Elizabeth Loftus
Encyclopedia
Elizabeth F. Loftus is an American psychologist
and expert on human memory
. She has conducted extensive research on the misinformation effect
and the nature of false memories
. Loftus has been recognized throughout the world for her work, receiving numerous awards and honorary degrees. In 2002, Loftus was 58th in a list of the 100 most influential researchers in psychology in the 20th century, and the highest ranked woman on the list.
in 1966 and her MA (1967) and Ph.D (1970) in psychology from Stanford University
.
, and a Fellow of the Committee of Skeptical Inquiry's CSICOP Executive Council. She is also a Professor of Law.
One of her studies is the reconstruction of automobile destruction
study, which is an example of the misinformation effect
. She also developed the lost in the mall technique
as a method of testing her hypothesis that false memories
can be clinically created. Her pilot study of the lost in the mall technique has been criticized for the ethics used in acquiring subjects and for being used to draw inappropriate conclusions about false memories and therapeutic techniques. Loftus published a rebuttal to these criticisms by pointing out the variety of errors, exaggerations and omissions regarding the research that may represent a deliberate attempt to distort her work, and stated that the criticisms appeared to be based on personal animosity rather than a valid understanding of the research. Loftus also pointed out that the study design and findings had been replicated repeatedly, demonstrating the soundness of the conclusions. Regarding the ethics of the creation of the study, Loftus stated that it was primarily a colleague who "piloted" the study with his daughter, and later revisited the idea as part of an undergraduate class she was teaching, and emphasized that participants demonstrated no adverse effects upon follow-up.
Loftus has also been involved in the trials of Ted Bundy
, O. J. Simpson
, the Hillside Strangler
s, and the McMartin preschool trial
workers. Loftus is a member of the Scientific and Professional Advisory Board of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation
.
case against Presidential aide Lewis Libby
. Under cross-examination by Patrick Fitzgerald
, Loftus struggled to explain her research and apparent contradictions between her testimony and her work, also stating that based on comments by her peers and even her own work that there were limitations in her methods and conclusions.
as part of the day care sex abuse hysteria, Loftus was subject to on-line harassment by Diana Napolis. A conspiracy theorist
, Napolis believed Loftus was engaged in satanic ritual abuse
or assisted in covering up these crimes as part of a larger conspiracy. After addressing a scientific conference in New Zealand, Loftus was accosted by a group of protesters who alleged she had abused children, in part basing their accusations on Napolis' web postings.
. The suit involved allegations of invasion of privacy and other torts, and resulted in twenty of the twenty-one counts against Loftus being dismissed as a "strategic lawsuit against public participation
". In February, 2007, the Supreme Court of California
dismissed all counts but Taus's claim that Loftus misrepresented herself as Corwin's supervisor in interviewing Taus's foster mother. The case was settled in August, 2007 when Loftus' insurance company agreed to a nuisance settlement
of $7,500 rather than cover the cost of a trial, and both paid their own legal costs. In November, 2007 Taus was required to pay $246,000 to others she had sued.
Loftus published her own analysis of the case in 2009.
symposium on November 2006. She was a keynote speaker at The British Psychological Society Annual Conference in 2011, held in Glasgow on May 4–6.
, the Western Psychological Association, and the American Psychology-Law Society
. Loftus was the 2005 recipient of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award
for Psychology. In February 2011, Elizabeth Loftus received the 2010 AAAS
Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award.
On February 19, 2011 Committee For Skeptical Inquiry CSICOP fellow Elizabeth Loftus was awarded the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award. In her acceptance speech Loftus states that the word “freedom” is personally important to her, as when she began speaking out about repressed memory, she never imagined she would become “the target of organized, relentless vitriol and harassment”. Loftus feels that today's world is for science is a perilous one. If scientists want to preserve their freedoms they need to speak out “against even the most cherished beliefs that reflect unsubstantiated myths”.
Japanese edition: Iwanami Shoten Publishers, Tokyo.
Human Memory: The Processing of Information. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1976) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Japanese edition: University of Tokyo Press.
Cognitive Processes. Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R. L., & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Eyewitness Testimony. Loftus, E.F. (1979). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.(National Media Award, Distinguished Contribution, 1980). (Reissued with new Preface in 1996).
Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo, Tokyo.
Memory. Loftus, E.F. (1980). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (Reprinted by NY: Ardsley Press 1988).
Swedish edition: Liber Forlag, Stockholm.
Hebrew edition: Or Am, Tel-Aviv.
