brazilian Labor Party in 1945, and supported the winning candidacy of Jânio Quadros in 1960. It was abolished by the military regime in 1965.It was...
| 0
| 0.0
| —
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | Total
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 311
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 60.6
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | +37
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 39
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 50
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 61.7
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | +8
|-
| rowspan=6 | Opposition
Centre-right
Brazil can do more
Brazil can do more is the name of a centre-right electoral coalition in Brazil formed around the Third Way Brazilian Social Democratic Party for the 2010 presidential election. It is formed by six parties: PSDB, DEM, PTB, PPS, PMN and PTdoB...
| bgcolor="#0247FE"|
| PSDB
| 53
| 10.3
| –13
| 5
| 11
| 13.5
| –5
|-
| bgcolor="#FFEF00"|
| DEM
Democrats (Brazil)
The Democrats is a centre-right political party in Brazil, considered the main in the right-wing spectrum. Despite its former name , the party affiliates itself to the Centrist Democrat International, and the International Democrat Union. The name comes from its support to free market policies...
| 43
| 8.3
| –22
| 2
| 6
| 7.4
| –7
|-
| bgcolor="red"|
| PTB
Brazilian Labour Party (current)
The Brazilian Labour Party is a center-right political party in Brazil founded in 1981 by Ivete Vargas, niece of President Getúlio Vargas. It claims the legacy of the historical PTB, although many historians reject this because the early version of PTB was a center-left party with wide support in...
| 21
| 4.0
| –2
| 1
| 6
| 7.4
| –1
|-
| bgcolor="#F08080"|
| PPS
Socialist People's Party (Brazil)
The Socialist People's Party is a political party in Brazil.It was founded in 1992, after the Brazilian Communist Party decided to rename itself the Socialist People's Party as part of a political realignment following the collapse of the Soviet Union.The PPS was a part of the coalition government...
| 12
| 2.3
| –10
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#FF4500"|
| PMN
Party of National Mobilization
The Party of National Mobilization is a national-centrist political party in Brazil founded by politicians from the state of Minas Gerais on April 21, 1984, advocating for agrarian reform, termination of debt payments, ending of relations with the International Monetary Fund and formation of a...
| 4
| 0.7
| +1
| 1
| 1
| 1.2
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="#AF4035"|
| PTdoB
Labour Party of Brazil
The Labour Party of Brazil is a tiny populist-centrist Brazilian political party.It was founded in 1989 by dissidents of the Brazilian Labour Party and is a minor force in Brazilian politics...
| 3
| 0.5
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | Total
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 136
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 26.5
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | –44
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 10
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 25
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | 30.8
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right | –11
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#E3A857"|
| PP
Progressive Party (Brazil)
The Progressive party is a centre-right Brazilian political party embracing conservatism and elements of populism and liberalism....
| 41
| 7.9
| —
| 3
| 4
| 4.9
| +3
|-
| Opposition
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#4CBB17"|
| PV
Green Party (Brazil)
The Brazilian Green Party was constituted after the military dictatorship period and, like other Green Parties around the world, is committed to establishing a set of policies on ensuring social-democracy and sustainable development...
| 15
| 2.9
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| –1
|-
| Opposition
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#801818"|
| PSOL
Socialism and Freedom Party
The Socialism and Freedom Party is a Brazilian political party . Among the party leaders are Heloísa Helena , federal deputies Luciana Genro and Babá , and a number of well-known Brazilian left-wing leaders and intellectuals, such as Milton Temer, Carlos Nelson Coutinho, Ricardo Antunes,...
| 3
| 0.5
| —
| 2
| 2
| 2.4
| +1
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="orange"|
| PHS
Humanist Party of Solidarity (Brazil)
The Humanist Party of Solidarity is a Brazilian political party. Its electoral code is 31 and it became a registered political party on March 20, 1997. The party advocates distributism and Christian morals....
| 2
| 0.3
| —
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|
| PRP
Progressive Republican Party (Brazil)
The Progressive Republican Party is a Brazilian political party. Its electoral number is 44 and it became a registered political party on November 22, 1991....
