Estrogen receptor alpha
Encyclopedia
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is a nuclear receptor
that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen
. In humans, ER-α is encoded by the gene
ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1).
-activated transcription factor
composed of several domains
important for hormone binding, DNA binding
, and activation
of transcription
. Alternative splicing
results in several ESR1 mRNA
transcripts, which differ primarily in their 5-prime untranslated regions
. The translated receptors show less variability.
of ER-α include:
with:
Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules...
that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen
Estrogen
Estrogens , oestrogens , or œstrogens, are a group of compounds named for their importance in the estrous cycle of humans and other animals. They are the primary female sex hormones. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic ones are non-steroidal...
. In humans, ER-α is encoded by the gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1).
Structure
The estrogen receptor (ESR) is a ligandLigand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein.The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen...
-activated transcription factor
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow of genetic information from DNA to mRNA...
composed of several domains
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
important for hormone binding, DNA binding
DNA-binding domain
A DNA-binding domain is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one motif that recognizes double- or single-stranded DNA. A DBD can recognize a specific DNA sequence or have a general affinity to DNA...
, and activation
Activator (genetics)
An activator is a DNA-binding protein that regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription. The activator may increase transcription by virtue of a connected domain which assists in the formation of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, or may operate through a coactivator. A...
of transcription
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
. Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing is a process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing...
results in several ESR1 mRNA
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein...
transcripts, which differ primarily in their 5-prime untranslated regions
Five prime untranslated region
A messenger ribonucleic acid molecule codes for a protein through translation. The mRNA also contains regions that are not translated: in eukaryotes these include the 5' untranslated region, 3' untranslated region, 5' cap and poly-A tail....
. The translated receptors show less variability.
Coactivators
CoactivatorsCoactivator (genetics)
A coactivator is a protein that increases gene expression by binding to an activator which contains a DNA binding domain. The coactivator is unable to bind DNA by itself....
of ER-α include:
- SRC-1Nuclear receptor coactivator 1The nuclear receptor coactivator 1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity . NCOA1 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand-activated nuclear receptors. NCOA1, in turn, acylates...
- AIB1Nuclear receptor coactivator 3The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene. NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' , steroid receptor coactivator-3 , or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 .-Function:NCOA3 is a transcriptional...
– amplified in breast 1 - BCAS3BCAS3Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3, also known as BCAS3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BCAS3 gene. BCAS3 is a gene that is amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer cells.- Function :...
– breast carcinoma amplified sequence 3
Interactions
Estrogen receptor alpha has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with:
- AKAP13AKAP13A-kinase anchor protein 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKAP13 gene.-Interactions:AKAP13 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, CTNNAL1 and PRKAR2A.-Further reading:...
- AHRAryl hydrocarbon receptorThe Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a member of the family of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors. AhR is a cytosolic transcription factor that is normally inactive, bound to several co-chaperones...
- BRCA1BRCA1BRCA1 is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA. The first evidence for the existence of the gene was provided by the King laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1990...
- CAV1
- CCNCCCNC (gene)Cyclin-C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNC gene.-Interactions:CCNC has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha and Cyclin-dependent kinase 8.-Further reading:...
- CDC25BCDC25BM-phase inducer phosphatase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC25B gene.-Interactions:CDC25B has been shown to interact with MAPK14, Casein kinase 2, alpha 1, CHEK1, MELK, Estrogen receptor alpha, YWHAB, YWHAZ, YWHAH and YWHAE....
- CEBPBCEBPBCCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEBPB gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this intronless gene is a bZIP transcription factor that can bind as a homodimer to certain DNA regulatory regions. It can also form heterodimers with the related proteins...
- COBRA1Cofactor of BRCA1Cofactor of BRCA1, also known as COBRA1, is a human gene that encodes NELF-B. NELF-B is a subunit of negative elongation factor , which also includes NELF-A , either NELF-C or NELF-D , and NELF-E...
- COUP-TFICOUP-TFICOUP-TF1 also known as NR2F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2F1 gene...
- CREBBP
- CRSP3CRSP3Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 23 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED23 gene.-Interactions:CRSP3 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, CEBPB and Cyclin-dependent kinase 8.-Further reading:...
- Cyclin D1Cyclin D1G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCND1 gene.Immunohistochemical staining of cyclin D1 antibodies is used to diagnose mantle cell lymphoma.-Interactions:...
- DDX17DDX17Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX17 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX17 gene.-Interactions:DDX17 has been shown to interact with HDAC1, Nuclear receptor coactivator 1, Nuclear receptor coactivator 3, Estrogen receptor alpha, Nuclear receptor coactivator 2, SRA1,, DDX5 and...
- DDX5DDX5Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX5 also known as DEAD box protein 5 or RNA helicase p68 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DDX5 gene.- Function :...
- DNTTIP2DNTTIP2Deoxynucleotidyltransferase terminal-interacting protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DNTTIP2 gene.-Interactions:DNTTIP2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha.-Further reading:...
- EP300EP300E1A binding protein p300 also known as EP300 or p300 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the EP300 gene. This protein regulates the activity of many genes in tissues throughout the body...
- ESR2Estrogen receptor betaEstrogen receptor beta , also known as NR3A2 , is a nuclear receptor which is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ER-β is encoded by the ESR2 gene.- Function :...
- FOXO1FOXO1Forkhead box protein O1 also known as forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXO1 gene.- Function :...
- GTF2H1GTF2H1General transcription factor IIH subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2H1 gene.-Interactions:GTF2H1 has been shown to interact with E2F1, XPB, ERCC2, Estrogen receptor alpha, Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 and TCEA1....
- HSP90AA1
- ISL1ISL1Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ISL1 gene.- Interactions :ISL1 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha.-Role in cardiac development:...
