Eonavian
Encyclopedia
Eonavian or Galician-Asturian, (official name by Act 1/1998, march 23th of Asturias Princedom) (autonym
: eonaviego, gallego-asturiano; ; ) is a term used to refer a set of Romance
dialects or falas whose linguistic dominion extends in the zone of Asturias between the Eo
and Navia rivers (or more exactly Eo and Frexulfe rivers), and which have been variously classified as the north-eastern varieties of Galician
, as a linguistic group of its own, or even (less often) as the westernmost varieties of Asturian
.
The area where these dialects are spoken includes the Asturian municipalities of Boal
, Castropol
, Coaña
, Eilao, El Franco
, Grandas de Salime
, Pezós, San Martín de Ozcos, Santalla de Ozcos, Santiso de Abres, Tapia de Casarego, Taramundi
, A Veiga
, Vilanova de Ozcos, and partially those of Navia, Ibias
, Villaión, and Allande
. Other terms used include gallego-asturiano (the official term in Asturias, meaning 'Galician-Asturian language') a fala ('the speech', not to be confused with the Fala language
of Extremadura
) and galego de Asturias ('Galician language of Asturias'). The term Eonaviego was first used by the linguist Xavier Frías Conde, and it was himself who translated it as Eonavian in English, Éonavien in French or eonavienc in Catalan. In 2007, the Academy of the Asturian Language accepted the denomination of Eonavian to refer to this Galician-Portuguese
dialect
.
This set of dialects was traditionally included by linguists as Galician-Portuguese
or Galician
, with some characteristics of the Astur-Leonese Group. That was the opinion of such linguists as Menéndez Pidal, Eugenio Coseriu
, Luís Lindley Cintra
, Dámaso Alonso
or even more recent ones as Francisco Xavier Frías Conde or Xoán Babarro. Nowadays, however, there is a political-linguistic conflict on the identity of the language, between those that prioritize the mixed identity of this speech and those that continue to prioritize the Galician substratum
. The former, mostly in Asturias, identify Eonavian as a dialect continuum
between the Asturian and Galician languages, or even a third language spoken only in that area. The latter, mostly in Galicia, identify it as Galician and request the protection which Galician enjoys in Castile and Leon
, that protects the dialects of El Bierzo
in cooperation with the Galician Government
.
From a philological point of view, there is no doubt today that the origin of this language is in the Galician-Portuguese language family, the dominant language in the NW of the Iberian peninsula in the Middle Ages. This follows from an examination of a parchment document in the monastery of Villanueva de Oscos. An examination of the first documents of this monastery written from the late twelfth to early 14th century, shows us an absolute identity of this language with the Galician-Portuguese language.
At this early stage are only documented shipments of copies of ancient Latin writings, unintelligible to the common people, (v. AHN sec. clergy, carp. 1617, AHN, Sec Clergy, carp. No. 1617. 15, no. 2, Sec AHN clergy carp. 1621 No 15 etc.) and will not be until mid-13th century when appear the first original papers written in the Galician-Portuguese language. Since the beginning of the 14th century began to outline the uniqueness of this language with the rest of the galacoifonía. Most of these developments are the advancement of Castilian language in the urban centers of the River Eo: Revoredo, Ribadeo and Castropol, such influence being more pronounced in the writings of the notaries of the Oviedo bishop's in these stocks,but if the influence of Castilian is growing urban centers, the writings of monastery notaries kept well clear the features originating in this language most others that appear now
.
The cartulary of Oscos is an essential landmark for understanding the evolution of the Galician-Portuguese language, however such action closes with the entrance of the Congregation of Castilla in the monastery in the year 1511, a fact that will end a stage and start to one of great economic and social growth of the monastery around the iron, but with the installation of the reformed order ending tour documentary that language until his re-emerge late 19th century
s:
Diphthong
s:
Semivowels
Nasal consonant
s:
Lateral consonant
s:
Evolution of the latin groups
:
An other fenomenon itself :
Nominal Forms
System verb combinations
:
Partitive
s .
Prepositions:
through the parchments which are kept in the Villanueva of Oscos Chartulary. This Chartulary is the fourth most important in Asturias
after San Pelayo, San Vicente and the Oviedo's Chatedral, being very interesting its conservation, if we take into account the huge information provided with regard to a community so small like was the Villanueva of Oscos Abbey. These documents show us the vitality of this language in the Middle Ages
and give us very important information about the origin of the romance languages in the northwest of Iberian Peninsula
. The Chartulary preserves 616 parchments about the Middle Ages: 32 on the 12th century, 261 on the 13th century, 224 on the 14th century and 99 on the 15th century.