French edition: Le Jour, Editeur.
Spanish edition: Compania Editorial Continental.
Danish edition: Hernon Publishers.
Psychology. Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1981). New York: Random House (Knopf).
Essence of Statistics. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Psychology Today Bootzin, R., Loftus, E., & Zajonc, R. (1983). (5th ed.). NY: Random House.
Mind at Play. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1983). New York: Basic Books.
Japanese edition: Companion Shuppan Ltd.
Eyewitness Testimony—Psychological perspectives. Wells, G. & Loftus, E.F. (Eds.) (1984). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Psychology (2nd ed.) Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). NY: Random House (Knopf).
Cognitive Processes. Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R.L., Loftus, E.F., & Healy, A. (1986). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J. (1987). NY: Kluwer.
Statistics. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). New York: Random House.
Psychology (3rd ed.). Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). NY: Random House (Knopf).
Witness for the Defense; The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1991) NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Chinese Translation: Taiwan: Business Weekly Publications 1999..
Psychology (4th ed.) Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) NY: McGraw Hill.
Eyewitness Testimony - Civil and Criminal. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1992) Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Co.
The Myth of Repressed Memory. Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1994) NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Dutch edition: Graven in het geheugen, Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Uitgeverji L.J. Veen (1995)
German edition: Die Therapierte erinnerung. (translated by Ingrid Klein): Hamburg: Verlag GmbH. (1995).
French edition: Le syndrome des faux souvenirs. Collection Regard Critique: Editions Exergue,(1997). Bastei Lubbe Publishing.
Taiwanese Translation: Yuan Liou Publishing.
Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo Publishers (2000).
Korean edition: Dosol Publishing (2008)
Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 3rd edition. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1997) Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing.
Psychology (5th edition). Wortman, C.B., Loftus, E.F., & Weaver, C. (1999) NY: McGraw Hill.
Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 4th edition. Loftus, E.F., Doyle, J.M. & Dysert, J. (2008) Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing. (482 pages)
Psychologist
Psychologist is a professional or academic title used by individuals who are either:* Clinical professionals who work with patients in a variety of therapeutic contexts .* Scientists conducting psychological research or teaching psychology in a college...
and expert on human memory
Memory
In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory....
. She has conducted extensive research on the misinformation effect
Misinformation effect
The misinformation effect refers to the finding that exposure to misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memory. This effect occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading...
and the nature of false memories
Confabulation
Confabulation is the process in which a memory is remembered falsely. Confabulations are indicative of a complicated and intricate process that can be led astray at any given point during encoding, storage, or recall of a memory. Two distinct types of confabulation are often distinguished...
. Loftus has been recognized throughout the world for her work, receiving numerous awards and honorary degrees. In 2002, Loftus was 58th in a list of the 100 most influential researchers in psychology in the 20th century, and the highest ranked woman on the list.
Education
Loftus received her bachelor's degree in mathematics and psychology from the University of California, Los AngelesUniversity of California, Los Angeles
The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university located in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, USA. It was founded in 1919 as the "Southern Branch" of the University of California and is the second oldest of the ten campuses...
in 1966 and her MA (1967) and Ph.D (1970) in psychology from Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
.
Career
Loftus is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, the Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, and the Department of Cognitive Sciences, a Fellow of The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory at the University of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine
The University of California, Irvine , founded in 1965, is one of the ten campuses of the University of California, located in Irvine, California, USA...
, and a Fellow of the Committee of Skeptical Inquiry's CSICOP Executive Council. She is also a Professor of Law.
One of her studies is the reconstruction of automobile destruction
Reconstruction of Automobile destruction
Reconstruction of automobile destruction was a psychological study carried out by Elizabeth Loftus and Palmer in 1974. The aim of the study was to investigate whether or not an eye witness's memory can be altered by information supplied to them after an event...
study, which is an example of the misinformation effect
Misinformation effect
The misinformation effect refers to the finding that exposure to misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memory. This effect occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading...
