Factions in the Frankfurt Assembly
Encyclopedia
The factions in the Frankfurt Assembly were the groups or political faction
s that developed among delegates to the Frankfurt Parliament
that met from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt am Main. They coalesced as groups of like-minded representatives started meeting, and were named after the various hostelries at which they met. Eventually they formed larger groups or blocs based on similar political values.
The groups were regarded and spoken of as "clubs". In his memoirs, the deputy Robert von Mohl
wrote about how they came into being and functioned:
The numerically largest factions were Casino, Württemberger Hof, and beginning in 1849, the united left
, known as the Märzverein (March association).
was at the time also called the "Wholes", and consisted of a coalition of extreme and moderate republicans.
that followed, and supported and in some cases participated in the revolutions in Baden
and Saxony
.
Members included Theodor Reh and Wilhelm Loewe
, each of whom became President of the Assembly after having left it for more moderate groups, and also Robert Blum
, Johann Adam von Itzstein, Johann Jacoby
, Georg Friedrich Kolb, Franz Raveaux, Friedrich Schüler, Carl Vogt, and Franz Jacob Wigard.
as their model. In contrast to the notion of a so-called Kleindeutschland (little Germany) that would exclude Austria (as eventually happened in the unification of Germany
in 1871), they insisted on the right of self-determination; however, this was often interpreted as a German right to territories that had at some time been part of the Holy Roman Empire
or one of its constituent states. Members of the Donnersberg faction thus insisted on the inclusion of Schleswig, Poznań
, Bohemia
, Moravia
, and the Italian portions of Austria within a future all-German state and promoted nationalism
. In November 1848, the faction reunited with the Deutscher Hof group and with the more radical members of Westendhall to form the Centralmärzverein.
The best known members were Lorenz Brentano, Carl Damm, Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns
, Christian Kapp, Joseph Ignatz Peter, Gustav Rée, Arnold Ruge
, Friedrich Schüler, Maximilian Werner, and Wilhelm Wolff
. The group initially met at the Holländischer Hof inn, and relocated to a riverside establishment called the Donnersberg in September 1848.
, and Wilhelm Loewe. They objected to Robert Blum's policy of involvement in Austrian politics. Members of the faction were prominent in the campaign to implement the Frankfurt Constitution and in the rump parliament in Stuttgart.
The group met in the Nürnberger Hof, which was where merchants from Nuremberg
stayed while attending the Frankfurt Trade Fair
and was the largest such establishment in the Old City
. It consisted of several medieval buildings around a central courtyard that had originally been an alley and that were unified in 1485. All but the north and south entrances was destroyed in the 20th century.
in the decisive vote. They were denigrated by the Left as Linke im Frack (frock-coated
leftwingers).
The group was led by Heinrich Simon and also included Gottlob Friedrich Federer, Wilhelm Heinrich Murschel, Franz Raveaux, Adolph Gottlieb Ferdinand Schoder, Jodocus Donatus Hubertus Temme, Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
, and Friedrich Theodor Vischer
. They met at a hotel called Westendhall, which was located against the city walls between two stations, the Taunusbahnhof and the Main-Weser-Bahnhof. All these buildings have now been demolished.
.
. It was the largest faction. Members of Casino had been influential in organizing the Assembly and were influential in its work; in particular, together with Westendhall, it pushed through the proposal in the Frankfurt Constitution for a constitutional monarchy
.
Members included a large number of prominent politicians: Heinrich von Gagern
and Eduard von Simson, both of whom served as President of the Assembly, Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
, chairman of the Constututional Committee, and other liberals and right-wing liberals such as Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald
, Hermann von Beckerath
, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann
, Johann Gustav Droysen
, Georg Gottfried Gervinus
, Friedrich von Raumer, August Hergenhahn, Felix Lichnowsky
, Karl Mathy
, Gustav von Mevissen
, Alexander von Soiron, Georg Waitz
, and Carl Theodor Welcker
.