The first scholar, who dealt with its study, was Aureliano Fernández-Guerra in 1865 in the very important article «Speech about the Carther of Aviles», in this study, he used extracts of 19 documents, dating since 1256 till 1316. In the following year, Martín Sangrador y Vitores includes in his work about Asturias
Administration a copy in Galician language
of the Royal Prerrogative which was given away by Fernando IIto the Abbey. The next edition of the documents about monastery had to wait until middle of 20th century
when Asturian Estudies Institute, RIDEA, edits the article «El convento benedictino de Villanueva de Ozcos» by Marcos G. Martínez, edition rather poor, and we should wait until 1981 when Pedro Floriano Llorente publishes in RIDEA «Colección dipolomática de Villanueva de Ozcos», that implies an important improvement concerning the previous, both by perfection technical, as by the personal and toponymic references. Nonetheless, this edition just deals with this issue as far as the 1200 year. In 1994, the Britonia journal takes back again the interest about this issue and publishes the second serial of the monastery's parchments, edited by Floriano Llorente and which cover until the first half of the 13th century. This edition, however, failed to meet the editors' expectations, because doesn't produce any document in romance language. For that reason, Britonia publishes a second version less known which covers until the 1300 year, which is more interesting for the study of this question. These works will serve as a basis, for publishing another set of documents by the professor Alvárez Castrillón, in his book Los Ozcos en los siglos X-XIII, un modelo de organización social del espacio en la Asturias medieval, (2001), this work, however, only addresses the historic aspects, and nor the linguistics. In the following years, the professor Sanz Fuentes has published also four documents more with regard to Buron Hospital. Finally Alvárez Castrillón, has edited in 2008 others 605 parchments as attachment at the book «La Comarca de los Oscos en la Edad Media, poblamiento, economía y poder», and in 2011, he edited other 293 documents more concerning stage 1139 – 1300, Colección Diplomática del Monasterio de Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos, (1139-1300).
The documents of the chartulary give us an important information for the knowledge of the language which was spoken in the western Asturias during the Middle Ages. These documents shown us the origin and the evolution of this language, however this serial of parchments finishes with the arrival the Congregation
of Castile
in 1511 at Monastery, which moment will be an end of a cycle and will be the beginning of a new one, the big economic growth around the iron industry. However with the installation of the reformed Order, it closes the documental history of this language until to resurges at late 19th century
.
1st half 13th century
2nd half 13th century, year 1261
2nd half 13th century, year 1276, jun 19th
13th century, 2nd half
1st half 14th century, year 1328
13th century, 2nd half, year XIV 1377
14th century, 1st half, year 1417
15th century, 2nd half, year 1466
16th century, 2nd half. Ibias Tormaleo, song
19th century
(Boal):
(Villanueva de Oscos, village)
(El Franco, village)
20th century, 1st half
(Navia Village)
(River Eo)
(Castropol village)
20th century, 2nd half
(El Franco village)
is the responsibility of the Asturian Government and the Secretaría Llingüística del Navia-Eo, a division of the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana responsible for this area. There are two different orthographies for Eonavian, the official one (more Asturian-like) and one made by the Mesa prá Defensa del Galego de Asturias (more Galician-like).
Autonym
Autonym may refer to*Autonym, the name used by a people to refer to themselves or their language, synonymous with endonym*Autonym, the true name of an author disclosed by resolving a pseudonym...
: eonaviego, gallego-asturiano; ; ) is a term used to refer a set of Romance
Romance languages
The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, more precisely of the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome...
dialects or falas whose linguistic dominion extends in the zone of Asturias between the Eo
Eo River
The Eo is a river in northwestern Spain. Some 91 km in length, its estuary forms the boundary between the regions of Galicia and Asturias. The river is known for its salmon fishing.-External links:*...
and Navia rivers (or more exactly Eo and Frexulfe rivers), and which have been variously classified as the north-eastern varieties of Galician
Galician language
Galician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and...
, as a linguistic group of its own, or even (less often) as the westernmost varieties of Asturian
Asturian language
Asturian is a Romance language of the West Iberian group, Astur-Leonese Subgroup, spoken in the Spanish Region of Asturias by the Asturian people...
.
The area where these dialects are spoken includes the Asturian municipalities of Boal
Boal
Boal is a municipality, a civil parish and a town in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias . It borders north with El Franco and Coaña, south with Illano, west with Castropol and east with Villayón....
, Castropol
Castropol
-Parishes:It has nine parishes :* Balmonte* Barres* Castropol* Figueras* Moldes* Piñera* Presno* Seares* Tol...
, Coaña
Coaña
Coaña is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It lies along the Cantabrian Sea to the north, and is bordered on the south by Boal, on the east by Navia and Villayón across the Navia River, and on the west by El Franco.-History:As the municipality of...
