Electricity sector in Germany
Encyclopedia
The electricity sector in Germany
included in the year 2009 fossil fuelled power 61 %, nuclear power 23 % and renewable energy
18 %. Germany has defined a phase-out policy of nuclear power by 2022. In 2009 compared to 2004 the nuclear power was produced 19 % less and its share has declined from 27 % units to 23 % units substituted with the renewable electricity
: wind power
, biomass
and solar power
.
5.3 % 4) Russia
5.1 % 5) India 4.1 % 6) Canada 3.2 % and 7) Germany 3.1 %
(2,733 TWh), USA
(2,133 TWh) and India (569 TWh).
Siemens
is the only significant nuclear constructor in Germany and nuclears share was 3% of their business in 2000. In 2006 the large international bribes of Siemens in the energy and telecommunication business were revealed. The case was investigated e.g. in Nigeria, the United States
, Greece and South Korea.
The installed nuclear power
capacity in Germany was 20 GW in 2008 and 21 GW in 2004. The production of nuclear power was 148 TWh in 2008 (6 th top by 5.4 % of world total) and 167 TWh in 2004 (4 th top by 6.1 % of world total).
In 2009 compared to 2004 the nuclear power was produced 19 % less and its share had declined smoothly with time from 27 % units to 23 % units. The share of renewable electricity increased substituting the nuclear power.
36.5 TWh, biomass
and biowaste
33.5 TWh, hydropower 19.7 TWh and photovoltage solar power
12.0 TWh.
According to the Öko-Institut
the renewable electricity share could be increased from 6% in 2000 to 35% in 2020. According to BMU the share was ca 16 % in 2009.
Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz
(EEG) provide the power connection and feed-in tariff
(since 1991) for the renewable energy. The renewable electricity mix in 2009 included wind power
38 TWh, biomass
25 TWh, hydropower 19 TWh, photovoltage solar power
6 TWh and biowaste
5 TWh, According to BMU the share of renewable electricity increased 7 % between 2009 and 2004 and 10 % in 2000-2009.
60 %, Vestas
19 % and REpower Systems 9 %.
Installed wind power
in Germany was 27.214 GW at the end of 2010 and 25.777 GW at the end of 2009. The share of wind power in the end of 2010 was in average 9.4% of electricity need. This was 5 th top in Europe behind Denmark
(24% of electricity), Spain
(14.4%), Portugal(14%) and Ireland (10.1%).
, EnBW
, Vattenfall
and E.ON
. According to the European Comission the electricity pdoducers should not own the electricity grid to ensure free electicity competition. The European Comission accused E.ON
of the misuse of markets in February 2008. Consequently, E.ON sold its share of the grid network.
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
included in the year 2009 fossil fuelled power 61 %, nuclear power 23 % and renewable energy
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from...
18 %. Germany has defined a phase-out policy of nuclear power by 2022. In 2009 compared to 2004 the nuclear power was produced 19 % less and its share has declined from 27 % units to 23 % units substituted with the renewable electricity
Renewable energy in Germany
The share of electricity produced from renewable energy in Germany has increased from 6.3 percent of the national total in 2000 to over 20 percent in the first half of 2011. In 2010, investments totaling 26 billion euros were made in Germany’s renewable energies sector...
: wind power
Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships....
, biomass
Biomass
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel....
and solar power
Solar power
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available...
.
