Extreme Ice Survey
Encyclopedia
The Extreme Ice Survey documents rapid changes on glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere. It is the most wide-ranging glacier study ever conducted using ground-based, real-time photography. The Extreme Ice Survey uses time-lapse photography, conventional photography and video to illustrate the effects of global warming
on the earth’s glacial ice. The Extreme Ice Survey team has installed 26 time-lapse cameras at 15 sites in Greenland
, Iceland
, Alaska
, the Rocky Mountains
and British Columbia
, as well as a dozen positions for annual repeat photography in Iceland
, the Alps
and Bolivia
. Collected images will be used for scientific evidence and as part of a global outreach campaign aimed at educating the public about the effects of global warming.
(BAY-log) originated the Extreme Ice Survey in December 2006 after spending much of the previous two years photographing receding glaciers for National Geographic and The New Yorker. During his intensive exploration, Balog saw extraordinary amounts of ice vanishing with shocking speed. Features that took centuries to develop were sometimes being destroyed in just a few years—or even just a few weeks. This was geologic-scale change happening not in the dim past or distant future, but right here, right now, in our own time. Since these changes are the most visually dramatic and immediate manifestations of global warming
on our planet today, Balog decided to establish the Extreme Ice Survey. The project would ultimately evolve into an intensive team effort, bringing together journalists and scientists, artists and engineers.
; this is of vital importance in understanding how fast the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet
is contributing to the rise of global sea level.
. Relying on a revolutionary employment of time-lapse photography, the collective images of Extreme Ice Survey will illustrate the geologic and geomorphic changes affected by climate change
. These changes are occurring much faster than scientific modeling had previously predicted. The visual record produced by these images will be an invaluable scientific tool for future research and environmental activism.
Collection of field evidence is only half of the task facing the Extreme Ice Survey. The other half is a global outreach campaign. During months of post-production work, the time-lapse images will be edited into video that reveals how fast climate change is transforming large regions of our planet. The images and video will then appear in long-form television specials, television news programs, a large-format book, radio content, magazine articles, exhibitions, multi-media presentations, lectures and on the Internet. The official project Web site can be found at www.extremeicesurvey.org. (See also www.jamesbalog.com)
, Iceland
, Alaska
, the Rocky Mountains
and British Columbia
, as well as a dozen positions for annual repeat photography in Iceland
, the Alps
and Bolivia
.
is transforming the earth.
The Extreme Ice Survey team is careful to gather data over a multi-year period. By capturing images in diverse locations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the Survey is able to provide a more complete picture of the effect of global warming across different geographic regions than previous ground-based, time-lapse studies.
satellite uplink system designed and built exclusively for the Extreme Ice Survey by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Batteries will provide power during nights and overcast days. To compensate for dramatic swings in daylight hours at different times of the year, the Extreme Ice Survey team constructed customized intervalometers to trigger the cameras.
The cameras are protected by waterproof and dustproof Pelican cases. The cameras are mounted on Bogen tripod heads and secured against the arctic and alpine winds by a complex system of aluminum and steel anchors, and stainless steel aircraft cable guy wires. Each configuration weights 70 pounds or more. The setups must withstand winds as fast as 170 mph, temperatures as low as -40°F, blizzards, landslides, torrential rain and avalanches.
has consistently broken new ground in the art of photographing the outdoors. His images have received international acclaim, including the Leica Medal of Excellence and the premier awards for both nature and science photography at World Press Photo in Amsterdam. Exhibitions of his images have been shown at more than a hundred museums and galleries from Greece to Paris, New York to Los Angeles. He was the first photographer ever commissioned to create a series of stamps for the U.S. Postal Service; the 1996 release featured America’s endangered wildlife.
Balog’s work has been published in numerous major magazines, including National Geographic, The New Yorker, Life, Vanity Fair, The New York Times Magazine, Audubon and Outside. He is a contributing editor for National Geographic Adventure, where he was featured in an October 2007 article about his efforts with the Extreme Ice Survey. Balog is the author of six books: Wildlife Requiem (1984), Survivors: A New Vision of Endangered Wildlife (1990), Anima (1993), James Balog’s Animals A to Z (1996), Animal (1999) and Tree: A New Vision of the American Forest (2004). The documentary film, “A Redwood Grows in Brooklyn,” explores his thoughts about art, nature and perception.
In addition to his photographic credentials, Balog holds a master’s degree in geomorphology
from the University of Colorado. His approach to nature photojournalism combines his analytical scientific background with an artistic eye and progressive methodology.