, Eilao, El Franco
El Franco
El Franco is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias. It is bordered on the north by the Cantabrian Sea, and to the west by Tapia de Casariego, to the south by Castropol and Boal, and to the east by Coaña...
, Grandas de Salime
Grandas de Salime
Grandas de Salime is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is famous for its hydroelectric dam across the Navia River, forming the Embalse de Salime...
, Pezós, San Martín de Ozcos, Santalla de Ozcos, Santiso de Abres, Tapia de Casarego, Taramundi
Taramundi
Taramundi is a municipality in the Principality of Asturias, Spain.It neighbors on the north side with San Tirso de Abres and Vegadeo, on the east side with Villanueva de Oscos and Vegadeo, on the south side with Santa Eulalia de Oscos and A Pontenova , on the east side with Lugo.It is one of...
, A Veiga
Vegadeo
Vegadeo is a municipality in the Autonomous Community in the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north and east by Castropol, on the south by Villanueva de Oscos, Taramundi, and San Tirso de Abres, and on the west by the Eo River and San Tirso municipality.It is one of Eonavian...
, Vilanova de Ozcos, and partially those of Navia, Ibias
Ibias
Ibias is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is bordered on the north by Allande and A Fonsagranda and Negueira ; on the east by Degaña and Cangas de Narcea; on the south by Peranzais and Candín y on the west by A Fonsagrada and Navia de Suarna...
, Villaión, and Allande
Allande
Allande is a municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Its capital is Pola de Allande.The municipality is bordered on the north by Villayón, on the south by Cangas del Narcea and Ibias, to the east by Tineo and to the west by Pesoz, Grandas de Salime and...
. Other terms used include gallego-asturiano (the official term in Asturias, meaning 'Galician-Asturian language') a fala ('the speech', not to be confused with the Fala language
Fala language
Fala is a Romance linguistic variety commonly classified in the Portuguese-Galician subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal...
of Extremadura
Extremadura
Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Its component provinces are Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by Portugal to the west...
) and galego de Asturias ('Galician language of Asturias'). The term Eonaviego was first used by the linguist Xavier Frías Conde, and it was himself who translated it as Eonavian in English, Éonavien in French or eonavienc in Catalan. In 2007, the Academy of the Asturian Language accepted the denomination of Eonavian to refer to this Galician-Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. It was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Douro River in the south but it was later extended south...
dialect
Dialect
The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...
.
This set of dialects was traditionally included by linguists as Galician-Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. It was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Douro River in the south but it was later extended south...
or Galician
Galician language
Galician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and...
, with some characteristics of the Astur-Leonese Group. That was the opinion of such linguists as Menéndez Pidal, Eugenio Coseriu
Eugenio Coseriu
Eugenio Coşeriu July 27, 1921, Mihăileni, Bălţi, Republic of Moldova – September 7, 2002, Tübingen, Germany) was a linguist that specialized in Romance languages at the University of Tübingen, author of over 50 books, honorary member of the Romanian Academy....
, Luís Lindley Cintra
Luís Lindley Cintra
Luís Filipe Lindley Cintra was a prominent figure in Portuguese philology and linguistics. A prolific writer with over 80 published works, he was a keen student of the historical differentiation during the 14th and 15th centuries between literary Portuguese and Castilian Spanish...
, Dámaso Alonso
Dámaso Alonso
Dámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. Though a member of the Generation of '27, his best-known work dates from the 1940s onwards. -Early life and education:...
or even more recent ones as Francisco Xavier Frías Conde or Xoán Babarro. Nowadays, however, there is a political-linguistic conflict on the identity of the language, between those that prioritize the mixed identity of this speech and those that continue to prioritize the Galician substratum
Substratum
In linguistics, a stratum or strate is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum is a language which has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum...
. The former, mostly in Asturias, identify Eonavian as a dialect continuum
Dialect continuum
A dialect continuum, or dialect area, was defined by Leonard Bloomfield as a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the...
between the Asturian and Galician languages, or even a third language spoken only in that area. The latter, mostly in Galicia, identify it as Galician and request the protection which Galician enjoys in Castile and Leon
Castile and León
Castile and León is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was so constituted in 1983 and it comprises the historical regions of León and Old Castile...
, that protects the dialects of El Bierzo
El Bierzo
El Bierzo is a shire in the province of León, Spain. The valley has the administrative status of comarca and its capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo, the historical capital.- History :...
in cooperation with the Galician Government
Xunta de Galicia
The Xunta de Galicia is the collective decision-making body of the government of the autonomous community of Galicia, composed of the President, the Vice-President and the specialized ministers ....
.
