Francesc Eiximenis
Encyclopedia
Francesc Eiximenis (OFM) was a Franciscan
Catalan
writer that lived in the XIVth century Crown of Aragon
. He was possibly one of the medieval Catalan writers that had more success, since his works were widely read, copied, published and translated. Therefore, it can be said tat both in the literary and in the political sphere he had a lot of influence. Among his readers important people of his time can be found, such as the kings of the Crown of Aragon Peter IV
, John I
and Martin I, the queen Maria de Luna
(wife of Martin I), and the Pope
of Avignon
Benedict XIII
.
. As he was very young, he became a Franciscan
. His education began in the Franciscan schools from Catalonia
. Afterwards, he went to the most important universities of Europe: the University of Oxford
and the University of Paris
. The University of Oxford influenced him notably, since the Franciscans had there an important school. Thus, several English Franciscans (and British authors in general) are the thinkers that influenced Eiximenis most. We can mention for instance Robert Grosseteste
(whom Eiximenis calls Linconiensis, since he was bishop of Lincoln
), John of Wales
, Richard Kilvington
, Alexander of Hales
, Richard of Middleton
, Thomas Bradwardine
, William of Ockham
, John Duns Scotus.
In 1371 there was an attempt to bring him to the University of Lleida
as a teacher. But he lacked the title of Doctor in Theology (magister in sacra pagina), and so this attempt did not go further. Eiximenis got this title in the University of Toulouse
in 1374, with the financial help and support from the king Peter IV
.
Then Eiximenis came back to Catalonia, and there he was very considered as intellectual. He was on good terms with the Court of the Crown Of Aragon and also with the ruling social class of Barcelona
and València
. Most of his works were written in Valencia, where he stayed from 1382 to 1408. There he as consultant of the jurats (the city representatives) and of the Consell (ruling organ of the city).
In Valencia Eiximenis' activity, besides his literary tasks, was tireless. 1391 was a very difficoult year for the city and kingdom of Valencia, since there were many social problems. Then Eiximenis organized a kind of praying army in some monasteries and convents around Valencia. In 1392 he and other people received the assignment of checking the Jewish books that were stolen during the 1391 Pogrom
. At te end of 1397 he was member of a commission that should advise king Martin I about the Western Schism
. In 1397 and 1398 he undertook the organization of two crusades of Valencians and Majorcans against the Muslim pirates of North Africa. In 1399 Eiximenis was also president of a commission that sought to
unify all the schools of Valencia. The Consell (ruling organ of Valencia) rejected that in 1400, but this attempt was anyway a clear first step towards the University of Valencia, that was founded officially in 1499. The last years of Eiximenis in Valencia (1404–1408) were devoted to the foundation and endowment of the Franciscan convent of Sant Esperit (in Gilet
, near Sagunto
). This convent was founded by the queen Maria de Luna.
In 1408 Eiximenis took part in the Council
of Perpignan
. There the Pope of Avignon Benedict XIII appointed him first Patriarch of Jerusalem and later apostolic administrator (interim bishop) of the diocese of Elna (ancient name of the diocese of Perpignan).
Eiximenis died in Perpignan
in Abril 1409.
:
There are two other books that have been attributed to Eiximenis: the Cercapou, and the Doctrina compendiosa. The Doctrina Compendiosa shows however a very strong influence from Eiximenis' political theories. there was also an adaptation of Llibre de las Dones in Spanish, which was called Carro de las Donas.
Eiximenis' works had a lot of success in his time, as the more than 200 manuscript
s of his works that have arrived to us show. Another example was the Psaltiri devotíssim (Translation into Catalan of 100 out of the 344 prayers of the Psalterium alias Laudatorium). The incunabulum
edition of this book had 2000 copies, i.e. more than the double of both editions of the Tirant lo Blanc
(Valencia 1490 and Barcelona 1497). Therefore it was the biggest incunabulum edition of the whole medieval Catalan literature
.
