was the 50th emperor of Japan

Emperor of Japan

The Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest...

, according to the traditional order of succession. Kammu reigned from 781 to 806.

Traditional narrative

Kammu's personal name (imina) was . He was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin

Emperor Konin

was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kōnin's reign lasted from 770 to 781.-Traditional narrative:The personal name of Emperor Kōnin was given was As a son of Imperial Prince Shiki and a grandson of Emperor Tenji., his formal style was Prince Shirakabe...

), and was born prior to Shirakabe's ascension to the throne. According to the , Yamabe's mother, Yamato no Niigasa (later called Takano no Niigasa

Takano no Niigasa

Takano no Niigasa was a concubine of Emperor Kōnin and the mother of Emperor Kammu. Her full name was Takano no Asomi Niigasa.-Life:...

), was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje.

After his father, Kōnin, became emperor, Kammu's half-brother Prince Osabe was appointed to the rank of crown prince. His mother Princess Inoe was a daughter of Emperor Shōmu

Emperor Shomu

was the 45th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Shōmu's reign spanned the years 724 through 723.-Traditional narrative:...

; but instead of Prince Osabe, it was Kammu who was later named to succeed their father. After Princess Inoe and Prince Osabe were confined and then died in 775, Prince Osabe's sister – Kammu's half-sister Princess Sakahito

Princess Sakahito

was a Japanese princess, born as a daughter of Emperor Kōnin.Her mother was reported to be Princess Inoue—a daughter of Emperor Shōmu, but there is another theory that her mother was Takano no Niigasa....

 – became Kammu's wife. Later, when he ascended to the throne in 781, Kammu appointed his young brother, Prince Sawara

Prince Sawara

was the 5th son of Prince Shirakabe , by Takano no Niigasa. In 781 he was named heir-presumptive after his elder brother succeeded the abdicated Emperor Kōnin as the Emperor Kanmu....

, whose mother was Takano no Niigasa, as crown prince. Hikami no Kawatsugu, a son of Emperor Temmu

Emperor Temmu

was the 40th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Temmu's reign lasted from 672 until his death in 686.-Traditional narrative:...

's grandson Prince Shioyaki and Shōmu's daughter Princess Fuwa, attempted to carry out a coup d'état in 782, but it failed and Kawatsugu and his mother were sent into exile. In 785, Prince Sawara was expelled and died in exile.

Kammu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters. Among them, three sons would eventually ascend to the imperial throne: Emperor Heizei

Emperor Heizei

, also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.-Traditional narrative:...

, Emperor Saga

Emperor Saga

was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Saga's reign spanned the years from 809 through 823.-Traditional narrative:...

 and Emperor Junna

Emperor Junna

was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Junna reigned from 823 to 833.-Traditional narrative:Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters...

. Some of his descendants (known as the Kammu Taira or Kammu Heishi) took the Taira hereditary clan title, and in later generations became prominent warriors. Examples include Taira no Masakado

Taira no Masakado

was a samurai in the Heian period of Japan, who led one of the largest insurgent forces in the period against the central government of Kyoto.-History:...

, Taira no Kiyomori

Taira no Kiyomori

was a general of the late Heian period of Japan. He established the first samurai-dominated administrative government in the history of Japan.After the death of his father Taira no Tadamori in 1153, Kiyomori assumed control of the Taira clan and ambitiously entered the political realm in which he...

, and (with a further surname expansion) the Hōjō clan

Hojo clan

See the late Hōjō clan for the Hōjō clan of the Sengoku Period.The in the history of Japan was a family who controlled the hereditary title of shikken of the Kamakura Shogunate. In practice, the family had actual governmental power, many times dictatorial, rather than Kamakura shoguns, or the...