Oddur Sigurdsson, President, Icelandic Glaciological Society
Global warming
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...
on the earth’s glacial ice. The Extreme Ice Survey team has installed 26 time-lapse cameras at 15 sites in Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
, Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
, the Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States...
and British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
, as well as a dozen positions for annual repeat photography in Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, the Alps
Alps
The Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....
and Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
. Collected images will be used for scientific evidence and as part of a global outreach campaign aimed at educating the public about the effects of global warming.
History
Nature photojournalist James BalogJames Balog
James Balog is an American photographer whose work revolves around the relationship between humans and nature. For nearly 30 years, James Balog re-defined environmental photography, whether his subject was endangered animals, giant trees, or Arctic ice sheets....
(BAY-log) originated the Extreme Ice Survey in December 2006 after spending much of the previous two years photographing receding glaciers for National Geographic and The New Yorker. During his intensive exploration, Balog saw extraordinary amounts of ice vanishing with shocking speed. Features that took centuries to develop were sometimes being destroyed in just a few years—or even just a few weeks. This was geologic-scale change happening not in the dim past or distant future, but right here, right now, in our own time. Since these changes are the most visually dramatic and immediate manifestations of global warming
Global warming
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...
on our planet today, Balog decided to establish the Extreme Ice Survey. The project would ultimately evolve into an intensive team effort, bringing together journalists and scientists, artists and engineers.
Mission
Why does the Extreme Ice Survey team go through the trouble of photographing melting glaciers? Because time-lapse photography provides precise forensic evidence of the reality of global warming and its effect on the earth. Because the Extreme Ice Survey will preserve a photographic echo of these landscapes long after they’ve disappeared. Because showing epochal change happening in the context of our lives alters fundamental human perception of our relationship to nature. Because science can use the Extreme Ice Survey photographic record to understand the mechanics and pace of glacial retreat, and how it relates to climate changeClimate change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
; this is of vital importance in understanding how fast the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Greenland ice sheet
The Greenland ice sheet is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the world, after the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet is almost long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is at a latitude of 77°N, near its...
is contributing to the rise of global sea level.
Objectives
Balog founded the Extreme Ice Survey to produce forensic evidence of the dramatic effects of global warmingGlobal warming
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...
. Relying on a revolutionary employment of time-lapse photography, the collective images of Extreme Ice Survey will illustrate the geologic and geomorphic changes affected by climate change
Climate change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
. These changes are occurring much faster than scientific modeling had previously predicted. The visual record produced by these images will be an invaluable scientific tool for future research and environmental activism.
Collection of field evidence is only half of the task facing the Extreme Ice Survey. The other half is a global outreach campaign. During months of post-production work, the time-lapse images will be edited into video that reveals how fast climate change is transforming large regions of our planet. The images and video will then appear in long-form television specials, television news programs, a large-format book, radio content, magazine articles, exhibitions, multi-media presentations, lectures and on the Internet. The official project Web site can be found at www.extremeicesurvey.org. (See also www.jamesbalog.com)
Locations
The Extreme Ice Survey team has installed 26 time-lapse cameras in numerous sites across the Northern Hemisphere. Guided by the recommendations of glaciologists, the Extreme Ice Survey team deployed its cameras at accessible and photogenic sites that represented regional conditions well and had high scientific value. There are 15 camera placements spread throughout GreenlandGreenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
, Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
, the Rocky Mountains
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States...
and British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
, as well as a dozen positions for annual repeat photography in Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
, the Alps
Alps
The Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....
and Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
.
Methodology
Extreme Ice Survey cameras are programmed to shoot once an hour, every hour of daylight, until late summer 2009. Each camera captures approximately 4,000 images per year for a total projected archive of more than 300,000 photographs by completion of the survey. Camera sites are accessed via foot, horseback, dogsled, skis, fishing boats and helicopters. Downloads of digital images occur as frequently as once a month to as rarely as once a year, depending on the accessibility of the site. The images will be edited into video and slide shows that reveal the speed with which climate changeClimate change
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
is transforming the earth.
The Extreme Ice Survey team is careful to gather data over a multi-year period. By capturing images in diverse locations throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the Survey is able to provide a more complete picture of the effect of global warming across different geographic regions than previous ground-based, time-lapse studies.
Equipment
The Extreme Ice Survey uses Nikon D-200 digital single lens reflex cameras powered by a custom-made combination of solar panels, batteries and other electronics. The operational health of certain cameras is monitored on a daily basis via an IridiumIridium
Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C...
satellite uplink system designed and built exclusively for the Extreme Ice Survey by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. Batteries will provide power during nights and overcast days. To compensate for dramatic swings in daylight hours at different times of the year, the Extreme Ice Survey team constructed customized intervalometers to trigger the cameras.