| 2
| 0.3
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#FF2400"|
| PRTB
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party is a tiny populist-centrist Brazilian political party.In 2006 the party gained some electoral importance because of the election of ex-President Fernando Collor de Mello, impeached in 1992, who made his comeback in national politics as Senator....
| 2
| 0.3
| +2
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
| Lulista
Out of coalition
| bgcolor="#4682B4"|
| PSL
Social Liberal Party (Brazil)
The Social Liberal Party is a liberal party in Brazil. At the legislative elections, 6 October 2002, the party won 1 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and no seats in the Senate. In 2006 didn't win seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate...
| 1
| 0.1
| +1
| 0
| 0
| 0.0
| —
|-
|}
Election results 1982-2010
Brazilian legislative elections (Chamber of Deputies), 1982–2010| Parties | 1982 | 1986 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Workers' Party Workers' Party (Brazil) The Workers' Party is a democratic socialist political party in Brazil. Launched in 1980, it is recognized as one of the largest and most important left-wing movements of Latin America. It governs at the federal level in a coalition government with several other parties since January 1, 2003... |
3.5 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 18.4 | 15.0 | 16.9 |
| Brazilian Democratic Movement Party | 43.0 | 48.1 | 19.3 | 20.3 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 14.6 | 13.0 |
| Brazilian Social Democracy Party Brazilian Social Democracy Party The Brazilian Social Democracy Party is a centrist political party in Brazil. Originally a centre-left party at the time of its foundation, PSDB moved to the centre after Fernando Henrique Cardoso forged an alliance with the right-wing Liberal... |
- | - | 8.7 | 13.9 | 17.5 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 11.9 |
| Liberal Front Party/Democrats Democrats (Brazil) The Democrats is a centre-right political party in Brazil, considered the main in the right-wing spectrum. Despite its former name , the party affiliates itself to the Centrist Democrat International, and the International Democrat Union. The name comes from its support to free market policies... |
- | 17.7 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 17.3 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 7.6 |
| Liberal Party Liberal Party (Brazil) The Liberal Party was a conservative political party of Brazil, merged in the Republic Party. The Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus had been taking part in Brazilian elections through PL, but the church has now partially left it to create a new centrist party named Partido Republicano Brasileiro... / Republic Party Republic Party The Republic Party is a centrist Brazilian political party.It was founded on December 21, 2006 by the merge of the Liberal Party and the Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order .It is likely that in the future two other parties, the Social Christian Party The Republic Party (Partido da... |
- | 2.8 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 7.6 |
| Brazilian Socialist Party Brazilian Socialist Party The Brazilian Socialist Party , is a political party in Brazil. It was founded in 1947, before being abolished by the military regime in 1965 and re-organized in 1985 with the re-democratization of Brazil. It elected six Governors in 2010, becoming the second largest party in number of state... |
- | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 7.1 |
| Progressive Party Progressive Party (Brazil) The Progressive party is a centre-right Brazilian political party embracing conservatism and elements of populism and liberalism.... |
- | - | - | 6.9 | 11.3 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 6.6 |
| Democratic Labour Party Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) The Democratic Labour Party is a populist, democratic socialist political party of Brazil. It was founded in 1979 by left-wing leader Leonel Brizola as an attempt to reorganize the Brazilian leftist forces during the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship... |
5.8 | 6.5 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 |
| Brazilian Labour Party Brazilian Labour Party (current) The Brazilian Labour Party is a center-right political party in Brazil founded in 1981 by Ivete Vargas, niece of President Getúlio Vargas. It claims the legacy of the historical PTB, although many historians reject this because the early version of PTB was a center-left party with wide support in... |
4.5 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.2 |
| Green Party Green Party (Brazil) The Brazilian Green Party was constituted after the military dictatorship period and, like other Green Parties around the world, is committed to establishing a set of policies on ensuring social-democracy and sustainable development... |
- | - | - | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 3.8 |
| Christian Social Party | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 3.2 |