. The waka

Waka (poetry)

Waka or Yamato uta is a genre of classical Japanese verse and one of the major genres of Japanese literature...

 poet Ariwara no Narihira

Ariwara no Narihira

was a Japanese waka poet and aristocrat. He was one of six waka poets referred in the preface in kana to Kokin Wakashū by Ki no Tsurayuki, and has been named as the hero of The Tales of Ise, whose hero was an anonym in itself but most of whose love affairs could be attributed to Narihira.He was the...

 was one of his grandsons.

Emperor Kammu is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency

Imperial Household Agency

The is a government agency of Japan in charge of the state matters concerning Japan's imperial family and also keeping the Privy Seal and the State Seal...

 designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto

Fushimi-ku, Kyoto

is one of the eleven wards in the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Famous places in Fushimi include the Fushimi Inari Shrine, with thousands of torii lining the paths up and down a mountain; Fushimi Castle, originally built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, with its rebuilt towers and gold-lined...

, as the location of Kammu's mausoleum

Mausoleum

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons. A monument without the interment is a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb or the tomb may be considered to be within the...

.

Events of Kammu's life

Kammu was an active emperor who attempted to consolidate government hierarchies and functioning.

Kammu appointed Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.-Military career:Serving Emperor Kammu, he was appointed shogun and given the task of conquering the Emishi , a people native to the north of Honshū, which he subjugated...

 (758-811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi

Emishi

The constituted a group of people who lived in northeastern Honshū in the Tōhoku region. They are referred to as in contemporary sources. Some Emishi tribes resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods...

.

• 737: Kammu born.

• 773: Received the title of crown prince.

• April 30, 781: In the 11th year of Emperor Kōnin's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (the senso) was received by his son, Kammu. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kammu is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). During his reign, the capital of Japan
  Capital of Japan
  The capital of Japan, where the seat of the Government of Japan and home of the Emperor are located, is de facto. While this is generally not in dispute, the capital de jure is unclear. There is a dispute as to exactly when Tokyo became the capital. Some state that it occurred when Tokyo...
  
   was moved from Nara
  Nara, Nara
  is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture, directly bordering Kyoto Prefecture...
  
   (Heijō-kyō
  Heijo-kyo
  Heijō-kyō , was the capital city of Japan during most of the Nara period, from 710–40 and again from 745–84. The Palace site is a listed UNESCO World Heritage together with other places in the city of Nara Heijō-kyō (平城京, also Heizei-kyō, sometimes Nara no miyako), was the capital city of Japan...
  
  ) to Nagaoka
  Nagaoka
  -Places:* Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan* Nagaoka-kyō, the capital of Japan from 784 to 794** Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, Japan, a city at the location of Nagaoka-kyō* Izunagaoka, Shizuoka, Japan, a former town in Izu Peninsula.-People:...
  
  (Nagaoka-kyō
  Nagaoka-kyo
  was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, which took its name from the capital...
  
   in 784, where the palace was named Nagaoka no Miya). Shortly thereafter, the capital would be moved again in 794.

• July 28, 782 : The sadaijin Fujiwara no Uona
  Fujiwara no Uona
  Fujiwara no Uona was a member of the Fujiwara clan in Japan and occupied the position of sadaijin "Minister of the Left" in the ancient Japanese court. He was son of Fujiwara no Fusasaki ....
  
   was involved in an incident that resulted in his removal from office and exile to Kyushi. Claiming illness, Uona was permitted to return to the capital where he died; posthumously, the order of banishment was burned and his office restored. In the same general time frame, Fujiwara no Tamaro was named Udaijin. During these days in which the offices of sadaijin and udaijin were vacant, the major counselors (the dainagon) and the emperor assumed responsibilities and powers which would have been otherwise delegated.
• 783 : The udaijin Tamaro died at the age of 62 years.
• 783 : Fujiwara no Korekimi became the new udaijin to replace the late Fujiwara no Tamaro.
• 793 : Under the leadership of Dengyō, construction began on the Enryaku Temple.Brown and Ishida, p. 279.
• 794: The capital was relocated again, this time to Heian-kyō
  Heian-kyo
  Heian-kyō , was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180....
  
