Electronic performance support systems
Encyclopedia
An Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS) is any computer software program or component that improves user performance.
Electronic Performance Support Systems is also the name of a book, published in 1991, by Gloria Gery.
. By using this type of system an employee, especially a new employee, will not only be able to complete his or her work more quickly and accurately, but, as a secondary benefit, will also learn more about the job and the employer's business.
An EPSS should be considered when workers require knowledge to achieve individual performance in a business environment. It should furthermore be considered when skilled performers are spending a lot of time helping less skilled performers; when new workers must begin to perform immediately and training is impractical, unavailable or constrained; or when employees need to be guided through a complex process or task that cannot be memorized. These situations often occur when new systems (e.g. Customer Relationship Management
, Enterprise Resource Planning
) are introduced, upgraded or consolidated, and in certain call centres when agents must perform using complex systems, processes or products.
There are different views about the components and characteristics of EPSS. For example, from Barker and Banerji’s (1995) point of view, an EPSS has four functional levels, which should be brought together successfully. The first level is the user interface shell (the human computer interface) and the database; the second one is generic tools (help system, documentation, text retrieval system, intelligent agents, tutoring facility, simulation tools and communication resources); the third one is application-specific support tools; and the final level is a target application domain (schools, particular business settings, military, etc.).
Also in 1991, Barry Raybould gave a shorter definition:
From a business perspective, a former Nortel Networks executive, William Bezanson (2002) provides a definition linked to application usability and organizational results:
system. On-line help usually supports a single software application and is not necessarily focused on the entire range of job tasks (which may involve multiple applications), but just that specific software. With online help, cross-referencing is often not available and the information provided is limited and rarely combined with procedures or complex tasks. Perhaps most critically, on-line help cannot be customized to the user or the job task; in fact, the same software screen may require different inputs depending on the user and job task.
simulation
s that replay a series of steps on-demand within a software application. Simulations are more closely associated with on-demand training, not just-in-time support, because of the longer time considerations, complexity, and media restrictions for playing a simulation. An EPSS can be considered a part of the e-learning
category, as it is on-demand learning, and notes that the EPSS modality fits more within the informal learning definition.
is the noun corresponding to the verb of performance support. The knowledge documented in the system plays a critical role in any EPSS system. This concept was originated by Raybould (1997) who separates out the repository, delivery and infrastructure aspects of the EPSS from the knowledge base it contains. In fact, Bezanson emphasizes the advantage that an LMS (learning management system
) will interface with the EPSS to supply the knowledge base, content/courseware, or other tracking capabilities that an EPSS may require if the LMS precedes the implementation of the EPSS.
and work have been noted by followers of the trend towards more informal learning
systems driven by knowledge management systems.
Tony O’ Discroll (1999) summarizes:
To this day, analysts such as Forrester
’s Claire Schooley and Bersin & Associates' Chris Howard write similarly themed articles based on their research in informal learning, technology and training.
Electronic Performance Support Systems is also the name of a book, published in 1991, by Gloria Gery.
Uses
Electronic performance support systems can help an organization to reduce the cost of training staff while increasing productivity and performance. It can empower employees to perform tasks with a minimum amount of external intervention or trainingTraining
The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of...
. By using this type of system an employee, especially a new employee, will not only be able to complete his or her work more quickly and accurately, but, as a secondary benefit, will also learn more about the job and the employer's business.
An EPSS should be considered when workers require knowledge to achieve individual performance in a business environment. It should furthermore be considered when skilled performers are spending a lot of time helping less skilled performers; when new workers must begin to perform immediately and training is impractical, unavailable or constrained; or when employees need to be guided through a complex process or task that cannot be memorized. These situations often occur when new systems (e.g. Customer Relationship Management
Customer relationship management
Customer relationship management is a widely implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes—principally sales activities, but also those for marketing,...
, Enterprise Resource Planning
Enterprise resource planning
Enterprise resource planning systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application...
) are introduced, upgraded or consolidated, and in certain call centres when agents must perform using complex systems, processes or products.
There are different views about the components and characteristics of EPSS. For example, from Barker and Banerji’s (1995) point of view, an EPSS has four functional levels, which should be brought together successfully. The first level is the user interface shell (the human computer interface) and the database; the second one is generic tools (help system, documentation, text retrieval system, intelligent agents, tutoring facility, simulation tools and communication resources); the third one is application-specific support tools; and the final level is a target application domain (schools, particular business settings, military, etc.).
