Estrogen receptor beta
Encyclopedia
Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β), also known as NR3A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 2), is a nuclear receptor
which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen
. In humans, ER-β is encoded by the ESR2 gene
.
s and the superfamily of nuclear receptor
transcription factors. The gene product contains an N-terminal DNA binding domain and C-terminal ligand binding domain and is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Upon binding to 17-β-estradiol or related ligands, the encoded protein forms homo-dimers or hetero-dimers with estrogen receptor α
that interact with specific DNA sequences to activate transcription. Some isoforms dominantly inhibit the activity of other estrogen receptor family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been fully characterized.
ER-β may have anti-proliferative effects and therefore oppose the actions of ER-α in reproductive tissue. ER-β may also have an important role in adaptive function of the lung during pregnancy.
Estrogen receptor β is a potent tumor suppressor
and plays a crucial role in many cancer types such as prostate cancer
.
with:
Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules...
which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen
Estrogen
Estrogens , oestrogens , or œstrogens, are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals. They are the primary female sex hormones. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic ones are non-steroidal...
. In humans, ER-β is encoded by the ESR2 gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
.
Function
Estrogen receptor β is a member of the family of estrogen receptorEstrogen receptor
Estrogen receptor refers to a group of receptors that are activated by the hormone 17β-estradiol . Two types of estrogen receptor exist: ER, which is a member of the nuclear hormone family of intracellular receptors, and the estrogen G protein-coupled receptor GPR30 , which is a G protein-coupled...
s and the superfamily of nuclear receptor
Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules...
transcription factors. The gene product contains an N-terminal DNA binding domain and C-terminal ligand binding domain and is localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Upon binding to 17-β-estradiol or related ligands, the encoded protein forms homo-dimers or hetero-dimers with estrogen receptor α
Estrogen receptor alpha
Estrogen receptor alpha , also known as NR3A1 , is a nuclear receptor that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen...
that interact with specific DNA sequences to activate transcription. Some isoforms dominantly inhibit the activity of other estrogen receptor family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been fully characterized.
ER-β may have anti-proliferative effects and therefore oppose the actions of ER-α in reproductive tissue. ER-β may also have an important role in adaptive function of the lung during pregnancy.
Estrogen receptor β is a potent tumor suppressor
Tumor suppressor gene
A tumor suppressor gene, or anti-oncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene is mutated to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes.-Two-hit hypothesis:Unlike...
and plays a crucial role in many cancer types such as prostate cancer
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there are cases of aggressive prostate cancers. The cancer cells may metastasize from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly...
.
Tissue Distribution
ER-β is expressed by many tissues including blood monocytes and tissue macrophages, colonic and pulmonary epithelial cells and in prostatic epithelium and in malignant counterparts of these tissues. Also, ER-β is found throughout the brain at different concentrations in different neuron clusters.Interactions
Estrogen receptor beta has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with:
- Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha , also known as NR3A1 , is a nuclear receptor that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen...
- NCOA3Nuclear receptor coactivator 3The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene. NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' , steroid receptor coactivator-3 , or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 .-Function:NCOA3 is a transcriptional...
, - NCOA6NCOA6Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.-Interactions:NCOA6 has been shown to interact with Ku70, RBBP5, E2F1, Retinoblastoma protein, CREB-binding protein, Activating transcription factor 2, HSF1, HBXIP, TGS1, TUBB, TUBA4A, Thyroid hormone receptor...
, - MAD2L1MAD2L1Mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAD2L1 gene.-Interactions:MAD2L1 has been shown to interact with MAD2L2, CDC20, BUB1B, Estrogen receptor beta, ADAM17, UBD, CDC27 and Mad1....
, - RBM39RBM39RNA-binding protein 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBM39 gene.-Interactions:RBM39 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor beta and C-jun.-Further reading:...
, and - SrcSrc (gene)Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.Src is a proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase originally discovered by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, for which they won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It belongs to a...
.