  , where the palace was named .
• November 17, 794 : The emperor traveled by carriage from Nara to the new capital of Heian-kyō in a grand procession. This marks the beginning of the Heian era in Japanese history.
• 806 : Kammu died at the age of 70. Emperor Kammu's reign lasted for 25 years.

Eras of Kammu's reign

The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name

Japanese era name

The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era...

 (nengō).

• Ten'ō
  Ten'o
  was a after Hōki and before Enryaku. This period spanned the years from January 781 through August 782. The reigning emperor was .-Change of era:* October 24, 781 : The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events...
  
  (781–82)
• Enryaku
  Enryaku
  was a after Ten'ō and before Daidō. This period spanned the years from August 782 through May 806. The reigning emperor was .-Change of era:* November 12, 782 : The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events...
  
  (782–806)

Politics

Earlier Imperial sponsorship of Buddhism

Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...

, beginning with Prince Shōtoku

Prince Shotoku

, also known as or , was a semi-legendary regent and a politician of the Asuka period in Japan who served under Empress Suiko. He was a son of Emperor Yōmei and his younger half-sister Princess Anahobe no Hashihito. His parents were relatives of the ruling Soga clan, and was involved in the defeat...

 (574–622), had led to a general politicization of the clergy, along with an increase in intrigue and corruption. In 784 Kammu shifted his capital from Nara

Nara, Nara

is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture, directly bordering Kyoto Prefecture...

 to Nagaoka in a move that was said to be designed to edge the powerful Nara Buddhist establishments out of state politics—while the capital moved, the major Buddhist temples, and their officials, stayed put. Indeed there was a steady stream of edicts issued from 771 right through the period of Kūkai's studies which, for instance, sought to limit the number of Buddhist priests, and the building of clan temples. However the move was to prove disastrous and was followed by a series of natural disasters including the flooding of half the city. In 785 the principal architect of the new capital, and royal favourite, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, was assassinated.

Meanwhile, Kammu's armies were pushing back the boundaries of his empire. This led to an uprising, and in 789 a substantial defeat for Kammu's troops. Also in 789 there was a severe drought and famine—the streets of the capital were clogged with the sick, and people avoiding being draft

Conscription

Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...

ed into the military, or into forced labour. Many disguised themselves as Buddhist priests for the same reason. Then in 794 Kammu suddenly shifted the capital again, this time to Heian-kyō, which is modern day Kyoto

Kyoto

is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto metropolitan area.-History:...

. The new capital was started early the previous year, but the change was abrupt and led to even more confusion amongst the populace.

Politically Kammu shored up his rule by changing the syllabus of the university. Confucian

Confucius

Confucius , literally "Master Kong", was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period....

 ideology still provided the raison d'être for the Imperial government. In 784 Kammu authorised the teaching of a new course based on the Annals of Spring and Autumn based on two newly imported commentaries: Kung-yang, and Ku-liang. These commentaries used political rhetoric to promote a state in which the Emperor, as "Son of Heaven," should extend his sphere of influence to barbarous lands, thereby gladdening the people. In 798 the two commentaries became required reading at the government university.

Kammu also sponsored the travels of the monks Saichō

Saicho

was a Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Tendai school in Japan, based around the Chinese Tiantai tradition he was exposed to during his trip to China beginning in 804. He founded the temple and headquarters of Tendai at Enryaku-ji on Mt. Hiei near Kyoto. He is also said to have...

 and Kūkai

Kukai

Kūkai , also known posthumously as , 774–835, was a Japanese monk, civil servant, scholar, poet, and artist, founder of the Shingon or "True Word" school of Buddhism. Shingon followers usually refer to him by the honorific titles of and ....

 to China

China

Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

, from where they returned to found the Japanese branches of, respectively, Tendai

Tendai

is a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism, a descendant of the Chinese Tiantai or Lotus Sutra school.Chappell frames the relevance of Tendai for a universal Buddhism:- History :...

 and Shingon Buddhism

Shingon Buddhism

is one of the mainstream major schools of Japanese Buddhism and one of the few surviving Esoteric Buddhist lineages that started in the 3rd to 4th century CE that originally spread from India to China through traveling monks such as Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra...