The cameras are protected by waterproof and dustproof Pelican cases. The cameras are mounted on Bogen tripod heads and secured against the arctic and alpine winds by a complex system of aluminum and steel anchors, and stainless steel aircraft cable guy wires. Each configuration weights 70 pounds or more. The setups must withstand winds as fast as 170 mph, temperatures as low as -40°F, blizzards, landslides, torrential rain and avalanches.
Field work timeline
- December 2006 – April 2007: Engineer and construct time-lapse cameras
- March 2007: Deploy cameras in Iceland
- May 2007: Deploy cameras in Alaska
- June 2007: Deploy cameras in Greenland and the Northwest United States
- September 2007: Deploy cameras in the Alps
- Fall 2007: Download all cameras except Greenland
- Spring 2008: Return to as many sites as possible to check damage from winter. Download surviving images and repair equipment
- Late Summer/Fall 2008: Return to a variety of camera sites and download pictures
- Late Summer 2009: Download images and clear cameras and supports from field
James Balog
For the last 25 years, nature photojournalist James BalogJames Balog
James Balog is an American photographer whose work revolves around the relationship between humans and nature. For nearly 30 years, James Balog re-defined environmental photography, whether his subject was endangered animals, giant trees, or Arctic ice sheets....
has consistently broken new ground in the art of photographing the outdoors. His images have received international acclaim, including the Leica Medal of Excellence and the premier awards for both nature and science photography at World Press Photo in Amsterdam. Exhibitions of his images have been shown at more than a hundred museums and galleries from Greece to Paris, New York to Los Angeles. He was the first photographer ever commissioned to create a series of stamps for the U.S. Postal Service; the 1996 release featured America’s endangered wildlife.
Balog’s work has been published in numerous major magazines, including National Geographic, The New Yorker, Life, Vanity Fair, The New York Times Magazine, Audubon and Outside. He is a contributing editor for National Geographic Adventure, where he was featured in an October 2007 article about his efforts with the Extreme Ice Survey. Balog is the author of six books: Wildlife Requiem (1984), Survivors: A New Vision of Endangered Wildlife (1990), Anima (1993), James Balog’s Animals A to Z (1996), Animal (1999) and Tree: A New Vision of the American Forest (2004). The documentary film, “A Redwood Grows in Brooklyn,” explores his thoughts about art, nature and perception.
In addition to his photographic credentials, Balog holds a master’s degree in geomorphology
Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them...
from the University of Colorado. His approach to nature photojournalism combines his analytical scientific background with an artistic eye and progressive methodology.
Research team
- Dr. Jason Box – Researcher at the Ohio State University Byrd Polar Research CenterByrd Polar Research CenterByrd Polar Research Center, sometimes abbreviated BPRC, is a polar and alpine research center at Ohio State University.- History :The Byrd Polar center at Ohio State University was established in 1960 as the Institute for Polar Studies. The name was changed to in 1987. Research foci were...
and assistant professor of geography at Ohio State. Byrd was a contributing author of “Climate Change 2007,” the report for which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific intergovernmental body which provides comprehensive assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and...
(IPCC) and Vice President Al GoreAl GoreAlbert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. served as the 45th Vice President of the United States , under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election....
were awarded the Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace PrizeThe Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.-Background:According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who...
. Since 1994, Box has completed 14 expeditions to the Greenland ice sheet. An authority on the relationship between Greenland glaciers and the earth’s climate, he writes the Greenland entry for the American Meteorological Society’s annual “State of the Climate” report. - Dr. Daniel B. Fagre – Ecologist and climate change research coordinator for the U.S. Geological Survey in Glacier National Park, MontanaMontanaMontana is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller, "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name,...
. With a background in wildlife biology and ecology, Fagre has a unique perspective on the broad changes being produced by global warming. He has been doing repeat photography on the dwindling ice masses of Glacier National Park for nearly two decades. Fagre is the author of the 2007 book, Sustaining Rocky Mountain Landscapes: Science, Policy and Management of the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem. - Dr. Tad Pfeffer – Researcher at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and professor of civil, environmental and architectural engineering at the University of Colorado at BoulderUniversity of Colorado at BoulderThe University of Colorado Boulder is a public research university located in Boulder, Colorado...