There were also a lot of translations during the XVth and XVIth centuries. The Llibre de les Dones was translated into Spanish. One of the Spanish translations was used for the education of the four daughters of the Catholic Kings. The Llibre dels Àngels had a great international success, and it was translated into several languages: Spanish
, Latin, French
and even Flemish (it was possibly the only book from the medieval Catalan literature that was translated into that language). And the Vida de Jesucrist was translated into Spanish and French.
There are finally two other examples that show the international spreading of Eiximenis' works. First of all, the French translation of the Llibre dels Àngels was the first book that in 1478 was printed in Geneva
. Secondly, the Spanish translation of the Vida de Jesucrist was the first book that was printed in Granada
in 1496 after the conquest of the city by the Catholic Kings.
Unfortunately we have few modern editions of Eiximenis' works. Most of the modern editions of his works have been prepared by Curt Wittlin
and by Albert Hauf
.
. There are also versions available
in Spanish,
in English,
in French
and in Occitan "Francesc Eiximenis" entry in the Enciclopedia Franciscana website. There are many biographical articles about Francesc Eiximenis.
's article in Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins 1 (1946). Perfil espiritual de Eiximenis Article of the Capuchin
friar Nolasc del Molar
in Revista de Girona
22 (1963). L’autocomprensione della comunità politica in Francesc Eiximenis, Paolo Evangelisti's article, in Enrahonar 42 (2009). Orígenes del pactismo republicano, Article about Francesc Eiximenis from Salvador Giner
(Presidente del Institute of Catalan Studies
), in El País (13.01.2010).
Franciscan
Most Franciscans are members of Roman Catholic religious orders founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Besides Roman Catholic communities, there are also Old Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, ecumenical and Non-denominational Franciscan communities....
Catalan
Catalan people
The Catalans or Catalonians are the people from, or with origins in, Catalonia that form a historical nationality in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France are sometimes included in this definition...
writer that lived in the XIVth century Crown of Aragon
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon Corona d'Aragón Corona d'Aragó Corona Aragonum controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain and southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean as far as Greece...
. He was possibly one of the medieval Catalan writers that had more success, since his works were widely read, copied, published and translated. Therefore, it can be said tat both in the literary and in the political sphere he had a lot of influence. Among his readers important people of his time can be found, such as the kings of the Crown of Aragon Peter IV
Peter IV of Aragon
Peter IV, , called el Cerimoniós or el del punyalet , was the King of Aragon, King of Sardinia and Corsica , King of Valencia , and Count of Barcelona Peter IV, (Balaguer, September 5, 1319 – Barcelona, January 6, 1387), called el Cerimoniós ("the Ceremonious") or el del punyalet ("the one...
, John I
John I of Aragon
John I , called by posterity the Hunter or the Lover of Elegance , but the Abandoned in his lifetime, was the King of...
and Martin I, the queen Maria de Luna
Maria de Luna
Maria de Luna , was a queen consort of Aragon, as the spouse of King Martin I of Aragon. She was known as "La Grande" , and is regarded as one of the most notable queens in Aragon...
(wife of Martin I), and the Pope
Pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
of Avignon
Avignon
Avignon is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city on 1 January 2010, 12 000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.Often referred to as the...
Benedict XIII
Antipope Benedict XIII
Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor , known as in Spanish, was an Aragonese nobleman, who is officially considered by the Catholic Church to be an antipope....
.
Life
Francesc Eiximenis was born around 1330 maybe in GironaGirona
Girona is a city in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Güell, with an official population of 96,236 in January 2009. It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès...
. As he was very young, he became a Franciscan
Franciscan
Most Franciscans are members of Roman Catholic religious orders founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Besides Roman Catholic communities, there are also Old Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, ecumenical and Non-denominational Franciscan communities....
. His education began in the Franciscan schools from Catalonia
Catalonia
Catalonia is an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, with the official status of a "nationality" of Spain. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an...
. Afterwards, he went to the most important universities of Europe: the University of Oxford
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096...
and the University of Paris
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
. The University of Oxford influenced him notably, since the Franciscans had there an important school. Thus, several English Franciscans (and British authors in general) are the thinkers that influenced Eiximenis most. We can mention for instance Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste
Robert Grosseteste or Grossetete was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. A.C...