.

Kugyō

is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan

Emperor of Japan

The Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest...

 in pre-Meiji

Meiji period

The , also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from September 1868 through July 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan.- Meiji Restoration and the emperor :...

 eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kammu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

• Sadaijin
  Sadaijin
  , most commonly translated as "Minister of the Left", was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the Sadaijin in the context of a central...
  
  , Fujiwara no Uona
  Fujiwara no Uona
  Fujiwara no Uona was a member of the Fujiwara clan in Japan and occupied the position of sadaijin "Minister of the Left" in the ancient Japanese court. He was son of Fujiwara no Fusasaki ....
  
  　(藤原魚名),　781-782.
• Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tamaro　(藤原田麿),　783.
• Udaijin
  Udaijin
  Udaijin , most commonly translated as the "Minister of the Right", was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the Udaijin in the context of a central...
  
  , Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro　(大中臣清麿),　771-781
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tamaro　(藤原田麿),　782-783.
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Korekimi　(藤原是公),　783-789.
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tsugutada　(藤原継縄),　790-796.
• Udaijin, Miwa ōkimi or Miwa oh　(神王),　798-806
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Uchimaro (藤原内麻呂) (756-812), 806-812.
• Dainagon
  Dainagon
  was a counselor of the first rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century.This advisory position remained a part of the Imperial court from the 8th century until the Meiji period in the 19th century....
  
  

When the daughter of a chūnagon

Chunagon

was a counselor of the second rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century.The role was eliminated from the Imperial hierarchy in 701, but it was re-established in 705...

became the favored consort of the Crown Prince Ate (later known as Heizei-tennō), her father's power and position in court was affected. Kammu disapproved of , daughter of Fujiwara no Tadanushi; and Kammu had her removed from his son's household.

• Chūnagon
  Chunagon
  was a counselor of the second rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century.The role was eliminated from the Imperial hierarchy in 701, but it was re-established in 705...
  
  , Fujiwara no Tadanushi

Consorts and children

Emperor Kammu's Imperial family included 36 children:

Empress: Fujiwara no Otomuro

Fujiwara no Otomuro

Fujiwara no Otomuro was an Empress consort of Japan. She was the consort of Emperor Kammu of Japan.- Sources :...

 (藤原乙牟漏) (760-790), daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu (藤原良継)

• Imperial Prince Ate (安殿親王) (Emperor Heizei
  Emperor Heizei
  , also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.-Traditional narrative:...
  
  ) (774-824)
• Imperial Prince Kamino (賀美能親王/神野親王) (Emperor Saga
  Emperor Saga
  was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Saga's reign spanned the years from 809 through 823.-Traditional narrative:...
  
  ) (786-842)
• Imperial Princess Koshi (高志内親王) (789-809), married to Prince Ōtomo (Emperor Junna
  Emperor Junna
  was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Junna reigned from 823 to 833.-Traditional narrative:Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters...
  
   later)

Hi: Princess Sakahito (酒人内親王) (754-829), daughter of Emperor Kōnin

Emperor Konin

was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kōnin's reign lasted from 770 to 781.-Traditional narrative:The personal name of Emperor Kōnin was given was As a son of Imperial Prince Shiki and a grandson of Emperor Tenji., his formal style was Prince Shirakabe...