, who had presided over the preliminary assembly that prepared for the Frankfurt Assembly, Friedrich Carl Biedermann, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
, Carl Giskra
, Johann Friedrich Martin Kierulff, Heinrich Laube
, Julius Ostendorff, Friedrich Theodor Vischer
, Heinrich Wuttke, Friedrich Joseph Zell, and Adolf von Zerzog.
The group met in the Württemberger Hof, a large inn that had been erected in 1598 in the Fahrgasse, then a main artery of the Old City, as the Gasthaus Zum Goldenen Löwen (Golden Lion Inn) and renamed in 1839. The establishment was where Voltaire
was detained from May to July 1753 on the orders of Frederick II of Prussia. It was demolished in 1937 as part of an urban renewal project.
offshoot of the Württemberger Hof faction, under the leadership of Carl Mittermaier and Philipp Wilhelm Wernher. Members advocated a little Germany and a hereditary constitutional monarchy, but otherwise remained substantially in agreement with the Württemberger Hof faction. The group met in the wine bar of the Augsburger Hof, an inn in Töngesgasse where merchants from Augsburg
stayed during the Frankfurt Trade Fair.
In addition to Mittermaier and Wernher, members included Friedrich Carl Biedermann, August Emmerling, August Friedrich Gfrörer
, Robert von Mohl
, Julius Ostendorff, Gabriel Riesser
, Gustav von Rümelin, Gustav von Schlör, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, and Adolf von Zerzog.
, Heinrich von Quintus-Icilius, and Maximilian Heinrich Rüder.
, August Reichensperger
, Johann Gustav Heckscher
, and Victor Franz von Andrian-Werburg.
The group met at the Pariser Hof, a hotel in the Schillerplatz square (today An der Hauptwache
, after the Hauptwache building) that was recorded as Zum Schwarzen Bock in 1709 and was where Schiller stayed in 1784 during the premiere of his Intrigue and Love
. In 1809 it was rebuilt in neo-classical
style and renamed Hotel à la ville de Paris, later shortened to Hotel de Paris, but was generally referred to by the German translation, Pariser Hof. The building was replaced in 1898 by a neo-renaissance edifice that housed a well known café on the first floor until it was destroyed in World War II. The site is now occupied by a 1970s commercial building and the Hauptwache S-Bahn and U-Bahn station
.
, Prussia
, and Bavaria
; they included Albert August Wilhelm Deetz, Joseph von Radowitz
, and Georg von Vincke
.
The Café Milani had been founded in 1848 in the Roßmarkt square by an Italian, Christian Joseph Milani; it moved to other quarters beginning in 1854 and survived until the death of Adolf Milani, the founder's son, in 1931.
Political faction
A political faction is a grouping of individuals, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose. A faction or political party may include fragmented sub-factions, “parties within a party," which may be referred to as power blocs, or voting blocs. The individuals...
s that developed among delegates to the Frankfurt Parliament
Frankfurt Parliament
The Frankfurt Assembly was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main...
that met from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt am Main. They coalesced as groups of like-minded representatives started meeting, and were named after the various hostelries at which they met. Eventually they formed larger groups or blocs based on similar political values.
The groups were regarded and spoken of as "clubs". In his memoirs, the deputy Robert von Mohl
Robert von Mohl
Robert von Mohl was a German jurist. Father of diplomat Ottmar von Mohl. Brother of Hugo von Mohl and Julius von Mohl....
wrote about how they came into being and functioned:
that originally [there] were four different clubs, based on the primary political orientations. . . . That in regard to the most important major questions, for example about the participation of Austria and about the election of emperors, the usual club-based divisions would be abandoned temporarily to create larger aggregate groups, such as the United Left, the Greater Germans in the Hotel Schröder, [and] the Imperials in the [Hotel] Weidenbusch.
These party meetings were in actual fact an important part of political life in Frankfurt, significant for positive, but clearly also for negative, results. A club provided togetherness with politically kindred spirits, some of whom became true friends; animated advice on all important questions, immediate decision making, and perhaps as an immediate result, success in the plenary assembly.