Classification
At this early stage are only documented shipments of copies of ancient Latin writings, unintelligible to the common people, (v. AHN sec. clergy, carp. 1617, AHN, Sec Clergy, carp. No. 1617. 15, no. 2, Sec AHN clergy carp. 1621 No 15 etc.) and will not be until mid-13th century when appear the first original papers written in the Galician-Portuguese language. Since the beginning of the 14th century began to outline the uniqueness of this language with the rest of the galacoifonía. Most of these developments are the advancement of Castilian language in the urban centers of the River Eo: Revoredo, Ribadeo and Castropol, such influence being more pronounced in the writings of the notaries of the Oviedo bishop's in these stocks,but if the influence of Castilian is growing urban centers, the writings of monastery notaries kept well clear the features originating in this language most others that appear now
.
The cartulary of Oscos is an essential landmark for understanding the evolution of the Galician-Portuguese language, however such action closes with the entrance of the Congregation of Castilla in the monastery in the year 1511, a fact that will end a stage and start to one of great economic and social growth of the monastery around the iron, but with the installation of the reformed order ending tour documentary that language until his re-emerge late 19th century
Phonetic system
VowelVowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as English ah! or oh! , pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis. This contrasts with consonants, such as English sh! , where there is a constriction or closure at some...
s:
- Tonic vowels. The vocalic system is the same as GalicianGalicianGalician can refer to:* Something of, from, or related to Galicia * Galician language* Galician people, an ethnic group of Galicia, Spain* Galician wine, wine produced in Galicia, Spain*Galician cuisine- See also :* Galicia...
, so there are 7 vowels tonic equivalent to those of the Galician language, 5 unstressed vowels and 3 final unstressed vowels. This fact is critical for linguistic science since from Menéndez PidalRamón Menéndez PidalRamón Menéndez Pidal was a Spanish philologist and historian. He worked extensively on the history of the Spanish language and Spanish folklore and folk poetry. One of his main topics was the history and legend of The Cid....
attachmented to the group of the Galician-Portuguese Languages. This system is very stable, and doesn't feature the alterations observed by the metaphonic effect in other galaicaphonic areas.
- Initial unstressed vowels. Regarding the unstressed vowels, as was indicated by García García "Unlike other areas of the galaicofonía, there are relevant differences between -e- and -o- open and closed sounds can be considered such as variants of two separate couples archiphoneme, keeping The following system-i-, E-, a,-O-, u.
- Final unstressed vowels. There are three unstressed vowels in final position: -e-,-o-and-a -. There is the loss of the -o endings -ene and -inu, ‘sen’, ‘fren’, ‘centen’, 'allén', ‘padrín’, ‘camín’... Is an overall conservation "-e" syllables end, after ‘-ete’ and ‘ite’ headquarters, 'rede', 'vide', 'parede', etc. .. clearer still in place names ‘San Mamede’, ‘Nonide’, ‘Taladride’. It is also normal to have conservation “-e” after “θ”, like in ‘couce, 'fouce', etc. On the other hand has been lost under the influence of Castilian, ‘salú’, ‘verdá’, ‘enfermedá’. The paragógic vowel -e- after liquids consonant appear very residually, Acevedo y Huelves cite ‘carcele’. The final vowel -o- has disappeared in suffix -elo, in toponyms: ‘Tol’, ‘Castropol’, ‘Boal’, etc.
- Nasal vowelNasal vowelA nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through nose as well as the mouth. By contrast, oral vowels are ordinary vowels without this nasalisation...
s. Until 19th century, nasal vowels was there fairly common phenomenon throughout eonaviego, however as of today is a very unusual. Damaso AlonsoDámaso AlonsoDámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. Though a member of the Generation of '27, his best-known work dates from the 1940s onwards. -Early life and education:...
was the first in confirming this phenomenon, widespread in nearby Ancares Mountains. M. Menéndez García finds nasality remains in Freixulfe and poinst in Villallón Village, y Celso Muñiz in the Valledor region, in the frontier with the asturleones languages. These remnants of nasal vowels in the eonavian language explain that in this language the syllables ended in nasal coda are always opened, necessary consequence of these sounds velarization, stage prior to the formation of vocalism nasal.
- Change ringing in unstressed vowels when enclitic position absolute with labial consonant and vowel assimilation. * Unstressed vowels in initial position. Regarding the unstressed vowels, as pointed out by García García "Unlike other areas of the galaicofonía, there are relevant differences between-e-y-o-open and closed sounds can be considered such as variants of two separate couples archiphoneme, keeping The following system-i-, E-, a,-O-, u.
- Achievements of nasal vowels and vowel lengthening. As is clearly evident by García García the nasalization of vowels preceding tonic or atonic to ensure –n- in coda “tamen”, or situated between nasal consonants “mañá”. Vowel lengthening occurs as a resultant by contractions: "vou à casa" or by compensation as a result of the loss of intervocalic nasal "machacan a 'llá/lá", "Que mañá' nos traiga un bó día de solín". This extension is also in the case of concomitance of vowels, for o highlight the article, like occurs in the proverb "A terra que da á ortiga".
