Electropneumatic paintball marker - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

An electropneumatic paintball marker is a paintball marker

Paintball marker

A paintball marker, also known as a paintball gun, is the main piece of equipment in the sport of paintball. Markers use an expanding gas, such as carbon dioxide or compressed air, to propel paintballs through the barrel. Some paintball players refer to the piece of equipment as a "marker" rather...

that utilizes a pneumatic solenoid

Solenoid

A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. In physics, the term solenoid refers to a long, thin loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through it. Solenoids are important because they can create...

to actuate the hammer and/or bolt's movement.

History and basic operation

The origin of the electropneumatic paintball marker is the subject of a patent dispute

Patent infringement

Patent infringement is the commission of a prohibited act with respect to a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. Permission may typically be granted in the form of a license. The definition of patent infringement may vary by jurisdiction, but it typically includes using or...

, but is generally acknowledged to have happened more or less simultaneously with the introduction of WDP

WDP

WDP can refer to:* Web Development Partnership, an independent charitable association in the web development industry.* Wireless Datagram Protocol, a datagram-oriented element of the Wireless Application Protocol suite....

's Angel

Angel (paintball)

The Angel is an electropneumatic paintball marker manufactured by Angel Paintball Sports in 1997, alongside Smart Parts' original Shocker....

and PneuVenture's Shocker

Shocker (paintball marker)

The Shocker is a series of electropneumatic paintball markers manufactured by Smart Parts. The original Shocker was built by PneuVentures and distributed by Smart Parts in the US in 1995. It is now discontinued, but was the first electropneumatic paintball marker on the market at the time...

, marketed by Smart Parts

Smart Parts

Smart Parts was a paintball manufacturing company in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, which filed for liquidation on 28 July 2010.As of August 22, 2010 Smart Parts Assets and IP was Acquired by Kee Action Sports. - Products :...

, both in 1996. The markers were operated differently; they were similar only to the extent that they both make use of one or more microswitch-controlled solenoid valve

Solenoid valve

A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports...

s.

The Shocker used two solenoid-operated control valves in order to obtain separate controls over the ball loading sequence and the air delivery sequence. The Angel made use of a linked hammer and bolt assembly, which permitted the use of a single solenoid to actuate the entire firing sequence by controlling a piston that powered the hammer/bolt assembly forward, simultaneously chambering a paintball and releasing the propulsion gases at the end of the hammer's stroke.

The twin-solenoid arrangement of the Shocker permitted slightly lower operating pressures to be used, however the drastically simpler arrangement of the Angel provided a faster firing sequence, which ultimately proved to be favored by the players and as a result the basic operating principle behind the Angel has remained unchanged (indeed, it has even been copied many times over by a series of "stacked tube electros"), whereas the Shocker has gone through a series of revisions that culminated in a complete redesign in 2003, and now utilizes a single solenoid powering the increasingly popular mechanical configuration known as a "spool bolt".

It is also worth noting that while these two markers essentially tied for first electropneumatic markers to market, both designs were pre-dated (by years in some cases) by a series of homemade electropneumatic "kits" that modified pre-existing markers such as the Autococker

Autococker

The Autococker, also known as the AutoCocker, or Cocker, is a closed-bolt semiautomatic paintball marker manufactured by Worr Game Products...

or Sterling.

Backlash

The increased availability and use of these markers also encouraged a movement that had already been chafing at the previous technology advances of paintball. These players desired a return to the days of pump markers, ten round capacity, and 12-gram CO₂ "powerlets". The movement eventually became what is known today as "Stock-Class Paintball

Stock paintball

Stockclass paintball is a paintball game variant, in which players are restricted to use the most basic paintball markers to tag opponents with.-The rules:Stock paintball players must adhere to the following rules, in regards to usable paintball markers....

Necessities of very fast guns

The Angel and the Shocker exacerbated a fundamental problem that had been brewing in the sport—as markers got quieter, with less vibration and kick, the vibration that used to keep paintballs from jamming in the hopper

Hopper

Hopper may refer to:-Mechanical parts:* A general term for a chute with additional width and depth for temporary storage* Hopper , a large container used for dust collection* Part of a combine harvester...

feedneck went away. The solution was a move to motorized loaders, most notably the ViewLoader Revolution, which used a paddle to agitate the balls whenever an infrared beam in the feedneck became uninterrupted.

However, the reality of gravity set in, and it was obvious that to satisfy the appetites of the modern marker, the loader manufacturers were going to need to force the paintballs down the feedneck faster than mere gravity would allow. As a result, modern markers now feature Empire's Reloader B2 and MagnaDrive, Dye's Rotor, ViewLoader's VLocity, Odyssey's Halo, The Q-Loader and the Draxxus Pulse systems, each feeding at rates of 22 balls-per-second or more.

Ball detection systems

Two main ball-detection systems were created to ensure that a ball is present in the chamber when the player pulls the trigger. These systems were needed because, even as the loaders fed paint ever-faster into the markers, so too did the markers develop shorter firing cycles and more responsive electronics. Descriptions of the two BDS's and their subtypes follow:

Infrared "Eye" (Optointerrupter or Break-Beam)

Makes use of an infrared emitter and receiver to detect the presence of a ball based on whether or not a ball in the feed tube blocks a beam from reaching a receiver on the opposite side.

Reflective

Detects whether a ball is present based on amount of emitted light reflected back to a sensor.

Weight sensor

Detects presence of a ball based on force applied to a rod within the at the base of the chamber, which converts that force to an electrical signal via a piezoelectric "pad".

COPS/COPS2

A rod pokes up into the firing chamber so that the tip just comes into contact with the bottom of the ball. The rod is oscillated at an extremely high frequency (imperceptible to humans) by a crystal on the control board, and when a ball falls into the chamber and hits the rod, the oscillation is affected, allowing the marker to detect when the ball is fully chambered.

Sensi

As COPS, above, but the calibration of the software to detect ball presence is automatic. Note also that Sensi incorporates an LDS (Load Detection System) that allows it to detect presence of balls further up the stack, occasionally allowing exceedingly-fast performance when it detects a full, pressured stack.

Noise activated

Using electronic "ears" hoppers will "listen" for the marker to fire and feed the next ball accordingly. This saves batteries if the hopper is left on, and since it does not require an "eye," it does not run the risk of impaired performance due to a dirty or obstructed sensor.

Although it stops excess battery use, when in an intense firefight, with nearby players, the hopper might load accidentally as the reports of other markers can deceive the sound sensor.

External links

ZDSPB.com Tech Articles - In-depth articles on how markers work, with animations and diagrams.
AngelFAQ.com - Extensive tutorial on how the modern Angel paintball marker works.
Review on Paintball Guns

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.