(whom Eiximenis calls Linconiensis, since he was bishop of Lincoln
Bishop of Lincoln
The Bishop of Lincoln is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln in the Province of Canterbury.The present diocese covers the county of Lincolnshire and the unitary authority areas of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. The Bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral...
), John of Wales
John of Wales
John of Wales, OFM , a.k.a. John Waleys and Johannes Guallensis, was a Franciscan theologian who wrote several well-received Latin works, primarily preaching aids, in Oxford and Paris in the late-thirteenth century....
, Richard Kilvington
Richard Kilvington
Richard Kilvington was an English scholastic philosopher at the University of Oxford. His surviving works are lecture notes from the 1320s and 1330s. He was a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford...
, Alexander of Hales
Alexander of Hales
Alexander Hales also called Doctor Irrefragabilis and Theologorum Monarcha was a notable thinker important in the history of scholasticism and the Franciscan School.-Life:Alexander was born at Hales ,...
, Richard of Middleton
Richard of Middleton
Richard of Middleton was a member of the Franciscan Order, a theologian, and philosopher. He was Norman, and therefore it is impossible to tell whether he came from France or England originally...
, Thomas Bradwardine
Thomas Bradwardine
Thomas Bradwardine was an English scholar, scientist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus, .-Life:He was born either at Hartfield in Sussex or at Chichester, where his family were...
, William of Ockham
William of Ockham
William of Ockham was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of...
, John Duns Scotus.
In 1371 there was an attempt to bring him to the University of Lleida
University of Lleida
The University of Lleida is a university based in Lleida , Spain. It was the first university in Catalonia and the whole Crown of Aragon...
as a teacher. But he lacked the title of Doctor in Theology (magister in sacra pagina), and so this attempt did not go further. Eiximenis got this title in the University of Toulouse
University of Toulouse
The Université de Toulouse is a consortium of French universities, grandes écoles and other institutions of higher education and research, named after one of the earliest universities established in Europe in 1229, and including the successor universities to that earlier university...
in 1374, with the financial help and support from the king Peter IV
Peter IV of Aragon
Peter IV, , called el Cerimoniós or el del punyalet , was the King of Aragon, King of Sardinia and Corsica , King of Valencia , and Count of Barcelona Peter IV, (Balaguer, September 5, 1319 – Barcelona, January 6, 1387), called el Cerimoniós ("the Ceremonious") or el del punyalet ("the one...
.
Then Eiximenis came back to Catalonia, and there he was very considered as intellectual. He was on good terms with the Court of the Crown Of Aragon and also with the ruling social class of Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
and València
Valencia
-In Spain:* Valencia , Spain, capital of the Valencia Autonomous Community* Valencian Community, an autonomous community of Spain**Valencian people, an ethnic group or nationality whose homeland is the Valencian Community...
. Most of his works were written in Valencia, where he stayed from 1382 to 1408. There he as consultant of the jurats (the city representatives) and of the Consell (ruling organ of the city).
In Valencia Eiximenis' activity, besides his literary tasks, was tireless. 1391 was a very difficoult year for the city and kingdom of Valencia, since there were many social problems. Then Eiximenis organized a kind of praying army in some monasteries and convents around Valencia. In 1392 he and other people received the assignment of checking the Jewish books that were stolen during the 1391 Pogrom
Pogrom
A pogrom is a form of violent riot, a mob attack directed against a minority group, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes and properties, businesses, and religious centres...
. At te end of 1397 he was member of a commission that should advise king Martin I about the Western Schism
Western Schism
The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance . The simultaneous claims to the papal chair...