Diphthong
Diphthong
A diphthong , also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel...
s:
- a) Falling diphthong: 'couto', 'souto', 'cantou', 'deitou', 'cantei'...
- b) Anticipation of the “yod”, like: 'naide, coiro, agoiro, cadeira...
- c) Absence of nasal diphthong to end this noted by Menendez Garcia as one of the benchmark isoglosses the speeches and asturleonesas Galaicas.
Semivowels
- a) Wau' Unlike Galician and Portuguese, the tendency in Eonavian as in Galicia to the abolition of semiconsonants, although it has evolved its own evolution, separate from the Galician, like the relative articles ‘condo’, ‘contó’, the verb gardar/goardar, or the numeral corenta or the toponyms Sayane, (Sanyoane) and the names 'Xan'(John, 'Xanón' (Big John) etc…
- b) Yod: In Eonaviego as in the rest of the Galaicofonía tends to anticipatory assimilation, and although today, both Eonaviego Gallego, have a strong influence of the Castilian, in both cases this process does not extend beyond the influence by him. Examples: 'naide', 'beizo', 'coiro', 'caldeiro', 'ribeira', etc...
Nasal consonant
Nasal consonant
A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. Examples of nasal consonants in English are and , in words such as nose and mouth.- Definition :...
s:
- a) Lost intervocalics vowels. This fact is the argument of greater weight to who are opposed to the theory of continuum Astur-Galician, precisely because there is the curious fact that this phenomenon is accentuated in the municipalities close to the probable eonaviegos West following a north-south trend is started in PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
. This fact is manifested in the formation of plurals, on increases in the training of women, but especially in the loss of the nasal-palatal. - b) Velarization of nasal vowels and deformation due to the-n-Falling. Dámaso AlonsoDámaso AlonsoDámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. Though a member of the Generation of '27, his best-known work dates from the 1940s onwards. -Early life and education:...
, «Engañar, volar, casos y resultados de velariación de –n- en el dominio Gallego». - c) Evolution of group latine nn>n.
- d) Keeping of group -mb-.
- e) Simplification of the group m’l y m’n > m
- f) Lost of the Nasal-palatals, in diminutive femeninnes, vaquía, cousía, roupía, etc. and some masculines foucío, campío, en el sufijo -ieiro/a: cocieira, dieiro, mulieiro, etc.
Lateral consonant
Lateral consonant
A lateral is an el-like consonant, in which airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth....
s:
- a) Keeping intervocalic lateral consonants. Except in the counties more westerly is trend to the maintenance of intervocalic -l Should indicate that this is a recent phenomenon as in cartulary of Villanueva de Oscos Monastery the tendency to the disappearance of the intervocalic -l- is like the rest of the Galician-Portuguese languages.
- b) Palatalization of the initial lateral and degemination absence of the "-ll-" Latin. These uses today, we can see only half the territory, however, the examination of the Cartulary de Oscos confirm that this phenomeno were widespread to all galician and asturian counties from Eo and Navia. (See García Leal, "En los Albores del Asturiano (II). «La palatización de la -l- inicial en la documentación latina altomedieval del Reino Astur-leonés», (718-1037).
- c) Velarization the group "B'D" (cold, Dold, etc. ..), a phenomenon now very residual, totally unknown to Huelves Acevedo García García and who reported "coldo" and "codo", but that was widespread in the Oscos' cartulary.
Evolution of the latin groups
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
:
- a) Evolution -cl-, -pl- y -fl- to palatal dull sound. There is an agreement in this point with the western bable and the galician, since the “che vaqueira” tend to be more fricative(š) than affricate (ć).
- b) Evolution of the group -lt-, -ct- y -sc- to it y ix.
- c) Evolution of the group dj, gj, gi, j, nj, li, gl to palatal sound
- d) Evolution of the group “ss” to palatal, dull fricative sound
- e) Evolution of the group gy, -dy-, -sc- to palatal dull fricative sound;
- f)The liquid consonants after oclusives changed to vocalic sound: oculu>òyo, vetulu>vèyo, apicula>abeya, tegula>tèya, flagrare>cheirar, agru>eiro, cathedra>cadèira.
An other fenomenon itself :
- a) Slide to fricative sound oclusivas sharper than the Asturian even more than the Galician language: 'louxa', 'vixo', 'dexobado', 'xardía', 'broxa', 'xebrar', 'xastre', 'ameixola', 'èixola'.
- b) Palatalization to letter x.
- c) Distinctition between palatal sounds, fricative and lateral García García proposes following oppositions: 'callo' ('callar' verb), cayo ('caer' verb), rayo (methereológic fenomenon), rallo ('rallar' verb), etc.
