Electricity sector in Russia
Encyclopedia
The electricity sector in Russia describes electricity in Russia
. In the year 2008 electricity as gross production was produced with gas
48 %, coal
and peat
19 %, hydro electricity 16 % and nuclear power
16 %.
In 2008 the end use of electricity was 4.3 % (726 TWh) of the world total (16,819 TWh). In 2008 the gross production of electricity was 5.1 % (1,038 TWh) of the world total (20,181 TWh).
According to the IEA
the Russian gross production of electricity was 1,038 TWh in 2008 and 930 TWh in 2004 giving the 4 th top position among the world producers in 2008. Top ten countries produced 67 % of electricity in 2008. The top producers were: 1) United States 21.5 % 2) China 17.1% 3) Japan
5.3 % 4) Russia
5.1 % 5) India 4.1 % 6) Canada 3.2 % 7) Germany
3.1 % 8) France
2.8 % 9) Brazil
2.3 % and 10) South Korea 2.2 %. The rest of the world produced 33 %.
fuelled electricity was 48 % of the gross electricity production in 2008 in Russia (495 TWh / 1,038 TWh.
and peat
electricity was 19 % of the gross electricity production in 2008 in Russia (187 TWh / 1,038 TWh).
15.7 % of Russian domestic electricity was generated by nuclear power in 2008. The top producers were the United States 838 TWh, second France
439 TWh and third Japan
258 TWh followed by Russia
163 TWh, South Korea 151 TWh, Germany
148 TWh, Canada 94 TWh, Ukraine 90 TWh, China 68 TWh, Sweden
64 TWh.
In 2009 Russia had in total 31 nuclear reactors and installed capacity in 2008 23 GW.
projects sales can be significant – in the billions of euros in the cases of Russia. If a number of (relatively strict) criteria were filled JI projects could be implemented during the Kyoto protocol agreement, for which no international third-party checking or UN approval was needed. According to Transparency International
a lack of regulation in carbon trading
poses the risk of fraud. In 2009 it was not in all cases clear which government organisations had the authority to sell the surplus and how transparently and accountably such transfers of public wealth were carried out.
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. In the year 2008 electricity as gross production was produced with gas
Gas
Gas is one of the three classical states of matter . Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. As heat is added to this substance it melts into a liquid at its melting point , boils into a gas at its boiling point, and if heated high enough would enter a plasma state in which the electrons...
48 %, coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
and peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
19 %, hydro electricity 16 % and nuclear power
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity...
16 %.
Consumption
| Power end use (TWh and %) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | World | Russia % | |
| 1990 | 827 | 9,708 | 8.5 % |
| 1995 | 618 | 10,859 | 5.7 % |
| 2000 | 609 | 12,665 | 4.8 % |
| 2004 | 646 | 14,415 | 4.4 % |
| 2005 | 650 | 15,064 | 4.3 % |
| 2006 | 682 | 15,712 | 4.3 % |
| 2007 | 701 | 16,487 | 4.3 % |
| 2008 | 726 | 16,819 | 4.3 % |
| Note: Gross use of electricity 2008: Russia 1,038 TWh, the world 20,181 TWh | |||
In 2008 the end use of electricity was 4.3 % (726 TWh) of the world total (16,819 TWh). In 2008 the gross production of electricity was 5.1 % (1,038 TWh) of the world total (20,181 TWh).
Mode of production
| Gross production of electricity by power source in Russia (TWh) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | Export | Gas | Coal/Peat | Nuclear Nuclear power in Russia In 2010 total electricity generated in nuclear power plants in Russia was 170.1 TWh, 16% of all power generation. The installed capacity of Russian nuclear reactors stood at 21,244 MW.... |
Hydro | |
| 2004 | 930 | 20 | 421 | 161 | 145 | 176 |
| 2008 | 1,038 | 18 | 495 | 197 | 163 | 167 |
| 2008 | 47.7 % | 19 % | 15.7 % | 16.1 % | ||
| Note: The end use (2008) Russia 726 TWh. | ||||||
According to the IEA
International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis...
the Russian gross production of electricity was 1,038 TWh in 2008 and 930 TWh in 2004 giving the 4 th top position among the world producers in 2008. Top ten countries produced 67 % of electricity in 2008. The top producers were: 1) United States 21.5 % 2) China 17.1% 3) Japan
Electricity sector in Japan
The electric power industry in Japan covers the generation, transmission, distribution, and sale of electric energy in Japan.- Consumption :In 2008, Japan consumed an average of 8507 kWh/person of electricity...
5.3 % 4) Russia
Electricity sector in Russia
The electricity sector in Russia describes electricity in Russia. In the year 2008 electricity as gross production was produced with gas 48 %, coal and peat 19 %, hydro electricity 16 % and nuclear power 16 %.-Consumption:...
