Electronic Road Pricing (Hong Kong)
Encyclopedia
The Hong Kong Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is an electronic toll collection
scheme first proposed in Hong Kong
as early as in the 1980s
to manage traffic by congestion pricing
. (Singapore
, first adopted ERP in 1998, was the first city in the world to implement electronic congestion pricing.)
Hong Kong first conducted a pilot test on the Electronic Road Pricing system between 1983 and 1985 with positive results. The study also included a simulation of the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
, a 12-hour toll collecting system enforced manually implemented in 1975, and itself also a world pioneering effort as the first practical implementation of congestion pricing ever. However, public opposition against Hong Kong ERP stalled its permanent implementation.
and the opposition towards further reclamation
of the Victoria Harbour
recently has led to advocates of the ERP as a possible alternative for road management. Thomas Chow, Deputy Secretary for the Environment, Transport and Works, noted, however, that the Central-Wan Chai Bypass
, to be built on the reclaimed land, is still needed because the ERP works best if an alternative road system is available, citing the Singapore and London
experiences whereby the systems were only implemented after bypasses and alternative routes were available.
Electronic toll collection
Electronic toll collection , an adaptation of military "identification friend or foe" technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically. It is thus a technological implementation of a road pricing concept...
scheme first proposed in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
as early as in the 1980s
1980s
File:1980s decade montage.png|thumb|400px|From left, clockwise: The first Space Shuttle, Columbia, lifted off in 1981; American President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev eased tensions between the two superpowers, leading to the end of the Cold War; The Fall of the Berlin Wall in...
to manage traffic by congestion pricing
Congestion pricing
Congestion pricing or congestion charges is a system of surcharging users of a transport network in periods of peak demand to reduce traffic congestion. Examples include some toll-like road pricing fees, and higher peak charges for utilities, public transport and slots in canals and airports...
. (Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, first adopted ERP in 1998, was the first city in the world to implement electronic congestion pricing.)
Hong Kong first conducted a pilot test on the Electronic Road Pricing system between 1983 and 1985 with positive results. The study also included a simulation of the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
Singapore Area Licensing Scheme
The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme , introduced in 1975, charged drivers entering downtown Singapore, and thereby aimed to manage traffic demand. This was the first urban traffic congestion pricing scheme to be successfully implemented in the world...
, a 12-hour toll collecting system enforced manually implemented in 1975, and itself also a world pioneering effort as the first practical implementation of congestion pricing ever. However, public opposition against Hong Kong ERP stalled its permanent implementation.
Current developments
New studies conducted in the 1990s1990s
File:1990s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope floats in space after it was taken up in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields and the USA Lexie in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; The signing of the Oslo Accords on...
and the opposition towards further reclamation
Land reclamation in Hong Kong
Land is in short supply in Hong Kong, and land reclamation has been conducted there since the mid-19th century.-Projects:One of the earliest and famous project was the Praya Reclamation Scheme, which added 50 to of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction...
of the Victoria Harbour
Victoria Harbour
Victoria Harbour is a natural landform harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. The harbour's deep, sheltered waters and strategic location on the South China Sea were instrumental in Hong Kong's establishment as a British colony and its subsequent...
recently has led to advocates of the ERP as a possible alternative for road management. Thomas Chow, Deputy Secretary for the Environment, Transport and Works, noted, however, that the Central-Wan Chai Bypass
Central-Wan Chai Bypass
The Central-Wan Chai Bypass is a proposed 4 km trunk road running between Central and Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. The original design consists of a 2.3 km dual 3-lane tunnel running under new reclamation areas which will be provided by Central and Wan Chai Reclamation project, and also...
, to be built on the reclaimed land, is still needed because the ERP works best if an alternative road system is available, citing the Singapore and London
London congestion charge
The London congestion charge is a fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone , a traffic area in London. The charge aims to reduce congestion, and raise investment funds for London's transport system...
experiences whereby the systems were only implemented after bypasses and alternative routes were available.
See also
- Road pricingRoad pricingRoad pricing is an economic concept regarding the various direct charges applied for the use of roads. The road charges includes fuel taxes, licence fees, parking taxes, tolls, and congestion charges, including those which may vary by time of day, by the specific road, or by the specific vehicle...
- Congestion pricingCongestion pricingCongestion pricing or congestion charges is a system of surcharging users of a transport network in periods of peak demand to reduce traffic congestion. Examples include some toll-like road pricing fees, and higher peak charges for utilities, public transport and slots in canals and airports...
- Milan EcopassEcopassThe Ecopass program is a traffic pollution charge implemented in Milan, Italy, as an urban toll for some motorists traveling within a designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL , corresponding to the central Cerchia dei Bastioni area and encircling around . The Ecopass was implemented as a one-year...
- Electronic toll collectionElectronic toll collectionElectronic toll collection , an adaptation of military "identification friend or foe" technology, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically. It is thus a technological implementation of a road pricing concept...
- Electronic Road Pricing (Singapore)
- London Congestion ChargeLondon congestion chargeThe London congestion charge is a fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone , a traffic area in London. The charge aims to reduce congestion, and raise investment funds for London's transport system...
- Singapore Area Licensing SchemeSingapore Area Licensing SchemeThe Singapore Area Licensing Scheme , introduced in 1975, charged drivers entering downtown Singapore, and thereby aimed to manage traffic demand. This was the first urban traffic congestion pricing scheme to be successfully implemented in the world...
- Stockholm congestion taxStockholm congestion taxThe Stockholm congestion tax , also found referred to as the Stockholm congestion charge, is a congestion pricing system implemented as a tax levied on most vehicles entering and exiting central Stockholm, Sweden...
External links
- Feasibility Study on Electronic Road Pricing, April 2001 - Hong Kong Government
- Finance Committee (Papers) 7 Jun 96 - Finance Committee, Legislative Council
- Panel on Transport (Papers) 13 Mar 98 - Panel on Transport, Legislative Council
- Transport Management, Hong Kong Annual Report 1999
- "Electronic Road Pricing: Developments in Hong Kong 1983-89" in Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 24 (2), May 1990, pp. 203-214 (AdobeAdobe SystemsAdobe Systems Incorporated is an American computer software company founded in 1982 and headquartered in San Jose, California, United States...
AcrobatAdobe AcrobatAdobe Acrobat is a family of application software developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format . All members of the family, except Adobe Reader , are commercial software, while the latter is available as freeware and can be downloaded...
PDF format) - Electronic Road Pricing Hong Kong - Wilbur Smith Associates
- "Transport for Urban Development in Hong Kong" Timothy D. Hau, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong ERP Trial
- Innovative techniques for electronic road pricing
- Evaluation of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) Technology for Hong Kong - The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Clean the Air - Hong Kong
- Sustainable Transport in Hong Kong - The Dynamics of the Transport Related Decision-Making Process - Jarrad Brownlee, Civic Exchange, July 2001
- http://www.springerlink.com/index/W76M8J7M16H55281.pdf