Advantages
- Reducing the complexity or number of steps required to perform a task
- Providing the performance information an employee needs to perform a task
- Providing a decision support system that enables an employee to identify the action that is appropriate for a particular set of conditions
Definitions
In Electronic Performance Support Systems, published in 1991, Gloria Gery defined EPSS as:an integrated electronic environment that is available to and easily
accessible by each employee and is structured to provide immediate, individualized
on-line access to the full range of information, software, guidance, advice and
assistance, data, images, tools, and assessment and monitoring systems to permit
job performance with minimal support and intervention by others.
Also in 1991, Barry Raybould gave a shorter definition:
a computer-based system that improves worker productivity by providing on-the-job access to integrated information, advice, and learning experiences.
From a business perspective, a former Nortel Networks executive, William Bezanson (2002) provides a definition linked to application usability and organizational results:
A performance support system provides just-in-time, just enough training, information, tools, and help for users of a product or work environment, to enable optimum performance by those users when and where needed, thereby also enhancing the performance of the overall business.
EPSS v. Online help
An EPSS must be distinguished from a traditional online helpOnline help
Online help is topic-oriented, procedural or reference information delivered through computer software. It is a form of user assistance. Most online help is designed to give assistance in the use of a software application or operating system, but can also be used to present information on a broad...
system. On-line help usually supports a single software application and is not necessarily focused on the entire range of job tasks (which may involve multiple applications), but just that specific software. With online help, cross-referencing is often not available and the information provided is limited and rarely combined with procedures or complex tasks. Perhaps most critically, on-line help cannot be customized to the user or the job task; in fact, the same software screen may require different inputs depending on the user and job task.
EPSS v. e-learning simulations
EPSS must also be differentiated from e-learningE-learning
E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The information and communication systems, whether networked learning or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process...
simulation
Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of some real thing available, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system....
s that replay a series of steps on-demand within a software application. Simulations are more closely associated with on-demand training, not just-in-time support, because of the longer time considerations, complexity, and media restrictions for playing a simulation. An EPSS can be considered a part of the e-learning
E-learning
E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching. The information and communication systems, whether networked learning or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process...
category, as it is on-demand learning, and notes that the EPSS modality fits more within the informal learning definition.
EPSS v. Knowledge management
In his book, Bezanson points out that knowledge managementKnowledge management
Knowledge management comprises a range of strategies and practices used in an organization to identify, create, represent, distribute, and enable adoption of insights and experiences...
is the noun corresponding to the verb of performance support. The knowledge documented in the system plays a critical role in any EPSS system. This concept was originated by Raybould (1997) who separates out the repository, delivery and infrastructure aspects of the EPSS from the knowledge base it contains. In fact, Bezanson emphasizes the advantage that an LMS (learning management system
Learning management system
A learning management system is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, and reporting of training programs, classroom and online events, e-learning programs, and training content...
) will interface with the EPSS to supply the knowledge base, content/courseware, or other tracking capabilities that an EPSS may require if the LMS precedes the implementation of the EPSS.
EPSS v. Training
EPSS’s role in the future of trainingTraining
The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of...
and work have been noted by followers of the trend towards more informal learning
Informal learning
Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the OECD. The other two are formal and non-formal learning. Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this...
systems driven by knowledge management systems.
Tony O’ Discroll (1999) summarizes:
As the pace of technological change speeds up, many jobs will require constant adaptation, because of new information and new task requirements. In this context, the distinction between learning and work will disappear. A trend toward integrating training with on-the-job activities will be a result. This trend will extend itself to the point that training, as a distinct function, will no longer be the primary learning vehicle for many types of jobs. Works will use on-the-job information systems instead.
To this day, analysts such as Forrester
Forrester Research
Forrester Research is an independent technology and market research company that provides its clients with advice about technology's impact on business and consumers. Forrester Research has five research centers in the US: Cambridge, Massachusetts; New York, New York; San Francisco, California;...
’s Claire Schooley and Bersin & Associates' Chris Howard write similarly themed articles based on their research in informal learning, technology and training.
See also
- Electronic learning
- IntranetIntranetAn intranet is a computer network that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that organization. The term is used in contrast to internet, a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network...
- Perfect Phrases for Managers - Simple performance management tool for managers (McGraw-Hill)
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