• Imperial Princess Asahara (朝原内親王) (779-817), 12th Saiō
  Saio
  A , also known as "Itsuki no Miko", was an unmarried female relative of the Japanese emperor, sent to Ise to serve at Ise Grand Shrine from the late 7th century until the 14th century. The Saiō's residence, Saikū , was approximately 10 km north-west of the shrine...
  
   in Ise Shrine
  Ise Shrine
  is a Shinto shrine dedicated to goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami, located in the city of Ise in Mie prefecture, Japan. Officially known simply as , Ise Jingū is in fact a shrine complex composed of a large number of Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines, and ....
  
   (782-before 796), and married to Emperor Heizei
  Emperor Heizei
  , also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.-Traditional narrative:...
  
   later

Bunin: Fujiwara no Tabiko (藤原旅子) (759-788), daughter of Fujiwara no Momokawa

Fujiwara no Momokawa

was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Nara period. His original name was .-Career at court:He was a minister during the reigns of Empress Kōken/Shōtoku and Emperor Kōnin....

 (藤原百川)

• Imperial Prince Ōtomo (大伴親王) (Emperor Junna
  Emperor Junna
  was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Junna reigned from 823 to 833.-Traditional narrative:Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters...
  
  ) (786-840)

Bunin: Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原吉子) (?-807), daughter of Fujiwara no Korekimi (藤原是公)

• Imperial Prince Iyo (伊予親王) (?-807)

Bunin: Tajihi no Mamune (多治比真宗) (769-823), daughter of Tajihi no Nagano (多治比長野)

• Imperial Prince Kazurahara (葛原親王) (786-853)
• Imperial Princess Inaba (因幡内親王) (?-824)
• Imperial Princess Anou (安濃内親王) (?-841)
• Imperial Prince Sami (佐味親王) (793-825)
• Imperial Prince Kaya (賀陽親王) (794-871)
• Imperial Prince Ōno(Daitoko) (大野親王/大徳親王) (798-803)

Bunin: Fujiwara no Oguso (藤原小屎), daughter of Fujiwara no Washitori (藤原鷲取)

• Imperial Prince Manta (万多親王) (788-830)

Nyōgo: Tachibana no Miiko (橘御井子), daughter of Tachibana no Irii (橘入居)

• Imperial Princess Sugawara (菅原内親王) (?-825)
• Imperial Princess Kara (賀楽内親王) (?-874)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Nakako (藤原仲子), daughter of Fujiwara no Ieyori (藤原家依)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Shōshi (藤原正子), daughter of Fujiwara no Kiyonari (藤原清成)

Nyōgo: Ki no Otoio (紀乙魚)(?-840)

Nyōgo: Kudara no Kyōhō (百済教法) (?-840), daughter of Kudara no Shuntetsu (百済俊哲)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Kamiko (藤原上子), daughter of Fujiwara no Oguromaro (藤原小黒麻呂)

• Imperial Princess Shigeno (滋野内親王) (?-857)

Court lady: Tachibana no Tsuneko (橘常子) (788-817), daughter of Tachibana no Shimadamaro (橘島田麻呂)

• Imperial Princess Ōyake (大宅内親王) (?-849), married to Emperor Heizei
  Emperor Heizei
  , also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign lasted from 806 to 809.-Traditional narrative:...
  
  

Court lady: Sakanoue no Matako (坂上全子) (?-790), daughter of Sakanoue no Karitamaro (坂上刈田麻呂)

• Imperial Princess Takatsu (高津内親王) (?-841), married to Emperor Saga
  Emperor Saga
  was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Saga's reign spanned the years from 809 through 823.-Traditional narrative:...
  
  

Court lady: Ki no Wakako (紀若子), daughter of Ki no Funamori (紀船守)

• Imperial Prince Asuka (明日香親王) (?-834)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Kawako (藤原河子) (?-838), daughter of Fujiwara no Ōtsugu

Fujiwara no Otsugu

was a Japanese statesman, courtier, politician and editor during the Heian period. He is credited as one of the collaborative compilers of the Nihon Kōki.-Career at court:He was a minister during the reigns of Emperor Saga, Emperor Junna and Emperor Nimmyō....