. She also developed the lost in the mall technique
Lost in the mall technique
The "Lost in the Mall" technique is an experimental procedure that was used to demonstrate that confabulations can be created through suggestions made to experimental subjects...
as a method of testing her hypothesis that false memories
False memory
False memory syndrome describes a condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by memories which are factually incorrect but are strongly believed. Peter J...
can be clinically created. Her pilot study of the lost in the mall technique has been criticized for the ethics used in acquiring subjects and for being used to draw inappropriate conclusions about false memories and therapeutic techniques. Loftus published a rebuttal to these criticisms by pointing out the variety of errors, exaggerations and omissions regarding the research that may represent a deliberate attempt to distort her work, and stated that the criticisms appeared to be based on personal animosity rather than a valid understanding of the research. Loftus also pointed out that the study design and findings had been replicated repeatedly, demonstrating the soundness of the conclusions. Regarding the ethics of the creation of the study, Loftus stated that it was primarily a colleague who "piloted" the study with his daughter, and later revisited the idea as part of an undergraduate class she was teaching, and emphasized that participants demonstrated no adverse effects upon follow-up.
Loftus has also been involved in the trials of Ted Bundy
Ted Bundy
Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy was an American serial killer, rapist, kidnapper, and necrophile who assaulted and murdered numerous young women during the 1970s, and possibly earlier...
, O. J. Simpson
O. J. Simpson
Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson , nicknamed "The Juice", is a retired American collegiate and professional football player, football broadcaster, and actor...
, the Hillside Strangler
Hillside Strangler
The Hillside Strangler is the media epithet for two men, cousins Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, who were convicted of kidnapping, raping, torturing, and killing girls and women ranging in age from 12 to 28 years old during a four-month period from late 1977 to early 1978...
s, and the McMartin preschool trial
McMartin preschool trial
The McMartin preschool trial was a day care sexual abuse case of the 1980s. Members of the McMartin family, who operated a preschool in California, were charged with numerous acts of sexual abuse of children in their care. Accusations were made in 1983. Arrests and the pretrial investigation ran...
workers. Loftus is a member of the Scientific and Professional Advisory Board of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation
False Memory Syndrome Foundation
The False Memory Syndrome Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded in 1992 by Pamela and Peter Freyd, after being accused by their adult daughter Jennifer Freyd of sexual abuse when she was a child...
.
Testimony in Scooter Libby trial
On October 26, 2006, Loftus was called as the first defense witness in a pretrial hearing in the federal perjuryPerjury
Perjury, also known as forswearing, is the willful act of swearing a false oath or affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to a judicial proceeding. That is, the witness falsely promises to tell the truth about matters which affect the outcome of the...
case against Presidential aide Lewis Libby
Lewis Libby
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby is a former adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney, later disbarred and convicted of a felony....
. Under cross-examination by Patrick Fitzgerald
Patrick Fitzgerald
Patrick J. Fitzgerald is the current United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois and a member of the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel...
, Loftus struggled to explain her research and apparent contradictions between her testimony and her work, also stating that based on comments by her peers and even her own work that there were limitations in her methods and conclusions.
Harassment related to research
After criticizing the theory of recovered memory and testifying about the nature of memory and false allegations of child sexual abuseFalse allegation of child sexual abuse
A false allegation of child sexual abuse is an accusation that a person committed one or more acts of child sexual abuse when in reality there was no perpetration of abuse by the accused person as alleged. Such accusations can be brought by the alleged victim , or by another person on the alleged...
as part of the day care sex abuse hysteria, Loftus was subject to on-line harassment by Diana Napolis. A conspiracy theorist
Conspiracy theory
A conspiracy theory explains an event as being the result of an alleged plot by a covert group or organization or, more broadly, the idea that important political, social or economic events are the products of secret plots that are largely unknown to the general public.-Usage:The term "conspiracy...
, Napolis believed Loftus was engaged in satanic ritual abuse
Satanic ritual abuse
Satanic ritual abuse refers to the abuse of a person or animal in a ritual setting or manner...
or assisted in covering up these crimes as part of a larger conspiracy. After addressing a scientific conference in New Zealand, Loftus was accosted by a group of protesters who alleged she had abused children, in part basing their accusations on Napolis' web postings.
Jane Doe case
Loftus and the University of Washington were sued in 2003 by Nicole Taus regarding a 2002 publication which questioned the use of Taus as a case study regarding the accuracy of repressed and recovered memoriesRepressed memory
Repressed memory is a hypothetical concept used to describe a significant memory, usually of a traumatic nature, that has become unavailable for recall; also called motivated forgetting in which a subject blocks out painful or traumatic times in one's life...
. The suit involved allegations of invasion of privacy and other torts, and resulted in twenty of the twenty-one counts against Loftus being dismissed as a "strategic lawsuit against public participation
Strategic lawsuit against public participation
A strategic lawsuit against public participation is a lawsuit that is intended to censor, intimidate, and silence critics by burdening them with the cost of a legal defense until they abandon their criticism or opposition....