- d) Neutralization of liquid pool, although this phenomenon is on the verge of disappearance
- e) Keeping sound -f- latine.
- f) Evolution geminate “ss” to fricative dull, lat. passaru> eon. páxaro, lat. bassare> eon. baxar, etc.
Morphological aspects
Verbal FormsVerb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...
- Verbal tenses: Indicative: Present, Imperfect, Perfect simple, Past perfect simple, Future Conditional; Subjunctive: Present and impefect; Imperative, Infinitive simple and conjugate, participle and gerund.
- Synthetic future. In Eonavian is characteristic the construction of the future tense with the phrase verb 'haber' + pronoun + tense infinitive: "eiyes atizar" u otras "eivos dar", "y'a poñer", which are similar in others used in Galician-Portuguese to prioritize the personal pronoun to the desinence ending: atizaryes-ei, darvos-ei, poñerlle-a.
- Conjugated infinitive. Use of conjugated infinitive in subordinate constructions where the infinitive end or part of a prepositional phrase, where processes have different subjects and aims to avoid ambiguity.
- Verbal desinence. There is in this language, like the rest of the family Galician-PortugueseGalician-PortugueseGalician-Portuguese or Old Portuguese was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. It was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and the Douro River in the south but it was later extended south...
, a strong dependence of original vocalism in the Latin language, in fact, that in Galician-Asturian is even more conservative. So eg, the verbal inflection of Eonavian is conditioned by the loss of the distinction between open and closed vowels in Vulgar Latin. The disappearance of the distinction between unstressed vowels, and given the mobility of stressed vowels within the verbal root, the morpheme was prevailed over the root in most cases, distinguishing the speakers between open and closed position as tonic when combined. Thus the vowels acquired certain metaphonic connotations, to incorporate this distinction into verbal inflection, ignoring the etymological origin of the words. So in cases of strong personal forms, namely, the three persons singular and third plural present indicative, subjunctive and the whole of the second imperative, speakers always distinguish between vowel -e-and o-open, keeping always distinguish between strong and weak forms other than monosyllabic verbs, where the stressed vowel of the root morpheme and the match, and with the exception of the verbs give duty and, in fact irregular in Galician-Asturian. That said, these are the main features of the verb forms in this language:
- - Desinence –des in the 2nd person plural every conjugationes. Confirm, García García, that although the ending is maintained stably in the 2nd and 3rd in the 1st conjugation is giving way to the influence of Castilian-ais and -aides.
- - Desinence of perfect past –che. Verbal Forms 1st person singular: ‘veño’, ‘teño’, ‘vexo’.
- - Deformation vocal by rizotónic effect.
- - Keeping infinitive ended in “-r-“ to the join with pronomes
- - Disappearance of the desinence –s- in 1st person plural to join ‘nos’ enclitic.
- - The-n-paragogic is presented in 1st person singular perfect in all strong and bending double –er, -ir, dixen-, puxen, fun, salin, còmín.
- - Endings in “-i” is also often take-n paragójica: tomein, falein, subirein, falarein, hein, sein.
- - Using the vowel-e-open forms 1st person plural past tense (coyèmos, dixèmos), or of the oponed vowel –o- in the forms of plural in 2nd y 3hd (fòmos, fòron).
- - The infinitive is in –er- in many verbs with in castillian is in -ir-E, so eg: ‘morrer’, ‘encher’, ‘ferver’, ‘render’, etc., less frequently and in form hesitant, conversely, so: ‘valir’/’valer’ y ‘tosir’/’toser’.
- - Alternation occurs -e- open and closed ar verbs with-e-open rizotónica.In these, is opened the vowel-e- radical of three persons of the singular and 3ª of the plural.
- - In the inchoative verbs and other in-cer and circulatory, the 1st person singular present indicative and subjunctive all present are treated as "ces” –“ce”, lluzo, lluce, lluza, lluzas, lluza.
- - Alternation -e- opened y -e- closed in the thematic vowel tonic of mosts verbs in -er.
- - The vowel -e- closed is typical of the three persons in plural of the perfect simple, six of pluscuampefect simple, all the imperfect subjunctive in the two series, forms of the gerund and the 1st person future. Present-e-closed the 1st and 2nd person plural of this tense, the plural of the imperative the 1st and 2nd person plural of the future, both in this as in the hypothetical future-e.
- - There are verbs (‘medir’ and sentir) that show alternation i / e in the root vowel: with-i-in the strong forms (forms in the singular and 3rd plural of present tense, of singular imperative and all the subjunctive) and-e-in the weak vowels.