The numerically largest factions were Casino, Württemberger Hof, and beginning in 1849, the united left
Left-wing politics
In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...
, known as the Märzverein (March association).
The Democratic Left
The LeftLeft-wing politics
In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...
was at the time also called the "Wholes", and consisted of a coalition of extreme and moderate republicans.
Deutscher Hof
Deutscher Hof was one of the original factions. Its members were left-wingers who advocated a democratic republic with universal direct suffrage and equal rights for all nationalities. Beginning in May 1849, when both liberals and conservatives were becoming disenchanted with the Frankfurt parliament and abandoning it, it dominated the Märzverein. Most of the Deutscher Hof deputies also participated in the rump parliament in StuttgartStuttgart
Stuttgart is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 600,038 while the metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million ....
that followed, and supported and in some cases participated in the revolutions in Baden
Baden
Baden is a historical state on the east bank of the Rhine in the southwest of Germany, now the western part of the Baden-Württemberg of Germany....
and Saxony
Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony , lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War...
.
Members included Theodor Reh and Wilhelm Loewe
Wilhelm Loewe
Wilhelm Loewe was a German physician and Liberal politician, also called Wilhelm Loewe-Kalbe or Wilhelm Loewe von Kalbe....
, each of whom became President of the Assembly after having left it for more moderate groups, and also Robert Blum
Robert Blum
thumb|Painting by August Hunger of Robert Blum between 1845 and 1848Robert Blum was a German democratic politician, publicist, poet, publisher, revolutionist and member of the National Assembly of 1848. In his fight for a strong, unified Germany he opposed ethnocentrism and it was his strong...
, Johann Adam von Itzstein, Johann Jacoby
Johann Jacoby
Johann Jacoby was a Left-wing Prussian Jewish politician.- Biography :The son of a merchant, Jacoby studied medicine and in 1830 started practicing in his native city, but soon became involved in political activities in a liberal interest, which involved him in prosecutions and made him well-known...
, Georg Friedrich Kolb, Franz Raveaux, Friedrich Schüler, Carl Vogt, and Franz Jacob Wigard.
Donnersberg
Donnersberg was a radical left-wing faction that split off from the Deutscher Hof faction on May 17, 1848. Members advocated revolution in order to create a popular democracy and guarantee the rights of the citizenry against the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie, and monied interests. They took the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
as their model. In contrast to the notion of a so-called Kleindeutschland (little Germany) that would exclude Austria (as eventually happened in the unification of Germany
Unification of Germany
The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German...
in 1871), they insisted on the right of self-determination; however, this was often interpreted as a German right to territories that had at some time been part of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
or one of its constituent states. Members of the Donnersberg faction thus insisted on the inclusion of Schleswig, Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
, Bohemia
Bohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
, Moravia
Moravia
Moravia is a historical region in Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, and one of the former Czech lands, together with Bohemia and Silesia. It takes its name from the Morava River which rises in the northwest of the region...
, and the Italian portions of Austria within a future all-German state and promoted nationalism
Nationalism
Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. In the 'modernist' image of the nation, it is nationalism that creates national identity. There are various definitions for what...
. In November 1848, the faction reunited with the Deutscher Hof group and with the more radical members of Westendhall to form the Centralmärzverein.
The best known members were Lorenz Brentano, Carl Damm, Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns
Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns
Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns was a Jurist and leader in the Baden Revolution of 1848...
, Christian Kapp, Joseph Ignatz Peter, Gustav Rée, Arnold Ruge
Arnold Ruge
Arnold Ruge was a German philosopher and political writer.-Studies in university and prison:Born in Bergen auf Rügen, he studied in Halle, Jena and Heidelberg. As an advocate of a free and united Germany he was jailed for five years in 1825 in the fortress of Kolberg, where he studied Plato and...
, Friedrich Schüler, Maximilian Werner, and Wilhelm Wolff
Wilhelm Wolff
Wilhelm Friedrich Wolff, nicknamed Lupus was a German schoolmaster from Tarnau , Galicia. In 1831 he became active as a radical student organization member, something he was imprisoned for between 1834 and 1838...