. Pfeffer’s research includes studies of the mechanics and dynamics of glaciers, and heat and mass transfer in snow. He has worked on glaciers for 30 years, including two decades of field work on Alaska’s Columbia Glacier. Pfeffer does extensive work with photography and photogrammetryPhotogrammetryPhotogrammetry is the practice of determining the geometric properties of objects from photographic images. Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography and can be dated to the mid-nineteenth century....
of glaciers and landscapes, using the imagery to describe and analyze glacier changes. Pfeffer’s photography has appeared in numerous scientific publications, as well as American ScientistAmerican ScientistAmerican Scientist is the bimonthly science and technology magazine published since 1913 by Sigma Xi. Each issue includes four to five feature articles written by scientists and engineers. These authors review research in all fields of science...
, GEOGEO (magazine)GEO is a family of educational monthly magazines similar to the National Geographic magazine. It is known for its profound reports, which are accompanied by opulent pictures.The first edition appeared in Germany in 1976...
(Germany) and Geotimes magazines, BBCBBCThe British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
television productions, special exhibitions and in both the movie and book An Inconvenient TruthAn Inconvenient TruthAn Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore's campaign to educate citizens about global warming via a comprehensive slide show that, by his own estimate, he has given more than a thousand times.Premiering at the...
, by Al GoreAl GoreAlbert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. served as the 45th Vice President of the United States , under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President in the 2000 U.S. presidential election....
.
Scientific advisory board
- Dr. Mark Fahnestock, University of New HampshireUniversity of New HampshireThe University of New Hampshire is a public university in the University System of New Hampshire , United States. The main campus is in Durham, New Hampshire. An additional campus is located in Manchester. With over 15,000 students, UNH is the largest university in New Hampshire. The university is...
- Dr. Martin Truffer, University of Alaska
- Dr. Neil Humphrey, University of WyomingUniversity of WyomingThe University of Wyoming is a land-grant university located in Laramie, Wyoming, situated on Wyoming's high Laramie Plains, at an elevation of 7,200 feet , between the Laramie and Snowy Range mountains. It is known as UW to people close to the university...
- Dr. Bernard Francou, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Quito, Ecuador
- Dr. Jan Joughin, Polar Science Center, University of WashingtonUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...
Oddur Sigurdsson, President, Icelandic Glaciological Society
- Dr. Konrad Steffen, Director, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado at BoulderThe University of Colorado Boulder is a public research university located in Boulder, Colorado...
Sponsors
The Extreme Ice Survey is funded by prominent research and scientific organizations, as well as several corporate partners.Patrons
- NASANASAThe National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research...
- National Geographic Expeditions Council
- National Science FoundationNational Science FoundationThe National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health...
- NikonNikon, also known as just Nikon, is a multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, specializing in optics and imaging. Its products include cameras, binoculars, microscopes, measurement instruments, and the steppers used in the photolithography steps of semiconductor fabrication, of which...
- Leopard Communications
Corporate partners
- Bogen Imaging
- PanasonicPanasonicPanasonic is an international brand name for Japanese electric products manufacturer Panasonic Corporation, which was formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd...
- Pelican Products
- The North FaceThe North FaceThe North Face, Inc. is an American outdoor product company specializing in outerwear, fleece, shirts, footwear, and equipment such as backpacks, tents, and sleeping bags....
- Rudy Project
See also
- AlaskaAlaskaAlaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
- AlpsAlpsThe Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....
- BoliviaBoliviaBolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
- British ColumbiaBritish ColumbiaBritish Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu . Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858...
- Climate changeClimate changeClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...
- GeomorphologyGeomorphologyGeomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them...
- Glacier National Park
- Global warmingGlobal warmingGlobal warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...
- GreenlandGreenlandGreenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
- Greenland Ice SheetGreenland ice sheetThe Greenland ice sheet is a vast body of ice covering , roughly 80% of the surface of Greenland. It is the second largest ice body in the world, after the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The ice sheet is almost long in a north-south direction, and its greatest width is at a latitude of 77°N, near its...
- IcelandIcelandIceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific intergovernmental body which provides comprehensive assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and...
- Rocky MountainsRocky MountainsThe Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States...
- time-lapse photography
External links
- Extreme Ice Survey
- American Geophysical Union
- Bogen Imaging
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences
- James Balog Photography
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Icelandic Glaciological Society
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- National Geographic magazine, “The Big Thaw”
- National Geographic Adventure magazine, “Portrait of a Meltdown”
- Pelican Products
- Polar Science Center
- Rudy Project
- Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network
- U.S Geological Survey