Floriano Peixoto
Encyclopedia
Floriano Vieira de Araújo Peixoto (flori'ɐ̃nu vi'ejrɐ de ara'uʒu pej'ʃotu), April 30, 1839, Maceió
, Brazil
— July 29, 1895, Rio de Janeiro
; born in Ipioca (today a district of the city of Maceió
in the State of Alagoas
), was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the War of the Triple Alliance
, and the second President of Brazil
.
and later, in November 1891 rose to the Presidency, following the resignation of the first President of Brazil
, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca
. Floriano Peixoto came to the Presidency in a difficult period of the then young Brazilian Republic, in the midst of a general crisis already in progress, made worse by the effects arising from the burst
of the Encilhamento
. His ascendancy to the Presidency was deemed unconstitutional since the Article 42 of the Constitution
indicated that, in the case of resignation of the incumbent, the Vice-President could only assume the Presidency if half of the President's mandate was completed.
against him (1893–1894) and a seditious military movement in the State of Rio Grande do Sul
and in the State of Santa Catarina
. His government was marked by increased centralization of power and nationalism
.
Desterro, the capital of the state of Santa Catarina
, was renamed Florianópolis
as punishment for its participation in the Federalist Revolution in 1894.
Maceió
Maceió is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state Alagoas, Brazil. The name "maceió" is of Indian origin, and designates the natural spontaneously courses of water which flow out of the soil...
, Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
— July 29, 1895, Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
; born in Ipioca (today a district of the city of Maceió
Maceió
Maceió is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state Alagoas, Brazil. The name "maceió" is of Indian origin, and designates the natural spontaneously courses of water which flow out of the soil...
in the State of Alagoas
Alagoas
Alagoas is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region. It borders: Pernambuco ; Sergipe ; Bahia ; and the Atlantic Ocean . It occupies an area of 27,767 km², being slightly larger than Haiti...
), was a Brazilian soldier and politician, a veteran of the War of the Triple Alliance
War of the Triple Alliance
The Paraguayan War , also known as War of the Triple Alliance , was a military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay...
, and the second President of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
.
Election and Succession as President
Floriano Peixoto was an Army Marshal when elected vice-presidentBrazilian presidential election, 1891
The Brazilian presidential election of 1891 was the first presidential election held in Brazil. The president was elected by the Congress and resulted in the election as President of Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca,...
and later, in November 1891 rose to the Presidency, following the resignation of the first President of Brazil
President of Brazil
The president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca
Deodoro da Fonseca
Marshal Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca became the first president of the Republic of Brazil after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and proclaimed the Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire of Brazil.- Biography :...
. Floriano Peixoto came to the Presidency in a difficult period of the then young Brazilian Republic, in the midst of a general crisis already in progress, made worse by the effects arising from the burst
Boom and bust
A credit boom-bust cycle is an episode characterized by a sustained increase in several economics indicators followed by a sharp and rapid contraction. Commonly the boom is driven by a rapid expansion of credit to the private sector accompanied with rising prices of commodities and stock market index...
of the Encilhamento
Encilhamento
The Encilhamento was a economic bubble that boomed between late 1880s and early 1890s in Brazil, having burst during the provisional government of Deodoro da Fonseca , then becoming a financial crisis...
. His ascendancy to the Presidency was deemed unconstitutional since the Article 42 of the Constitution
Constitution of Brazil
During its independent political history, Brazil has had seven constitutions. The most recent was ratified on October 5, 1988.-Imperial Constitution :Background...
indicated that, in the case of resignation of the incumbent, the Vice-President could only assume the Presidency if half of the President's mandate was completed.
Government
Floriano Peixoto defeated a naval officers' rebellionRevolta da Armada
Brazilian Naval Revolts, or the Revoltas da Armada , were armed mutinies promoted mainly by Admirals Custodio de Mello and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of Brazilian Navy ships against unconstitucional attitudes of the then the central government in Rio de Janeiro.-First revolt:In November 1891,...
against him (1893–1894) and a seditious military movement in the State of Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state in Brazil, and the state with the fifth highest Human Development Index in the country. In this state is located the southernmost city in the country, Chuí, on the border with Uruguay. In the region of Bento Gonçalves and Caxias do Sul, the largest wine...
and in the State of Santa Catarina
Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina is a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in Latin America. Its capital is Florianópolis, which mostly lies on the Santa Catarina Island. Neighbouring states are Rio Grande do Sul to the south and Paraná to the north. It is bounded on the east by...
. His government was marked by increased centralization of power and nationalism
Nationalism
Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. In the 'modernist' image of the nation, it is nationalism that creates national identity. There are various definitions for what...
.
Legacy
He is often referred to as "the Consolidator of the Republic" or "The Iron Marshal". He left the Presidency on November 15, 1894 but despite his unpopularity, the "Iron Marshal" was responsible for the consolidation of the new Republican Government.Desterro, the capital of the state of Santa Catarina
Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina is a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in Latin America. Its capital is Florianópolis, which mostly lies on the Santa Catarina Island. Neighbouring states are Rio Grande do Sul to the south and Paraná to the north. It is bounded on the east by...
, was renamed Florianópolis
Florianópolis
-Climate:Florianópolis experiences a warm humid subtropical climate, falling just short of a true tropical climate. The seasons of the year are distinct, with a well-defined summer and winter, and characteristic weather for autumn and spring. Frost is infrequent, but occurs occasionally in the winter...
as punishment for its participation in the Federalist Revolution in 1894.