 (藤原大継)

• Imperial Prince Nakano (仲野親王) (792-867)
• Imperial Princess Ate (安勅内親王) (?-855)
• Imperial Princess Ōi (大井内親王) (?-865)
• Imperial Princess Ki (紀内親王) (799-886)
• Imperial Princess Yoshihara (善原内親王) (?-863)

Court lady: Kudara no Kyōnin (百済教仁), daughter of Kudara no Bukyō (百済武鏡)

• Imperial Prince Ōta (大田親王) (793-808)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Azumako (藤原東子) (?-816), daughter of Fujiwara no Tanetsugu (藤原種継)

• Imperial Princess Kannabi (甘南備内親王) (800-817)

Court lady: Sakanoue no Haruko (坂上春子) (?-834), daughter of Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.-Military career:Serving Emperor Kammu, he was appointed shogun and given the task of conquering the Emishi , a people native to the north of Honshū, which he subjugated...

 (坂上田村麻呂)

• Imperial Prince Fujii (葛井親王) (800-850)
• Princess Kasuga (春日内親王) (?-833)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Heishi/Nanshi (藤原平子/南子) (?-833), daughter of Fujiwara no Takatoshi (藤原乙叡)

• Imperial Princess Ito (伊都内親王) (ca.801-861), married to Prince Abo(son of Emperor Heizei)

Court lady: Tachubana no Tamurako (橘田村子), daughter of Tachibana no Irii (橘入居)

• Imperial Princess Ikenoe (池上内親王) (?-868)

Court lady: Kudara no Jōkyō (百済貞香), daughter of Kudara no Kyōtoku (百済教徳)

• Imperial Princess Suruga (駿河内親王) (801-820)

Court lady: Nakatomi no Toyoko (中臣豊子), daughter of Nakatomi no Ōio (中臣大魚)

• Imperial Princess Fuse (布勢内親王) (?-812), 13th Saiō
  Saio
  A , also known as "Itsuki no Miko", was an unmarried female relative of the Japanese emperor, sent to Ise to serve at Ise Grand Shrine from the late 7th century until the 14th century. The Saiō's residence, Saikū , was approximately 10 km north-west of the shrine...
  
   in Ise Shrine
  Ise Shrine
  is a Shinto shrine dedicated to goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami, located in the city of Ise in Mie prefecture, Japan. Officially known simply as , Ise Jingū is in fact a shrine complex composed of a large number of Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines, and ....
  
   797-806

Court lady: Kawakami no Manu (河上真奴), daughter of Nishikibe no Haruhito (錦部春人)

• Imperial Prince Sakamoto (坂本親王) (793-818)

Court lady(Nyoju): Tajihi no Toyotsugu (多治比豊継), daughter of Tajihi no Hironari (多治比広成)

• Nagaoka no Okanari (長岡岡成) (?-848), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 787

Court lady: Kudara no Yōkei (百済永継), daughter of Asukabe no Natomaro (飛鳥部奈止麻呂)

• Yoshimine no Yasuyo (良岑安世) (785-830), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 802

See also

• Emperor of Japan
  Emperor of Japan
  The Emperor of Japan is, according to the 1947 Constitution of Japan, "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people." He is a ceremonial figurehead under a form of constitutional monarchy and is head of the Japanese Imperial Family with functions as head of state. He is also the highest...
  
  
• List of Emperors of Japan
• Imperial cult
  Imperial cult
  An imperial cult is a form of state religion in which an emperor, or a dynasty of emperors , are worshipped as messiahs, demigods or deities. "Cult" here is used to mean "worship", not in the modern pejorative sense...
  
  
• Heian kyō
• Nagaoka-kyō
  Nagaoka-kyo
  was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was reported as Otokuni District, Yamashiro Province, and Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, which took its name from the capital...