. The group initially met at the Holländischer Hof inn, and relocated to a riverside establishment called the Donnersberg in September 1848.
Nürnberger Hof
The Nürnberger Hof faction was a more moderate offshoot of Deutscher Hof that split off in September 1848, led by Friedrich Carl Biedermann, Georg Friedrich Kolb, Gabriel RiesserGabriel Riesser
Gabriel Riesser was a German politician and lawyer.-Life:Both of Riesser's grandfathers were rabbis; yet his father chose to work as a secretary at the Jewish law court of Altona before he finally became a merchant in Hamburg...
, and Wilhelm Loewe. They objected to Robert Blum's policy of involvement in Austrian politics. Members of the faction were prominent in the campaign to implement the Frankfurt Constitution and in the rump parliament in Stuttgart.
The group met in the Nürnberger Hof, which was where merchants from Nuremberg
Nuremberg
Nuremberg[p] is a city in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Situated on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, it is located about north of Munich and is Franconia's largest city. The population is 505,664...
stayed while attending the Frankfurt Trade Fair
Frankfurt Trade Fair
Frankfurt Trade Fair , with 448,000,000 Euros in sales and over 1,600 active employees, is one of the world's largest trade fair companies. The group has a global network of 28 subsidiaries, five branch offices, and 52 international sales partners. Thus, the Messe Frankfurt is present in over 150...
and was the largest such establishment in the Old City
Altstadt (Frankfurt am Main)
Altstadt or old city is a district or Stadtteil of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, located on the northern Main bank. It is part of the Ortsbezirk Innenstadt I. It is surrounded by the Stadtteil of Innenstadt...
. It consisted of several medieval buildings around a central courtyard that had originally been an alley and that were unified in 1485. All but the north and south entrances was destroyed in the 20th century.
Westendhall
The Westendhall faction formed in July 1848 as a more left-wing offshoot of the centrist Württemberger Hof. The members supported the Frankfurt Constitution and were thus in effect republicans, but pragmatically lent some of their support to the position of the Casino faction, supporting hereditary monarchyMonarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which the office of head of state is usually held until death or abdication and is often hereditary and includes a royal house. In some cases, the monarch is elected...
in the decisive vote. They were denigrated by the Left as Linke im Frack (frock-coated
Frock coat
A frock coat is a man's coat characterised by knee-length skirts all around the base, popular during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. The double-breasted style is sometimes called a Prince Albert . The frock coat is a fitted, long-sleeved coat with a centre vent at the back, and some features...
leftwingers).
The group was led by Heinrich Simon and also included Gottlob Friedrich Federer, Wilhelm Heinrich Murschel, Franz Raveaux, Adolph Gottlieb Ferdinand Schoder, Jodocus Donatus Hubertus Temme, Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz was a German officer and radical-democratic publisher in Hesse...
, and Friedrich Theodor Vischer
Friedrich Theodor Vischer
Friedrich Theodor Vischer was a German writer on the philosophy of art.Born at Ludwigsburg as the son of a clergyman, Vischer was educated at Tübinger Stift, and began life in his father's profession...
. They met at a hotel called Westendhall, which was located against the city walls between two stations, the Taunusbahnhof and the Main-Weser-Bahnhof. All these buildings have now been demolished.
The Liberal Center
The Centrists were also known as the "Halves" and were a coalition of moderates of the left and the rightRight-wing politics
In politics, Right, right-wing and rightist generally refer to support for a hierarchical society justified on the basis of an appeal to natural law or tradition. To varying degrees, the Right rejects the egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming that the imposition of equality is...
.
Casino
Casino was a moderate liberal or center-right faction founded on June 25, 1848; its members were mostly National LiberalsNational liberalism
National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining nationalism with some liberal policies, especially regarding economic liberalism. The roots of it are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries, then...
