President of Brazil
Encyclopedia
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
and head of government
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
and is the commander-in-chief
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
against the Emperor Pedro II
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
.
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
of the armed forces
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
, the president must be a native-born citizen
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
, have all the electoral rights
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
The Palácio do Planalto
in Brasília
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
in Petrópolis
, Rio de Janeiro
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
built on a Ford CD3 platform
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
, Air Force
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
(1930–2011).
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
 |
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor |  |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
 |
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
 |
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
The president of Brazil (officially the President of the Federative Republic of Brazil or simply the President of the Republic) is both the head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
and head of government
Head of government
Head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. In a parliamentary system, the head of government is often styled prime minister, chief minister, premier, etc...
of the Federative Republic of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government
Politics of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
and is the commander-in-chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system
Presidential system
A presidential system is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides separately from the legislature, to which it is not responsible and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it....
was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'état
Coup d'état
A coup d'état state, literally: strike/blow of state)—also known as a coup, putsch, and overthrow—is the sudden, extrajudicial deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either...
against the Emperor Pedro II
Pedro II of Brazil
Dom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in elections or attend a polling place on voting day. If an eligible voter does not attend a polling place, he or she may be subject to punitive measures such as fines, community service, or perhaps imprisonment if fines are unpaid...
.
General description
The Brazilian Constitution of 1988Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.
Duties and powers
As a republic with a presidential Executive, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He or she effectively controls the Executive branch, represents the country abroad, and appoints the CabinetCabinet of Brazil
The Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
and, with the approval of the Senate, the judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal
Supreme Federal Tribunal
The Supreme Federal Court is the supreme court of Brazil, serving primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country. It is the highest court of law in Brazil for constitutional issues and its rulings cannot be appealed...
. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief
Commander-in-Chief
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces or significant element of those forces. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. As a practical term it refers to the military...
of the armed forces
Military of Brazil
The Brazilian Armed Forces is the unified military organization comprising the Brazilian Army , the Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force....
.
Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress
National Congress of Brazil
The National Congress of Brazil is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government.Unlike regional legislative bodies – Legislative Assemblies and City Councils -, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies .The Senate represents the 26 states and...
, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (Provisional Measures), an instrument with the force of law that the President can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of Law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, tax law, among other cases). A Provisional Measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60 day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the Legislative Branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60 day period (or 120 day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.
Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President has the power to:
- appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State;
- exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
- start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in the Constitution;
- sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
- veto bills, wholly or in part;
- provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when vacant;
- maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
- conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, subject to the ratification of the National Congress;
- decree the state of defense and the state of siege, in accordance with the constitional procedures that shall precede and authorize those emergency decrees;
- decree and enforce federal intervention, in accordance with the constitutional procedures that shall precede and authorize such exceptional action;
- upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
- grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
- exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
- appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
- appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
- appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
- appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
- summon and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
- declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
- make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
- award decorations and honorary distinctions;
- permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
- submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
- render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
- fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
- issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
- perform other duties set forth in the Constitution.
Requirements to hold office
According to the 1988 ConstitutionConstitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
, the president must be a native-born citizen
Native-born citizen
In general, a native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as a citizen of that country since birth...
of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector
Voting
Voting is a method for a group such as a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion—often following discussions, debates, or election campaigns. It is often found in democracies and republics.- Reasons for voting :...
, have all the electoral rights
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).
Term of office
Currently the president serves his or her second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when Constititutional Amendment nº 16 was passed.Compensation and privileges of office
The president earns a R$26.723,13 monthly salary, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services during office. The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress in December 2010 and went into effect in February 2011. Given that in Brazil all private and public sector employees and civil servants receive an aditional compensation equivalent to one monthly salary after a year of work (this compensation is known as the thirtheenth salary), the President receives thirteen payments of R$ 26.723,13 per year, resulting in an annual salary of R$ 347.400,69.The Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
in Brasília
Brasília
Brasília is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled Brasilia in English. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the...
is the official workplace of the president and the Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
his/her official residence; he/she is entitled to use its staff and facilities. The Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a ranch located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
in Petrópolis
Petrópolis
Petrópolis , also known as The Imperial City of Brazil, is a town in the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 65 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro....
, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 states of Brazil.Rio de Janeiro has the second largest economy of Brazil behind only São Paulo state.The state of Rio de Janeiro is located within the Brazilian geopolitical region classified as the Southeast...
, is a summer retreat of the president, although used rarely.
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored version of the 2011 Ford Fusion Hybrid
Ford Fusion Hybrid
The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline-electric hybrid powered version of the mid-size Ford Fusion sedan developed by the Ford Motor Company, and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 as a 2010 model, together with its twin the Mercury Milan Hybrid. The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford's...
built on a Ford CD3 platform
Ford CD3 platform
The Ford CD3 platform is a Ford global midsize car automobile platform. It was designed by Mazda. The original Mazda chassis code for the CD3 platform is Mazda G platform, which Ford Motor Company has used every evolution of since 1983...
. A 1952 Rolls Royce
Rolls-Royce (car)
This a list of Rolls-Royce motor cars and includes vehicles produced by:*Rolls-Royce Limited *Rolls-Royce Motors , which was owned by Vickers between 1980 and 1998, and after that by Volkswagen...
Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits and the inauguration
Brazilian presidential inauguration
The inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
of the President-elect. A modified version of the Airbus A319
Airbus A320 family
The Airbus A320 family is a family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger jet airliners manufactured by Airbus Industrie.Airbus was originally a consortium of European aerospace companies, and is now fully owned by EADS. Airbus's name has been Airbus SAS since 2001...
, Air Force
Brazilian Air Force
The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...
designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights. Two modified Embraer 190 jets, Air Force designation VC-2, are used for short and medium range presidential travel. When the president is on board, the aircraft receive the call sign "Brazilian Air Force One". Two modified military versions of the Eurocopter Super Puma
Eurocopter Super Puma
The Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma is a four-bladed, twin-engine, medium-size utility helicopter marketed for both civil and military use. Originally designed and built by Aérospatiale, it is an enlarged and re-engined version of the original Aérospatiale Puma...
, Air Force designation VH-34, are currently used as the main presidential helicopters.
File:Palacio do Planalto.jpeg|Palácio do Planalto
Palácio do Planalto
The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the President of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, Brazil. As the seat of government, the term Planalto is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of the government.The main working office of the President...
File:Palacio Alvorada commons.jpg|Palácio da Alvorada
Palácio da Alvorada
The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the President of Brazil. The palace was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated on June 30, 1958.The name comes from the quote of Juscelino Kubitschek:or, in English:-Architecture:...
File:Residencia Oficial do Torto.jpg|Residência Oficial do Torto
Granja do Torto
The Granja do Torto is an official residence maintained by the Presidency of Brazil. It is a property with ranch-style features, located on the outskirts of the capital city of Brasília...
File:Palácio Rio Negro Petrópolis.JPG|Palácio Rio Negro
Palácio Rio Negro
The Palácio Rio Negro is a palace located in Petrópolis, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the official residences of the President of Brazil, used mainly as a country retreat.-History:...
File:Brazilian Presidential Motorcade.jpg|Presidential state car
File:Rolls-Royce Presidencial.jpg|Ceremonial state car
File:Lula VC-1A.jpg|Main presidential aircraft (VC-1A)
File:VC-2 Presidencia da Republica.jpg|Secondary presidential aircraft (VC-2)
File:PR helicoptero.jpg|Presidential helicopter (VH-34)
Living former presidents
As of July 2011, there are four living former presidents. The most recent deceased president was Itamar FrancoItamar Franco
Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician and the President of Brazil from December 29, 1992, to January 1, 1995. During his long political career, Franco was also a Senator, Mayor, Ambassador, Governor and Vice President...
(1930–2011).
| Name | Portrait | Term of office | Date of birth |
|---|---|---|---|
| José Sarney José Sarney José Sarney de Araújo Costa is a Brazilian lawyer, writer and politician. He served as president of Brazil from 15 March 1985 to 15 March 1990.... |
|
1985–1990 | 24 April 1930 |
| Fernando Collor | |
1990–1992 | 12 August 1949 |
| Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso Fernando Henrique Cardoso – also known by his initials FHC – was the 34th President of the Federative Republic of Brazil for two terms from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2002. He is an accomplished sociologist, professor and politician... |
|
1995–2002 | 18 June 1931 |
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as... |
|
2003–2010 | 6 October 1945 |
The following privileges are guaranteed to former Presidents by law:
- Permanent security protection (by the Presidential Guard – Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial)
- The use of two official vehicles (for life)
- Repository funding for a Presidential library
- Life-long monthly pension for widows and unmarried daughters of ex-presidents;
- Pension for sons of ex-presidents until they come of age, should a president or former president die leaving an underage son.
Office-holders
All Presidents of Brazil bore the title President of the Republic. That title has been used by all the Constitutions of Brazil since the proclamation of the Republic to refer to the head of the Executive Branch.However, from the proclamation of the Republic in 1889 until 1967 the country was officially styled Republic of the United States of Brazil, and thus the full title of the Presidents from Deodoro da Fonseca to Humberto Castello Branco was President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. On March 15, 1967, the country's official name was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. On that same date, Arthur da Costa e Silva was sworn in as President. Since Costa e Silva, therefore, all Presidents of Brazil bear the full title of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil.
Latest election
See also
- List of presidential trips made by Dilma Rousseff
- List of Presidents of Brazil
- Brazilian presidential inaugurationBrazilian presidential inaugurationThe inauguration of the President of Brazil is composed of several ceremonies that happen in the same day.Through democratic elections or coups, resignations and deaths, presidential inaugurations have been important events in Brazilian history....
- Brazilian presidential election, 2010Brazilian presidential election, 2010The Brazilian presidential election was held in 2010 with two rounds of balloting. The first round was held on October 3 along with other elections as part of the 2010 general election...
- Politics of BrazilPolitics of BrazilThe politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where by the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system...
- Cabinet of BrazilCabinet of BrazilThe Cabinet of Brazil is composed of the Ministers of State and senior advisors of the executive branch of the federal government of Brazil. Cabinet officers are appointed and dismissed by the President. There are currently twenty-four Ministries of State and fourteen other cabinet-level...
- Vice-President of BrazilVice-President of BrazilThe Vice President of Brazil is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of Brazil after the President...
- FAB Uno