. In 1397 and 1398 he undertook the organization of two crusades of Valencians and Majorcans against the Muslim pirates of North Africa. In 1399 Eiximenis was also president of a commission that sought to
unify all the schools of Valencia. The Consell (ruling organ of Valencia) rejected that in 1400, but this attempt was anyway a clear first step towards the University of Valencia, that was founded officially in 1499. The last years of Eiximenis in Valencia (1404–1408) were devoted to the foundation and endowment of the Franciscan convent of Sant Esperit (in Gilet
Gilet
Gilet is a sleeveless jacket resembling a waistcoat or blouse. Currently, a gilet is a sleeveless jacket or vest. They may be waist- to knee-length, and are typically straight-sided rather than fitted. However, historically, they were fitted and embroidered...
, near Sagunto
Sagunto
Sagunto or Sagunt is an ancient city in Eastern Spain, in the modern fertile comarca of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia. It is located in a hilly site, c. 30 km north of Valencia, close to the Costa del Azahar on the Mediterranean Sea...
). This convent was founded by the queen Maria de Luna.
In 1408 Eiximenis took part in the Council
Council
-In politics:* Borough council, a form of local government* City council, a form of local government* Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales...
of Perpignan
Perpignan
-Sport:Perpignan is a rugby stronghold: their rugby union side, USA Perpignan, is a regular competitor in the Heineken Cup and seven times champion of the Top 14 , while their rugby league side plays in the engage Super League under the name Catalans Dragons.-Culture:Since 2004, every year in the...
. There the Pope of Avignon Benedict XIII appointed him first Patriarch of Jerusalem and later apostolic administrator (interim bishop) of the diocese of Elna (ancient name of the diocese of Perpignan).
Eiximenis died in Perpignan
Perpignan
-Sport:Perpignan is a rugby stronghold: their rugby union side, USA Perpignan, is a regular competitor in the Heineken Cup and seven times champion of the Top 14 , while their rugby league side plays in the engage Super League under the name Catalans Dragons.-Culture:Since 2004, every year in the...
in Abril 1409.
In Catalan
Eiximenis wrote the following works in CatalanCatalan language
Catalan is a Romance language, the national and only official language of Andorra and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencian Community, where it is known as Valencian , as well as in the city of Alghero, on the Italian island...
:
- Tractat d'usura (Treaty about Usury). Short treatise about usury according to the Canon Law. This matter was very debated in the Middle Ages by many scholars.
- Lo Crestià (The Christian). According to Curt WittlinCurt WittlinCurt Wittlin is a Swiss philologist and an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature.- Biography :...
the name should be Lo Cristià. It was a huge project of Summa TheologicaSumma TheologicaThe Summa Theologiæ is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas , and although unfinished, "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." It is intended as a manual for beginners in theology and a compendium of all of the main...
written in popular speech. The original project consisted in 13 books, but only 4 books were written:- Primer del Crestià (First of the Christian). It deals with the fundamentals of Christianity.
- Segon del Crestià (Second of the Christian). It deals with the temptation.
- Terç del Crestià (Third of the Christian). It deals with the different kinds of sin and its remedies.
- Dotzè del Crestià (Twelfth of the Christian). It deals with government and politics in general. Nevertheless the content is encyclopedical.
- Regiment de la cosa pública (Government of the Republic). It was a gift that Eiximenis gave to the jurats(representatives of the city) of Valencia, when he went to Valencia in 1383. It is about advices for a good government. This work has a lot of influencie of John of WalesJohn of WalesJohn of Wales, OFM , a.k.a. John Waleys and Johannes Guallensis, was a Franciscan theologian who wrote several well-received Latin works, primarily preaching aids, in Oxford and Paris in the late-thirteenth century....
' Communiloquium sccording to Albert HaufAlbert HaufAlbert Guillem Hauf i Valls is a Majorcan philologist, literature historian and literary critic. He is a specialist in Catalan and Occitan medieval literature....
. This work was also included as the third part of the Dotzè del Crestià. - Llibre dels àngels (Book of Angels). It is a very complete about angelology but with several political thoughts. This book was dedicated to the Valencian knight Pere d'Artés.