. It was the largest faction. Members of Casino had been influential in organizing the Assembly and were influential in its work; in particular, together with Westendhall, it pushed through the proposal in the Frankfurt Constitution for a constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution...
.
Members included a large number of prominent politicians: Heinrich von Gagern
Heinrich von Gagern
Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern was a statesman who argued for the unification of Germany.The third son of Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von Gagern, a liberal statesman from Hesse, Heinrich von Gagern was born at Bayreuth, educated at the military academy at Munich, and, as an officer in...
and Eduard von Simson, both of whom served as President of the Assembly, Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
Friedrich Daniel Bassermann
Friedrich Daniel Bassermann was a German liberal politician who is best known for calling for a pan-German Parliament at the Frankfurt Parliament...
, chairman of the Constututional Committee, and other liberals and right-wing liberals such as Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald
Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald
Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald was a Prussian general and politician.-Biography:Auerswald was born in Faulen, West Prussia where the family possessed the estates of Plauth and Tromnau....
, Hermann von Beckerath
Hermann von Beckerath
Hermann von Beckerath was a banker and Prussian statesman.-Biography:He was born at Krefeld, in Rhenish Prussia. His youth was spent in learning the business of banking, after which he became the head of a banking firm which had considerable influence in German financing, especially in the Rhenish...
, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann
Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann
Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann was a German historian and politician.He came of an old Hanseatic family of Wismar, then controlled by Sweden...
, Johann Gustav Droysen
Johann Gustav Droysen
Johann Gustav Droysen was a German historian. His history of Alexander the Great was the first work representing a new school of German historical thought that idealized power held by so-called "great" men...
, Georg Gottfried Gervinus
Georg Gottfried Gervinus
Georg Gottfried Gervinus was a German literary and political historian.-Biography:Gervinus was born in Darmstadt. He was educated at the gymnasium of the town, and intended for a commercial career, but in 1825 he became a student of the university of Giessen...
, Friedrich von Raumer, August Hergenhahn, Felix Lichnowsky
Felix Lichnowsky
Felix Lichnowsky, fully Felix Maria Vincenz Andreas Fürst von Lichnowsky, Graf von Werdenberg was a son of the historian Eduard Lichnowsky who had written a history of the Habsburg family....
, Karl Mathy
Karl Mathy
Karl Mathy , was a Badensian statesman.He was born at Mannheim. He studied law and politics at Heidelberg, and entered the Baden government department of finance in 1829...
, Gustav von Mevissen
Gustav von Mevissen
Gustav Mevissen, after 1884 Gustav von Mevissen was a German businessman and politician.Mevissen was born in Dülken, Rhine Province. He started by investing in textile industry and later in railway construction and heavy industry. He founded numerous banks, including the Darmstädter Bank, and...
, Alexander von Soiron, Georg Waitz
Georg Waitz
Georg Waitz was a German historian and politician.He was born at Flensburg, in the duchy of Schleswig and educated at the Flensburg gymnasium and the universities of Kiel and Berlin...
, and Carl Theodor Welcker
Carl Theodor Welcker
-Biography:He was a member of the Baden legislature, and a colleague of Karl von Rotteck's in the editing of The Independent . He also joined Rotteck in writing the Staatslexikon . He was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848....
.
Württemberger Hof
Württemberger Hof was a center-left or left-liberal faction that formed in July 1848. Members advocated a federalized Großdeutschland (Greater Germany, including Austria) organized as a parliamentary monarchy with strong popular representation, in which government was subordinate to the parliament. Members included Carl Joseph Anton MittermaierCarl Joseph Anton Mittermaier
Carl Joseph Anton Mittermaier was a German jurist.-Biography:He was born in Munich, and educated at the universities of Landshut and Heidelberg...
, who had presided over the preliminary assembly that prepared for the Frankfurt Assembly, Friedrich Carl Biedermann, Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer was a Tyrolean traveller, journalist, politician and historian, best known for his controversial theories concerning the racial origins of the Greeks, and for his travel writings.-Education:Fallmerayer was born, the seventh of ten children, in Weiler Pairdorf, a village...