- - As in Western Asturian occurs, is accentuated in the first two persons of the plural present subjunctive
- Composite shapes. Garcia Garcia and Celso Muñiz admit the existence of composite shapes with verb ‘ter’ as an assistant, but with a criterial more restricted than in Castilian and probability connotations. However this position should be noted, more as such an approach particular of these authors on the morphosyntax of the compound forms, than as the existence of one's own specialty of the eonavian language.
Nominal Forms
- GenderGenderGender is a range of characteristics used to distinguish between males and females, particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Depending on the context, the discriminating characteristics vary from sex to social role to gender identity...
and numberNumberA number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as zero, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers....
. The gender and number is made into analogic desinences: o/a, os/as. Theses forms are altered by effect the lost the consonante -n- interovocalic: ratois (mouses), caxois (drawers)
- Augmentatives and diminutives. The instability of nasal consonants make the alteration also of the augmentatives and diminutives forms: casúa (big house), pedrúa (big stones), casía (small house), pedría (small stone), etc.
- Plural Gender. It is also characteristic of eonavián, change gender to specify a group or an unknown number of things, so eg "el anada", "el herba", (is different "a herba" a blade of grass, than "el hierba", a grass farod), in adverbial locutions to "da feito" (in fact), "da remoyo" (soacking), etc.
- Identity between male and neutral articles and demonstrative. Although the forms of gender-neutral are widespread, as has highlighted Frías Conde, the use of these forms is due to the influence of Castilian, so these forms originally was unknown in eonavian, («Los derivados de "ille" e "illum" en el gallego de Asturias», revista de Filología románica, nº 10, 1993, pags. 241-252), so if it in itself is strange that it is precisely the neutral "lo", the only article that begins in a consonant, it is beyond question the strangeness of that article, if we consider that no analyst records the existence of contractions with article -lo', something which is unacceptable both in Galician and Asturian.
Syntactical aspects
Pronominal formsPronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun , such as, in English, the words it and he...
- Keeping Latin vocalism of the first-person pronoun, albeit with different embodiments: Èu/Èo
- General extension of prepositional contractions of a similar nature. Contractions of unstressed pronouns, accusative dative used more so in enclitic position that proclitic: mo, ma, mas, cho, cha, chas, yo, yos, yas.
- Distinction between accusative and dative in the personal pronouns so in 2ª te/che than in 3ª person ye/lo/la. The pronominal form «min» used always like complement with preposition: a min, por min, de min, etc.
- Using interest dative: ‘’Eso nun che me gusta nada, vouchéme fer un traxe, llevábachebos un traxe, éche grande, vaiye cansao’’. In these cases the pronomes “che”- and –“ye”- have sympathetic value or of interest to highlight the attention of the recipient of the action. However the indirect object lost this condition when t is preceded by the reflexive indirect object, then normal operating.
- The roll of no reflexive complement, is replaced by different forms contracts: ‘’ye: yo, ya, yos, yas, así: deoyo, llevayo’’, etc.
System verb combinations
Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...
:
- Temporary Periphrasis future or imminent: ir (a) + inf. Vouche contar o que pasou; estar a + inf. estar + ger.: estábamos a mirar os coches; haber + inf. haber a + mf. haber de + inf.: heivos dar as ferramentas, hía a contarvos úa cousa, han de traballar máis; Querer + inf: Peime que quer estear.
- Modal periphrasis of duty or hypotetical. Haber (de) + mf. Habemos cuntar as ovellas; haber que + mf. (imp.): hai que reforzar a ponte; ter que + inf.: tivemos que botalo abaxo; deber + inf.: débeste erguer máis cedo; poder + inf. Xa podes vir pra acó.
- Aspectual periphrasis:
-
- a) Imperfectives: andar a + inf.= andar + ger; anda a falar máis da conta; levar a + inf. = levar + ger. Leva todo o día a durmir; ir + ger. Xa imos recollendo nisas;
-
- b) Perfectives: acabar de + mf. Acaba de lle falar; dar (por) + part: Non dou feira a xeira; deixar de + inf: Deixamos de traballar onte; levar + part. Iva durmido xa tres horas; ter + part.” Teño rematado(s) os exames; haber + part.: ha falao con el dúas veces'.
Partitive
Partitive
In linguistics, the partitive is a word, phrase, or case that divides something into parts. For example, in the English sentence I'll have some coffee, some is a partitive determiner because it makes the noun phrase some coffee refer to a subset of all coffee...
s .
- Keeping prepositional syntagma partitives (accusative partial) in restrictive clauses or specify content with transitive verbs.
Prepositions:
- Prepositions: a, agá, ante, ata, acía, baxo, cara, con, contra, de, dende, en, entre, escontra, menos, pra, prantre, por, según, sen, xunta, tras/tres.