- Llibre de les dones (Book of Women). In the beginning it is just a book about women's education. But four fifths of this work deal about theology and the fundamentals of Catholic morality. This book was dedicated to the countess of PradesPrades-Places:* Prades, Ardèche, in the Ardèche département, France* Prades, Ariège, in the Ariège département, France* Prades, Haute-Loire, in the Haute-Loire département, France...
, Sanxa Ximenes d'Arenós. - Vida de Jesucrist (Life of Jesus Christ). It is a biography of Jesus Christ with theological thoughts and also contemplative content. This work was very influenced by the Pseudo-BonaventuraPseudo-BonaventuraThe Pseudo-Bonaventura, or Pseudo-Bonaventure is the name given to the authors of a number of medieval devotional works which were believed at the time to be the work of Saint Bonaventure: "It would almost seem as if 'Bonaventura' came to be regarded as a convenient label for a certain type of...
's Mediationes Vitae Christi and also by the vehement Franciscan Ubertino da Casale according to Albert HaufAlbert HaufAlbert Guillem Hauf i Valls is a Majorcan philologist, literature historian and literary critic. He is a specialist in Catalan and Occitan medieval literature....
. This book was also dedicated to the Valencian knight Pere d'Artés. - Scala Dei or Tractat de contemplació (Stairs towards God or Treatise about Contemplation). It is a short treatise about moral and theology. This book was dedicated to the queen Maria de LunaMaria de LunaMaria de Luna , was a queen consort of Aragon, as the spouse of King Martin I of Aragon. She was known as "La Grande" , and is regarded as one of the most notable queens in Aragon...
. - Two autograph letters in Catalan (from 15 July 1392 and 12 March 1396). The first one (15 July 1392) was addressed to the king Martin I (who in that moment was only prince), and it is interesting, since Eiximenis gives him some advises in this letter about the good government in SicilySicilySicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
.
In Latin
Eiximenis wrote the following works in Latin:- De Triplici Statu Mundi (About the three states of the world). It is a short eschatological treatise. There are doubts however, that Eiximenis is the author of this work.
- Allegationes (Statements). In Valencia there was a conflict between the Church and the State, and several important people were asked to express their opinon about that. This is the part concerns Eiximenis. Here Eiximenis a very strong theocratic point of view.
- A short part of his Summa TheologicaSumma TheologicaThe Summa Theologiæ is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas , and although unfinished, "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature." It is intended as a manual for beginners in theology and a compendium of all of the main...
. This extract is very short, and deals with some theological matters. - Ars Praedicandi Populo (Manual for the preaching to the people). It is a very interesting manual about preaching.
- A sermon (or a part of it).
- Pastorale (Pastoral). It deals with advice for priests and bishops, and it follows the classical Saint Gregory's Pastorale. This book was dedicated to Hug de LlupiàHug de LlupiàHug de Llupià i Bages , was bishop of Tortosa, bishop of Valencia, and a Catalan writer in Latin language. He belonged to a noble family from the Roussillon, and he was brother of Ramon de Llupià...
, bishop of Valencia. - Psalterium alias Laudatorium Papae Benedicto XIII dedicatum (Psalter or Doxology Dedicated to the Pope Benedict XIII). It is a very beautiful collection of 344 prayers. As the title shows, this book was dedicated to the Avignon pope Benedict XIII.
There are two other books that have been attributed to Eiximenis: the Cercapou, and the Doctrina compendiosa. The Doctrina Compendiosa shows however a very strong influence from Eiximenis' political theories. there was also an adaptation of Llibre de las Dones in Spanish, which was called Carro de las Donas.
Eiximenis' works had a lot of success in his time, as the more than 200 manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
s of his works that have arrived to us show. Another example was the Psaltiri devotíssim (Translation into Catalan of 100 out of the 344 prayers of the Psalterium alias Laudatorium). The incunabulum
Incunabulum
Incunable, or sometimes incunabulum is a book, pamphlet, or broadside, that was printed — not handwritten — before the year 1501 in Europe...
edition of this book had 2000 copies, i.e. more than the double of both editions of the Tirant lo Blanc
Tirant lo Blanc
Tirant lo Blanch or Tirant lo Blanc is a romance written by the Valencian knight Joanot Martorell and published in Valencia in 1490. The title means "Tirant the White" and is the name of the main character in the romance...