, Carl Giskra
Carl Giskra
Carl Giskra was a statesman of the Austrian Empire....
, Johann Friedrich Martin Kierulff, Heinrich Laube
Heinrich Laube
Heinrich Laube , German dramatist, novelist and theatre-director, was born at Sprottau in Prussian Silesia.-Life:He studied theology at Halle and Breslau , and settled in Leipzig in 1832...
, Julius Ostendorff, Friedrich Theodor Vischer
Friedrich Theodor Vischer
Friedrich Theodor Vischer was a German writer on the philosophy of art.Born at Ludwigsburg as the son of a clergyman, Vischer was educated at Tübinger Stift, and began life in his father's profession...
, Heinrich Wuttke, Friedrich Joseph Zell, and Adolf von Zerzog.
The group met in the Württemberger Hof, a large inn that had been erected in 1598 in the Fahrgasse, then a main artery of the Old City, as the Gasthaus Zum Goldenen Löwen (Golden Lion Inn) and renamed in 1839. The establishment was where Voltaire
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet , better known by the pen name Voltaire , was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, free trade and separation of church and state...
was detained from May to July 1753 on the orders of Frederick II of Prussia. It was demolished in 1937 as part of an urban renewal project.
Augsburger Hof
The Augsburger Hof faction formed in September 1848 as a more conservative, National LiberalNational liberalism
National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining nationalism with some liberal policies, especially regarding economic liberalism. The roots of it are to be found in the 19th century, when conservative liberalism was the ideology of the political classes in most European countries, then...
offshoot of the Württemberger Hof faction, under the leadership of Carl Mittermaier and Philipp Wilhelm Wernher. Members advocated a little Germany and a hereditary constitutional monarchy, but otherwise remained substantially in agreement with the Württemberger Hof faction. The group met in the wine bar of the Augsburger Hof, an inn in Töngesgasse where merchants from Augsburg
Augsburg
Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a...
stayed during the Frankfurt Trade Fair.
In addition to Mittermaier and Wernher, members included Friedrich Carl Biedermann, August Emmerling, August Friedrich Gfrörer
August Friedrich Gfrörer
August Friedrich Gfrörer , German historian, was born at Calw, in Württemberg, 5 March 1803. Obedient to the wishes of his parents, but against his own inclinations, he devoted himself to the study of theology; was a student at the "Little Evangelical Seminary" of Tübingen from 1817-21, and from...
, Robert von Mohl
Robert von Mohl
Robert von Mohl was a German jurist. Father of diplomat Ottmar von Mohl. Brother of Hugo von Mohl and Julius von Mohl....
, Julius Ostendorff, Gabriel Riesser
Gabriel Riesser
Gabriel Riesser was a German politician and lawyer.-Life:Both of Riesser's grandfathers were rabbis; yet his father chose to work as a secretary at the Jewish law court of Altona before he finally became a merchant in Hamburg...
, Gustav von Rümelin, Gustav von Schlör, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, and Adolf von Zerzog.
Landsberg
The Landsberg faction was a moderate, somewhat left-leaning group that split off from the Casino in September 1848. Members supported strong central control with parliament playing an important role, and therefore desired stronger limitation of the powers of individual states than did other factions. They voted for constitutional monarchy. Deputies belonging to the faction included Johann Friedrich Christoph Bauer, Carl Otto Dammers, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm JordanCarl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan
Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan, sometimes shortened to Wilhelm Jordan, was a German writer and politician.- Life :...
, Heinrich von Quintus-Icilius, and Maximilian Heinrich Rüder.
Pariser Hof
The Pariser Hof faction was a conservative offshoot of the Casino faction that was formed on December 21, 1848. Members shared most of the views of Casino, but were more strongly federalist, in particular rejecting a strong central authority and requiring the Constitution to be ratified by all the states. Deputies belonging to the faction included Carl Theodor WelckerCarl Theodor Welcker
-Biography:He was a member of the Baden legislature, and a colleague of Karl von Rotteck's in the editing of The Independent . He also joined Rotteck in writing the Staatslexikon . He was a member of the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848....