". In February, 2007, the Supreme Court of California
Supreme Court of California
The Supreme Court of California is the highest state court in California. It is headquartered in San Francisco and regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts.-Composition:...
dismissed all counts but Taus's claim that Loftus misrepresented herself as Corwin's supervisor in interviewing Taus's foster mother. The case was settled in August, 2007 when Loftus' insurance company agreed to a nuisance settlement
Frivolous litigation
In law, frivolous litigation is the practice of starting or carrying on law suits that, due to their lack of legal merit, have little to no chance of being won. The term does not include cases that may be lost due to other matters not related to legal merit...
of $7,500 rather than cover the cost of a trial, and both paid their own legal costs. In November, 2007 Taus was required to pay $246,000 to others she had sued.
Loftus published her own analysis of the case in 2009.
Other appearances
Loftus attended and was a speaker at the Beyond BeliefBeyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival
Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival, the first of The Science Network's annual Beyond Belief symposia, held from November 5 to November 7, 2006, was described by the New York Times, as "a free-for-all on science and religion," which seemed at times like "the founding convention...
symposium on November 2006. She was a keynote speaker at The British Psychological Society Annual Conference in 2011, held in Glasgow on May 4–6.
Honors and awards
A study published by the Review of General Psychology identifying the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century ranked Loftus 58th on the list, and she was the top ranked woman. Loftus has been the president of the Association for Psychological ScienceAssociation for Psychological Science
The Association for Psychological Science , previously the American Psychological Society, is a non-profit international organization whose mission is to promote, protect, and advance the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, teaching, and the improvement of...
, the Western Psychological Association, and the American Psychology-Law Society
American Psychology-Law Society
The American Psychology-Law Society is an academic society for legal and forensic psychologists, as well as general psychologists who are interested in the application of psychology to the law. AP-LS serves as Division 41 of the American Psychological Association and publishes the academic journal...
. Loftus was the 2005 recipient of the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award
Grawemeyer Award
The Grawemeyer Awards are five awards given annually by the University of Louisville in the state of Kentucky, United States. The prizes are presented to individuals in the fields of education, ideas improving world order, music composition, religion, and psychology...
for Psychology. In February 2011, Elizabeth Loftus received the 2010 AAAS
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science is an international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the...
Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award.
On February 19, 2011 Committee For Skeptical Inquiry CSICOP fellow Elizabeth Loftus was awarded the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science is an international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the...
Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award. In her acceptance speech Loftus states that the word “freedom” is personally important to her, as when she began speaking out about repressed memory, she never imagined she would become “the target of organized, relentless vitriol and harassment”. Loftus feels that today's world is for science is a perilous one. If scientists want to preserve their freedoms they need to speak out “against even the most cherished beliefs that reflect unsubstantiated myths”.
| Year | Award |
|---|---|
| 2001 | William James Fellow Award from the Association for Psychological Science Association for Psychological Science The Association for Psychological Science , previously the American Psychological Society, is a non-profit international organization whose mission is to promote, protect, and advance the interests of scientifically oriented psychology in research, application, teaching, and the improvement of... |
| 2003 | American Psychological Association American Psychological Association The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States. It is the world's largest association of psychologists with around 154,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. The APA... 's Award for Distinguished Scientific Applications of Psychology; delivered award address at 2003 APA's convention. |
| 2003 | Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and... |
| 2004 | Election to National Academy of Sciences United States National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and... |
| 2005 | Grawemeyer Award Grawemeyer Award The Grawemeyer Awards are five awards given annually by the University of Louisville in the state of Kentucky, United States. The prizes are presented to individuals in the fields of education, ideas improving world order, music composition, religion, and psychology... in Psychology |
| 2005 | Elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh Royal Society of Edinburgh The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotland's national academy of science and letters. It is a registered charity, operating on a wholly independent and non-party-political basis and providing public benefit throughout Scotland... |
| 2006 | Elected to the American Philosophical Society American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society, founded in 1743, and located in Philadelphia, Pa., is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation, that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications,... . |
Honorary doctorates
Loftus has also received a total of six honorary degrees in a variety of fields.| Year | Institution | Honorary degree |