Consumption
Germany produced power pro person in 2008 equal to EU15 average (EU15: 7,409 kWh/person) and 77 % of the OECD average (8,991 kWh/person).Electricity trade in Germany
Germany, the largest exporter of electricity with 10% of the overall exports, reinforced its position as a net exporter by 20% during the year 2010Electricity per person and by power source
| Electricity per person in Germany (kWh/inhabitant) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use | Production | Export | Exp. % | Fossil | Nuclear Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity... |
Nuc. Nuclear power Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity... % |
Other RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... * |
Bio Biomass Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel.... +waste |
Wind | Non RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... use* |
RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... % |
|
| 2004 | 7,445 | 7,476 | 32 | 0.4 % | 4,603 | 2,025 | 27.2 % | 654 | 194 | 6,597 | 11.4 % | |
| 2005 | 7,468 | 7,523 | 55 | 0.7 % | 4,674 | 1,977 | 26.5 % | 670 | 201 | 6,597 | 11.7 % | |
| 2006 | 7,528 | 7,727 | 199 | 2.6 % | 4,796 | 1,706 | 22.7 % | 856 | 369 | 6,303 | 16.3 % | |
| 2008 | 7,450 | 7,693 | 243 | 3.3 % | 4,635 | 1,804 | 24.2 % | 873 | 381 | 6,196 | 16.8 % | |
| 2009 | 7,051 | 7,200 | 149 | 2.1 % | 4,314 | 1,644 | 23.3 % | 288* | 491 | 461* | 5,811 | 17.6 % |
| * Other RE Renewable energy Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from... is waterpower, solar and geothermal electricity Geothermal electricity Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from geothermal energy.Technologies in use include dry steam power plants, flash steam power plants and binary cycle power plants... and wind power Wind power Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.... until 2008 * Non RE use = use – production of renewable electricity * RE % = (production of RE / use) * 100 % Note: European Union Renewable energy in the European Union The countries of the European Union are currently the number two global leaders in the development and application of renewable energy. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's dependence on foreign energy imports, and in meeting targets to combat... calculates the share of renewable energies in gross electrical consumption. |
||||||||||||
Mode of production
According to the IEA the gross production of electricity was 631 TWh in 2008 which gave the 7 th position among the world top producers in 2010. The top seven countries produced 59 % of electricity in 2008. The top producers were: 1) United States 21.5 % 2) China 17.1% 3) JapanElectricity sector in Japan
The electric power industry in Japan covers the generation, transmission, distribution, and sale of electric energy in Japan.- Consumption :In 2008, Japan consumed an average of 8507 kWh/person of electricity...
5.3 % 4) Russia
Electricity sector in Russia
The electricity sector in Russia describes electricity in Russia. In the year 2008 electricity as gross production was produced with gas 48 %, coal and peat 19 %, hydro electricity 16 % and nuclear power 16 %.-Consumption:...
5.1 % 5) India 4.1 % 6) Canada 3.2 % and 7) Germany 3.1 %
Coal
Power mix in 2008 included 291TWh coal (46 % of total 631 TWh). Germany was in 4 th position for coal-produced power after ChinaCoal power in China
The People's Republic of China is the largest consumer of coal in the world, and is about to become the largest user of coal-derived electricity, generating 1.95 trillion kilowatt-hours per year, or 68.7% of its electricity from coal as of 2006...
(2,733 TWh), USA
Coal power in the United States
Coal power in the United States accounts for 46% of the country's electricity production. Utilities buy more than 90 percent of the coal mined in the United States....
(2,133 TWh) and India (569 TWh).
Nuclear power
Germany has defined a firm active phase-out policy of nuclear power. Eight nuclear power plants were shut down after the Fukushima accident for ever. All nuclear power plants will be phased out by the end of 2022. According to BMU this an opportunity for future generations.Siemens
Siemens
Siemens may refer toSiemens, a German family name carried by generations of telecommunications industrialists, including:* Werner von Siemens , inventor, founder of Siemens AG...
is the only significant nuclear constructor in Germany and nuclears share was 3% of their business in 2000. In 2006 the large international bribes of Siemens in the energy and telecommunication business were revealed. The case was investigated e.g. in Nigeria, the United States
Corruption in the United States
The 2010 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the United States 22 out of 178 countries.-See also:*List of federal political scandals in the United States* List of state and local political scandals in the United States...
, Greece and South Korea.
The installed nuclear power
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
capacity in Germany was 20 GW in 2008 and 21 GW in 2004. The production of nuclear power was 148 TWh in 2008 (6 th top by 5.4 % of world total) and 167 TWh in 2004 (4 th top by 6.1 % of world total).
In 2009 compared to 2004 the nuclear power was produced 19 % less and its share had declined smoothly with time from 27 % units to 23 % units. The share of renewable electricity increased substituting the nuclear power.
Renewable electricity
Renewable electricity in 2010 was 101.7 TWh including wind powerWind power in Germany
In 2010, the installed capacity of wind power in Germany was 27.2 GW. Wind power currently produces about seven percent of Germany’s total electrical power. More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines...
36.5 TWh, biomass
Biomass
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel....
and biowaste
Biowaste
Biowaste is material that is capable of self-replication and is harmful or potentially harmful to other living organisms....
33.5 TWh, hydropower 19.7 TWh and photovoltage solar power
Solar power in Germany
Germany is one of the world's top photovoltaics installers, with a solar PV capacity as of May 2011 of more than 18,000 megawatts .The German solar PV industry installed 7,400 MW from nearly one-quarter million individual systems in 2010, and solar PV provided 12 TWh of electricity in 2010, about...