5.1 % 5) India 4.1 % 6) Canada 3.2 % 7) Germany
Electricity sector in Germany
The electricity sector in Germany included in the year 2009 fossil fuelled power 61 %, nuclear power 23 % and renewable energy 18 %. Germany has defined a phase-out policy of nuclear power by 2022...
3.1 % 8) France
Electricity sector in France
The electricity sector in France is the main article of electricity in France. Energy in France focus energy and electricity production, consumption and import in France. Energy policy of France will describe the politics of France related to energy more in detail.In the year 2009 electricity was...
2.8 % 9) Brazil
Electricity sector in Brazil
Brazil has the largest electricity market in South America, with a power consumption that is more than double the combined consumption of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Uruguay. Its installed capacity is comparable to that of Italy and the United Kingdom, although with a much larger transmission...
2.3 % and 10) South Korea 2.2 %. The rest of the world produced 33 %.
Gas
The share of natural gasNatural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons . It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for fertilizers.Most natural...
fuelled electricity was 48 % of the gross electricity production in 2008 in Russia (495 TWh / 1,038 TWh.
Coal and peat
The share of coalCoal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
and peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
electricity was 19 % of the gross electricity production in 2008 in Russia (187 TWh / 1,038 TWh).
Nuclear power
In 2008 Russian federation was 4 th top in the nuclear electricity production with 163 TWh (6% of the world total). According to the IEAInternational Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis...
15.7 % of Russian domestic electricity was generated by nuclear power in 2008. The top producers were the United States 838 TWh, second France
Electricity sector in France
The electricity sector in France is the main article of electricity in France. Energy in France focus energy and electricity production, consumption and import in France. Energy policy of France will describe the politics of France related to energy more in detail.In the year 2009 electricity was...
439 TWh and third Japan
Electricity sector in Japan
The electric power industry in Japan covers the generation, transmission, distribution, and sale of electric energy in Japan.- Consumption :In 2008, Japan consumed an average of 8507 kWh/person of electricity...
258 TWh followed by Russia
Electricity sector in Russia
The electricity sector in Russia describes electricity in Russia. In the year 2008 electricity as gross production was produced with gas 48 %, coal and peat 19 %, hydro electricity 16 % and nuclear power 16 %.-Consumption:...
163 TWh, South Korea 151 TWh, Germany
Electricity sector in Germany
The electricity sector in Germany included in the year 2009 fossil fuelled power 61 %, nuclear power 23 % and renewable energy 18 %. Germany has defined a phase-out policy of nuclear power by 2022...
148 TWh, Canada 94 TWh, Ukraine 90 TWh, China 68 TWh, Sweden
Electricity sector in Sweden
Sweden relies on hydro power and nuclear power. In 2008 the consumption of electricity in Sweden was 16 018 kWh per inhabitant. The European union average was 7 409 kWh/person....
64 TWh.
In 2009 Russia had in total 31 nuclear reactors and installed capacity in 2008 23 GW.
Nuclear reactor construction and export
In 2006 Russia had exported nuclear reactors to Armenia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, India, Iran, Lithuania, Slovak Republic and Ukraine. In Russia, the average construction time was in 1) 1965-1976 57 months and 2) 1977-1993 72-89 months, but the four plants that have been completed since then have taken around 180 months (15 years), due to increased opposition following the Chernobyl accident and the political changes after 1992.Hydro power
In 2008 hydroelectricy was produced 167 TWh with 47 GW capacity. Russia had 5 th top positition and 5.1 % production of the world total hydro electricity. The top producers were 1) China 585 TWh, 2) Canada 383 TWh 3) Brazil 370 TWh 4) United States 282 TWh. The use of other renewable sources for electricity in 2008 was not significant in Russian Federation according to the statistics of IEA in terms of electricity volume in 2008.Kyoto carbon allowances
The revenues from Kyoto allowances via Joint ImplementationJoint Implementation
Joint implementation is one of three flexibility mechanisms set forth in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries with binding greenhouse gas emissions targets meet their obligations. JI is set forth in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol...
projects sales can be significant – in the billions of euros in the cases of Russia. If a number of (relatively strict) criteria were filled JI projects could be implemented during the Kyoto protocol agreement, for which no international third-party checking or UN approval was needed. According to Transparency International
Transparency International
Transparency International is a non-governmental organization that monitors and publicizes corporate and political corruption in international development. It publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions Index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide...
a lack of regulation in carbon trading
Carbon emission trading
Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading....
poses the risk of fraud. In 2009 it was not in all cases clear which government organisations had the authority to sell the surplus and how transparently and accountably such transfers of public wealth were carried out.