| Communist Party of Brazil Communist Party of Brazil The Communist Party of Brazil is a political party in Brazil. It has national reach and deep penetration in the trade union and students movements. PCdoB dispute with the Brazilian Communist Party the title of "oldest political party in Brazil"... |
- | 0.8 | - | - | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
| Socialist People's Party Socialist People's Party (Brazil) The Socialist People's Party is a political party in Brazil.It was founded in 1992, after the Brazilian Communist Party decided to rename itself the Socialist People's Party as part of a political realignment following the collapse of the Soviet Union.The PPS was a part of the coalition government... |
- | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
| Brazilian Republican Party Brazilian Republican Party The Brazilian Republican Party is a Brazilian political party. Its electoral number is 10 and it became a registered political party on August 25, 2005. The Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus uses the party to elect its bishops in Brazilian elections... |
- | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 1.7 |
| Socialism and Freedom Party Socialism and Freedom Party The Socialism and Freedom Party is a Brazilian political party . Among the party leaders are Heloísa Helena , federal deputies Luciana Genro and Babá , and a number of well-known Brazilian left-wing leaders and intellectuals, such as Milton Temer, Carlos Nelson Coutinho, Ricardo Antunes,... |
- | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Party of National Mobilization Party of National Mobilization The Party of National Mobilization is a national-centrist political party in Brazil founded by politicians from the state of Minas Gerais on April 21, 1984, advocating for agrarian reform, termination of debt payments, ending of relations with the International Monetary Fund and formation of a... |
- | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 |
| Democratic Social Democratic Social Party The Democratic Social Party was a conservative Brazilian political party.It was established in 1979 as a continuation of the National Renewal Alliance Party , the party which supported the 1965-79 Brazilian dictatorship, at a time in which the country turned to be a democracy... / Reform Progressive Party Reform Progressive Party The Reform Progressive Party was a Brazilian party, formed by the fusion of the Democratic Social Party and the Christian Democratic Party in 1993. Two years later the party, along with the Progressive Party, formed a new party called Brazilian Progressive Party... |
43.2 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 9.2 | - | - | - | - |
| National Reconstruction Party | - | - | 8.3 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Christian Democratic Party Christian Democratic Party (Brazil) The Syndicalist Popular Party was a political party in Brazil founded in 1945. The PDC, a small party supporting traditional Christian values, never achieved electoral success and was banned by the military dictatorship in 1965.... |
- | 1.2 | 3.0 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order The Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order was a nationalist political party in Brazil, founded in 1990, merged, in 2006 in Republic Party... |
- | - | - | - | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | - |
| Others | 0.0 | 2.8 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.7 |
Source: http://electionresources.org/br/deputies.php?election=2010&state=BR
Source: http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/Brazil/brazil.html
Referendums
Brazil has held three national referendums in its history. In the first, held on January 6, 1963, the people voted for the re-establishment of the presidential system of government (82% of valid ballots), which had been modified by a constitutional amendment in 1961. A second referendum, as ordered by the Federal Constitution of 1988, was held on April 21, 1993, when the voters voted for a republican form of government and reaffirmed the presidential system.A third national referendum, on the prohibition of the commerce of personal firearms and ammunition
Referendum concerning the prohibition of the sale of firearms and ammunition
On October 23, 2005, Brazil held a country-wide referendum on article 35 of the Disarmament Statute to determine whether to approve or disapprove the article, which states in full, "The sale of firearms and ammunition is prohibited in the entire national territory, except to those entities provided...
, was held on October 23, 2005. The ban proposal was rejected by 64% of the voterate.
See also
- Electoral calendar
- Electoral system
- List of political parties in Brazil
External links
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- http://www.tse.jus.br/internet/eleicoes/urna_eletronica/simulador_Votacao_2010/br.htmSimulated voting machine (PortuguesePortuguese languagePortuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
)] Courtesy of the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court website. (JavaJava (programming language)Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
required) - Brief history of electronic voting in Brazil
- Brazil: The Perfect Electoral Crime (II) (Security analysis of the Brazilian voting machines by James Burk, Oct. 21, 2006)