12.0 TWh.
According to the Öko-Institut
Öko-Institut
The Öko-Institut is a non-profit, private-sector environmental research institute with its head office in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany....
the renewable electricity share could be increased from 6% in 2000 to 35% in 2020. According to BMU the share was ca 16 % in 2009.
Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz
German Renewable Energy Act
The German Renewable Energy Act was designed to encourage cost reductions based on improved energy efficiency from economies of scale over time...
(EEG) provide the power connection and feed-in tariff
Feed-in Tariff
A feed-in tariff is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each technology...
(since 1991) for the renewable energy. The renewable electricity mix in 2009 included wind power
Wind power in Germany
In 2010, the installed capacity of wind power in Germany was 27.2 GW. Wind power currently produces about seven percent of Germany’s total electrical power. More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines...
38 TWh, biomass
Biomass
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel....
25 TWh, hydropower 19 TWh, photovoltage solar power
Solar power in Germany
Germany is one of the world's top photovoltaics installers, with a solar PV capacity as of May 2011 of more than 18,000 megawatts .The German solar PV industry installed 7,400 MW from nearly one-quarter million individual systems in 2010, and solar PV provided 12 TWh of electricity in 2010, about...
6 TWh and biowaste
Biowaste
Biowaste is material that is capable of self-replication and is harmful or potentially harmful to other living organisms....
5 TWh, According to BMU the share of renewable electricity increased 7 % between 2009 and 2004 and 10 % in 2000-2009.
Wind power
Main wind power providers in Germany up to 2009 were EnerconEnercon
Enercon GmbH, based in Aurich, Germany, is the fourth-largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world and has been the market leader in Germany since the mid-nineties. Enercon has production facilities in Germany , Sweden, Brazil, India, Canada, Turkey and Portugal...
60 %, Vestas
Vestas
Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish manufacturer, seller, installer, and servicer of wind turbines. It is the largest in the world, but due to very rapid growth of its competitors, its market share decreased from 28% in 2007 to 12.5% in 2009...
19 % and REpower Systems 9 %.
Installed wind power
Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships....
in Germany was 27.214 GW at the end of 2010 and 25.777 GW at the end of 2009. The share of wind power in the end of 2010 was in average 9.4% of electricity need. This was 5 th top in Europe behind Denmark
Electricity sector in Denmark
The electricity sector in Denmark relies on fossil energy and new renewable energy: wind power, biogas, biomass and waste. Danish average consumption of electricity pro person was 0.8 GWh less than EU 15 average in 2008. Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has been the...
(24% of electricity), Spain
Electricity sector in Spain
The electricity sector in Spain describes electricity in Spain. In 2008 Spain consumed electricity 88 % compared to the European Union 15 average. Spain exported about 3 % of the produced electricity in 2009. The volume of renewable electricity :rose 5 % shares of the electricity use in 2009...
(14.4%), Portugal(14%) and Ireland (10.1%).
Grid
Grid owners included in 2008 RWERWE
RWE AG , is a German electric power and natural gas public utility company based in Essen. Through its various subsidiaries, the energy company contributes electricity and gas to more than 20 million electricity customers and 10 million gas customers, principally in Europe...
, EnBW
EnBW
EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg AG, or simply EnBW, is a publicly traded electric utilities company headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany.-History:...
, Vattenfall
Vattenfall
Vattenfall is a Swedish power company. The name Vattenfall is Swedish for waterfall, and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board...
and E.ON
E.ON
E.ON AG, marketed with an interpunct as E•ON, is the holding company of the world's largest investor-owned energy service provider based in Düsseldorf, Germany. The name comes from the Greek word aeon which means eternity....
. According to the European Comission the electricity pdoducers should not own the electricity grid to ensure free electicity competition. The European Comission accused E.ON
E.ON
E.ON AG, marketed with an interpunct as E•ON, is the holding company of the world's largest investor-owned energy service provider based in Düsseldorf, Germany. The name comes from the Greek word aeon which means eternity....
of the misuse of markets in February 2008. Consequently, E.ON sold its share of the grid network.
- 50Hertz Transmission GmbH50Hertz Transmission GmbH50Hertz Transmission GmbH is one of the four Transmission system operators for electricity in East Germany. It is a member of European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity ....
(owned by Elia, formerly owned by Vattenfall) - Amprion GmbH (RWE)
- Tennet TSO GmbH (owned by Tennet, formerly owned by EON)
- EnBW TNG (EnBW)