, August Reichensperger
August Reichensperger
August Reichensperger was a German politician from the city of Koblenz.Reichensperger studied law and entered government service, becoming counsellor to the court of appeal at Cologne in 1849...
, Johann Gustav Heckscher
Johann Gustav Heckscher
Johann Gustav Wilhelm Moritz Heckscher was a German politician.-Biography:He served during the War of 1815 as a volunteer in the Hanseatic Corps, and then studied at the universities of Göttingen and Heidelberg...
, and Victor Franz von Andrian-Werburg.
The group met at the Pariser Hof, a hotel in the Schillerplatz square (today An der Hauptwache
Hauptwache (Frankfurt am Main)
The Hauptwache is a central point of Frankfurt am Main and is one of the most famous plazas in the city. The original name Schillerplatz was superseded in the early 1900s.- The Hauptwache building :...
, after the Hauptwache building) that was recorded as Zum Schwarzen Bock in 1709 and was where Schiller stayed in 1784 during the premiere of his Intrigue and Love
Intrigue and Love
Intrigue and Love , , is a five-act play, written by the German dramatist and writer Friedrich Schiller...
. In 1809 it was rebuilt in neo-classical
Neoclassical architecture
Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century, manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing...
style and renamed Hotel à la ville de Paris, later shortened to Hotel de Paris, but was generally referred to by the German translation, Pariser Hof. The building was replaced in 1898 by a neo-renaissance edifice that housed a well known café on the first floor until it was destroyed in World War II. The site is now occupied by a 1970s commercial building and the Hauptwache S-Bahn and U-Bahn station
Frankfurt (Main) Hauptwache station
Hauptwache station is a major station in Frankfurt am Main with 181,000 passengers per day, making it the second busiest rapid transit station in the city and a major hub for rail transport in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region. It is served by eight S-Bahn lines—S1–S6 and S8/S9—and 6 U-Bahn...
.
The Conservative Right
This bloc consisted of conservatives who wished to maintain the rights of the aristocracy, particularly Bavarians, and Prussian hegemonists.Steinernes Haus
The conservative faction started meeting on June 6, 1848 at the Steinernes Haus (Stone Building), a building dating to 1464 that was noticeably larger than the other medieval houses in the Old City.Café Milani
In late September 1848, the faction moved to the Café Milani. Members advocated a little Germany organized as a voluntary federation of monarchies that would retain their own armed forces and constitutions and not be controlled by the national government, with the role of the central government restricted to issues the constituent states were unable or unwilling to deal with. Most of the members were from Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
, Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
, and Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
The Kingdom of Bavaria was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918. The Bavarian Elector Maximilian IV Joseph of the House of Wittelsbach became the first King of Bavaria in 1806 as Maximilian I Joseph. The monarchy would remain held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom's dissolution in 1918...
; they included Albert August Wilhelm Deetz, Joseph von Radowitz
Joseph von Radowitz
Joseph Maria Ernst Christian Wilhelm von Radowitz was a conservative Prussian statesman and general famous for his proposal to unify Germany under Prussian leadership by means of a negotiated agreement among the reigning German princes.-Early years:Radowitz was born to Roman Catholic nobility on ...
, and Georg von Vincke
Georg von Vincke
Georg von Vincke was a Prussian politician, officer, landowner and aristocrat of the Vincke family.-Biography:He was born at Hagen, the son to Ludwig von Vincke....
.
The Café Milani had been founded in 1848 in the Roßmarkt square by an Italian, Christian Joseph Milani; it moved to other quarters beginning in 1854 and survived until the death of Adolf Milani, the founder's son, in 1931.
Sources
- Heinrich Best and Wilhelm Weege. Biographisches Handbuch der Abgeordneten der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung 1848/49. Handbücher zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien 8. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1996. ISBN 9783770051939