- JARID1AJARID1ALysine-specific demethylase 5A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KDM5A gene.The Drosophila homolog, LID, was found to be an H3K4 histone demethylase that binds to c-Myc. It was recently renamed to Lysine Demethylase 5A ....
- MVPMajor vault proteinMajor vault protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MVP gene.-Interactions:Major vault protein has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, PTEN and PARP4.-Further reading:...
- MED1MED1Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MED1 gene.- Function :The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with...
- MED12MED12Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 12 homolog , also known as MED12, is a human gene found on the X chromosome...
- MED14MED14Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED14 gene.-Interactions:MED14 has been shown to interact with PPARGC1A, Estrogen receptor alpha, STAT2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 8, Glucocorticoid receptor and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4...
- MED16MED16Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 16 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED16 gene.-Interactions:MED16 has been shown to interact with Thyroid hormone receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor alpha and Cyclin-dependent kinase 8....
- MED24MED24Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED24 gene.-Interactions:MED24 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, Cyclin-dependent kinase 8, Calcitriol receptor and BRCA1....
- MED6MED6Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED6 gene.-Interactions:MED6 has been shown to interact with Thyroid hormone receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor alpha, MED21 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 8.-Further reading:...
- MGMTO-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferaseMethylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGMT gene.- Function :O-alkyl-guanine is the major carcinogenic lesion in DNA induced by alkylating mutagens. This DNA adduct is removed by the repair protein, O-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase...
- MNAT1MNAT1CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MNAT1 gene.-Interactions:MNAT1 has been shown to interact with POU2F1, MTA1, Cyclin H, P53, Estrogen receptor alpha, MCM7 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 7....
- MTA1MTA1Metastasis-associated protein MTA1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTA1 gene.-Interactions:MTA1 has been shown to interact with HDAC1, Histone deacetylase 2, MTA2, Estrogen receptor alpha and MNAT1.-Further reading:...
- NCOA6NCOA6Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA6 gene.-Interactions:NCOA6 has been shown to interact with Ku70, RBBP5, E2F1, Retinoblastoma protein, CREB-binding protein, Activating transcription factor 2, HSF1, HBXIP, TGS1, TUBB, TUBA4A, Thyroid hormone receptor...
- NCOA1Nuclear receptor coactivator 1The nuclear receptor coactivator 1 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity . NCOA1 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand-activated nuclear receptors. NCOA1, in turn, acylates...
- NCOA2Nuclear receptor coactivator 2The nuclear receptor coactivator 2 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein which contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. NCOA2 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand activated nuclear receptors. NCOA2 in turn acylates...
- NCOA3Nuclear receptor coactivator 3The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene. NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' , steroid receptor coactivator-3 , or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 .-Function:NCOA3 is a transcriptional...
- NRIP1NRIP1Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRIP1 gene.RIP140 has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and regulates gene expression in metabolic tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, and liver.Knockout mice that completely lack...
- PDLIM1PDLIM1PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDLIM1 gene.-Interactions:PDLIM1 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, Actinin alpha 4, Actinin, alpha 1 and RNF12.-Further reading:...
- POU4F1POU4F1POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1 also known as brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A , homeobox/POU domain protein RDC-1 or Oct-T1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU4F1 gene....
- POU4F2POU4F2POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU4F2 gene.-Interactions:POU4F2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha....
- PRDM2PRDM2PR domain zinc finger protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRDM2 gene.-Interactions:PRDM2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha and Retinoblastoma protein.- External links :...
- PRMT2PRMT2Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRMT2 gene.-Interactions:PRMT2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha and HNRPUL1.-Further reading:...
- RBM39RBM39RNA-binding protein 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBM39 gene.-Interactions:RBM39 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor beta and C-jun.-Further reading:...
- RNF12RNF12E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RLIM is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RLIM gene.-Interactions:RNF12 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha.-Further reading:...
- SAFBSAFBScaffold attachment factor B, also known as SAFB, is a gene with homologs that have been studied in humans and mice.-Interactions:SAFB has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, TAF15, SAFB2 and HNRPD.-Further reading:...
- SAFB2SAFB2Scaffold attachment factor B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAFB2 gene.-Interactions:SAFB2 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha and SAFB.-Further reading:...
- SHC1SHC1SHC-transforming protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHC1 gene. SHC has been found to be important in the regulation of apoptosis and drug resistance in mammalian cells....
- SHPSmall heterodimer partnerThe small heterodimer partner also known as NR0B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR0B2 gene. SHP is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. SHP is unusual for a nuclear receptor in that it lacks a DNA binding domain...
- SMARCA4SMARCA4Transcription activator BRG1 also known as ATP-dependent helicase SMARCA4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCA4 gene.- Function :...
- SMARCE1SMARCE1SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCE1 gene.-Interactions:...
- SRA1SRA1Steroid receptor RNA activator 1 also known as steroid receptor RNA activator protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRA1 gene. The mRNA transcribed from the SRA1 gene is a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex containing NCOA1...
- SrcSrc (gene)Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene.Src is a proto-oncogene encoding a tyrosine kinase originally discovered by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus, for which they won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It belongs to a...
- TR2Testicular receptor 2The testicular receptor 2 also known as NR2C1 is protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C1 gene...
- TR4Testicular receptor 4Testicular receptor 4 also known as NR2C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2C2 gene.The testicular receptor 4 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors....
- TDGThymine-DNA glycosylaseG/T mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TDG gene.-Interactions:Thymine-DNA glycosylase has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, SUMO3, CREB-binding protein, Promyelocytic leukemia protein and Small ubiquitin-related modifier...
- TRIM24TRIM24Tripartite motif-containing 24 also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.- Function :...
and - XBP1XBP1X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene. The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while a closely related pseudogene has been identified and localized to chromosome 5...
.