|---|---|---|
| 1982 | Miami University Miami University Miami University is a coeducational public research university located in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1809, it is the 10th oldest public university in the United States and the second oldest university in Ohio, founded four years after Ohio University. In its 2012 edition, U.S... |
Doctor of Science |
| 1990 | Leiden University Leiden University Leiden University , located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close... , Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... |
Honoris Causa |
| 1994 | John Jay College of Criminal Justice John Jay College of Criminal Justice The John Jay College of Criminal Justice is a senior college of the City University of New York in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and is the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice and forensic focus in the United States. The college offers programs in Forensic Science and Forensic... , New York New York New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east... |
Doctor of Laws |
| 1998 | University of Portsmouth University of Portsmouth The University of Portsmouth is a university in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The University was ranked 60th out of 122 in The Sunday Times University Guide... , England England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental... |
Doctor of Science |
| 2005 | University of Haifa University of Haifa The University of Haifa is a university in Haifa, Israel.The University of Haifa was founded in 1963 by Haifa mayor Abba Hushi, to operate under the academic auspices of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.... , Israel Israel The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea... |
Doctor of Philosophy |
| 2008 | University of Oslo University of Oslo The University of Oslo , formerly The Royal Frederick University , is the oldest and largest university in Norway, situated in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. The university was founded in 1811 and was modelled after the recently established University of Berlin... , Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Honoris Causa |
Publications
Loftus has written or contributed to numerous publications, including books and some notable journal articles.Books
Learning. Mednick, S.A., Pollio, R. H. & Loftus, E.F. (1973). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Japanese edition: Iwanami Shoten Publishers, Tokyo.
Human Memory: The Processing of Information. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1976) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Japanese edition: University of Tokyo Press.
Cognitive Processes. Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R. L., & Loftus, E.F. (1979). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Eyewitness Testimony. Loftus, E.F. (1979). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.(National Media Award, Distinguished Contribution, 1980). (Reissued with new Preface in 1996).
Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo, Tokyo.
Memory. Loftus, E.F. (1980). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (Reprinted by NY: Ardsley Press 1988).
Swedish edition: Liber Forlag, Stockholm.
Hebrew edition: Or Am, Tel-Aviv.
French edition: Le Jour, Editeur.
Spanish edition: Compania Editorial Continental.
Danish edition: Hernon Publishers.
Psychology. Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1981). New York: Random House (Knopf).
Essence of Statistics. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1982). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Psychology Today Bootzin, R., Loftus, E., & Zajonc, R. (1983). (5th ed.). NY: Random House.
Mind at Play. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1983). New York: Basic Books.
Japanese edition: Companion Shuppan Ltd.
Eyewitness Testimony—Psychological perspectives. Wells, G. & Loftus, E.F. (Eds.) (1984). NY: Cambridge University Press.
Psychology (2nd ed.) Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1985). NY: Random House (Knopf).
Cognitive Processes. Bourne, L.E., Dominowski, R.L., Loftus, E.F., & Healy, A. (1986). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Eyewitness Testimony: Civil and Criminal. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J. (1987). NY: Kluwer.
Statistics. Loftus, G.R. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). New York: Random House.
Psychology (3rd ed.). Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1988). NY: Random House (Knopf).
Witness for the Defense; The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1991) NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Chinese Translation: Taiwan: Business Weekly Publications 1999..
Psychology (4th ed.) Wortman, C.B. & Loftus, E.F. (1992) NY: McGraw Hill.
Eyewitness Testimony - Civil and Criminal. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1992) Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Co.
The Myth of Repressed Memory. Loftus, E.F. & Ketcham, K. (1994) NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Dutch edition: Graven in het geheugen, Amsterdam/Antwerpen: Uitgeverji L.J. Veen (1995)
German edition: Die Therapierte erinnerung. (translated by Ingrid Klein): Hamburg: Verlag GmbH. (1995).
French edition: Le syndrome des faux souvenirs. Collection Regard Critique: Editions Exergue,(1997). Bastei Lubbe Publishing.
Taiwanese Translation: Yuan Liou Publishing.
Japanese edition: Seishin Shobo Publishers (2000).
Korean edition: Dosol Publishing (2008)
Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 3rd edition. Loftus, E.F. & Doyle, J.M. (1997) Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing.
Psychology (5th edition). Wortman, C.B., Loftus, E.F., & Weaver, C. (1999) NY: McGraw Hill.
Eyewitness testimony: Civil & Criminal, 4th edition. Loftus, E.F., Doyle, J.M. & Dysert, J. (2008) Charlottesville, Va: Lexis Law Publishing. (482 pages)
External links
- Mind Changers: Elizabeth Loftus and Eye Witness Testimony: Loftus and colleagues interviewed on BBC Radio