The Chartulary of the Oscos Abbey
One of the most relevant aspects of this tongue is the study of its evolution for Middle AgesMiddle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
through the parchments which are kept in the Villanueva of Oscos Chartulary. This Chartulary is the fourth most important in Asturias
Asturias
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
after San Pelayo, San Vicente and the Oviedo's Chatedral, being very interesting its conservation, if we take into account the huge information provided with regard to a community so small like was the Villanueva of Oscos Abbey. These documents show us the vitality of this language in the Middle Ages
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
and give us very important information about the origin of the romance languages in the northwest of Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
. The Chartulary preserves 616 parchments about the Middle Ages: 32 on the 12th century, 261 on the 13th century, 224 on the 14th century and 99 on the 15th century.
The first scholar, who dealt with its study, was Aureliano Fernández-Guerra in 1865 in the very important article «Speech about the Carther of Aviles», in this study, he used extracts of 19 documents, dating since 1256 till 1316. In the following year, Martín Sangrador y Vitores includes in his work about Asturias
Asturias
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
Administration a copy in Galician language
Galician language
Galician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and...
of the Royal Prerrogative which was given away by Fernando IIto the Abbey. The next edition of the documents about monastery had to wait until middle of 20th century
20th century
Many people define the 20th century as running from January 1, 1901 to December 31, 2000, others would rather define it as beginning on January 1, 1900....
when Asturian Estudies Institute, RIDEA, edits the article «El convento benedictino de Villanueva de Ozcos» by Marcos G. Martínez, edition rather poor, and we should wait until 1981 when Pedro Floriano Llorente publishes in RIDEA «Colección dipolomática de Villanueva de Ozcos», that implies an important improvement concerning the previous, both by perfection technical, as by the personal and toponymic references. Nonetheless, this edition just deals with this issue as far as the 1200 year. In 1994, the Britonia journal takes back again the interest about this issue and publishes the second serial of the monastery's parchments, edited by Floriano Llorente and which cover until the first half of the 13th century. This edition, however, failed to meet the editors' expectations, because doesn't produce any document in romance language. For that reason, Britonia publishes a second version less known which covers until the 1300 year, which is more interesting for the study of this question. These works will serve as a basis, for publishing another set of documents by the professor Alvárez Castrillón, in his book Los Ozcos en los siglos X-XIII, un modelo de organización social del espacio en la Asturias medieval, (2001), this work, however, only addresses the historic aspects, and nor the linguistics. In the following years, the professor Sanz Fuentes has published also four documents more with regard to Buron Hospital. Finally Alvárez Castrillón, has edited in 2008 others 605 parchments as attachment at the book «La Comarca de los Oscos en la Edad Media, poblamiento, economía y poder», and in 2011, he edited other 293 documents more concerning stage 1139 – 1300, Colección Diplomática del Monasterio de Santa María de Villanueva de Oscos, (1139-1300).
The documents of the chartulary give us an important information for the knowledge of the language which was spoken in the western Asturias during the Middle Ages. These documents shown us the origin and the evolution of this language, however this serial of parchments finishes with the arrival the Congregation
Congregation
A congregation is a large gathering of people, often for the purpose of worship:* Local church* Congregation , an administrative body of the Roman Catholic Church...
of Castile
Castile
Castile is derived from a word meaning 'castle' and may refer to:-People:* Brooke Castile , American pairs figure skater* Javier Castilla , professional Colombian squash player* Simeon Castille , NFL cornerback...
in 1511 at Monastery, which moment will be an end of a cycle and will be the beginning of a new one, the big economic growth around the iron industry. However with the installation of the reformed Order, it closes the documental history of this language until to resurges at late 19th century
19th century
The 19th century was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires...
.
Texts
2nd half century XII, year 11531st half 13th century
2nd half 13th century, year 1261
2nd half 13th century, year 1276, jun 19th
13th century, 2nd half
1st half 14th century, year 1328
13th century, 2nd half, year XIV 1377
14th century, 1st half, year 1417
15th century, 2nd half, year 1466
16th century, 2nd half. Ibias Tormaleo, song
19th century
(Boal):
(Villanueva de Oscos, village)
(El Franco, village)
20th century, 1st half
(Navia Village)
(River Eo)
(Castropol village)
20th century, 2nd half
(El Franco village)
Association
In this dialectal area, there are associations supporting each side, such as Asociación Abertal (defending the Galician theory) and Xeira or Fala Viva (defending the Asturian theory). Its protection and language policyLanguage policy
Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to...
is the responsibility of the Asturian Government and the Secretaría Llingüística del Navia-Eo, a division of the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana responsible for this area. There are two different orthographies for Eonavian, the official one (more Asturian-like) and one made by the Mesa prá Defensa del Galego de Asturias (more Galician-like).
External links
- Eonavian grammar (Galician theory)
- Mesa for the defense of Gallego de Asturias (defending the Galician theory)
- Xeira (defending the Asturian theory)