(Valencia 1490 and Barcelona 1497). Therefore it was the biggest incunabulum edition of the whole medieval Catalan literature
Catalan literature
Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to literature written in the Catalan language. The Catalan literary tradition is extensive, starting in the Middle Ages....
.
There were also a lot of translations during the XVth and XVIth centuries. The Llibre de les Dones was translated into Spanish. One of the Spanish translations was used for the education of the four daughters of the Catholic Kings. The Llibre dels Àngels had a great international success, and it was translated into several languages: Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
, Latin, French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
and even Flemish (it was possibly the only book from the medieval Catalan literature that was translated into that language). And the Vida de Jesucrist was translated into Spanish and French.
There are finally two other examples that show the international spreading of Eiximenis' works. First of all, the French translation of the Llibre dels Àngels was the first book that in 1478 was printed in Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
. Secondly, the Spanish translation of the Vida de Jesucrist was the first book that was printed in Granada
Granada
Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of three rivers, the Beiro, the Darro and the Genil. It sits at an elevation of 738 metres above sea...
in 1496 after the conquest of the city by the Catholic Kings.
Unfortunately we have few modern editions of Eiximenis' works. Most of the modern editions of his works have been prepared by Curt Wittlin
Curt Wittlin
Curt Wittlin is a Swiss philologist and an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature.- Biography :...
and by Albert Hauf
Albert Hauf
Albert Guillem Hauf i Valls is a Majorcan philologist, literature historian and literary critic. He is a specialist in Catalan and Occitan medieval literature....
.
Manuscripts
- http://www.lluisvives.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=37379&portal=1 First half (chapters 1-523) of the Terç del Crestià (BNC, ms. 457).
- http://www.lluisvives.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=28631&portal=1 Llibre dels Àngels (University of Barcelona, Fons de reserva, ms. 86).
- http://www.lluisvives.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=37555&portal=1 Vida de Jesucrist (BNC, mss. 459-460).
- http://www.lluisvives.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=22393&portal=1 Scala Dei (University of Barcelona, Fons de reserva, ms. 88).
Incunabula
- http://mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/incunableBC&CISOPTR=31648&REC=4 Primer del Crestià (Valencia, Lambert Palmart, 1483).
- http://mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/incunableBC&CISOPTR=32079&REC=3 First half (chapters 1-473) of the Dotzè del Crestià (Valencia, Lambert Palmart, 1484).
- http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01338342077571167200680/thm0000.htm Regiment de la cosa pública, (Valencia, Cristòfor Cofman, 1499).
- http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/scclit/24672785545034386754491/index.htm Llibre dels àngels, (Barcelona, Joan Rosembach, 1494).
- http://mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/incunableBC&CISOPTR=21937&REC=6 Llibre de les Dones, (Barcelona, Joan Rosembach, 1495).
- http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/biblioteca/Eiximenis,%20Francesc Traducció castellana de la Vida de Jesucrist, (Granada, Meinard Ungut and Johannes Pegnitzer, 1496).
- http://bibliotecadigitalhispanica.bne.es/view/action/singleViewer.do?dvs=1315145236177~561&locale=es_ES&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/singleViewer.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=10&frameId=1&usePid1=true&usePid2=true Translation into Spanish of the Llibre dels àngels (The title is Libro de los santos ángeles. Burgos, Fadrique de Basilea, 1490).
- http://mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/incunableBC&CISOPTR=20584&REC=8 Pastorale (Barcelona, Pere Posa, 1495).
- http://mdc.cbuc.cat/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/incunableBC&CISOPTR=18846&REC=9 Scala Dei (Barcelona, Diego de Gumiel, 1494).
Old editions
- http://www.lluisvives.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=11045&portal=1 Translation into Spanish of the Llibre dels Àngels (The title is La Natura Angélica. Alcalá de Henares, Miguel de Eguía, 1527).
Modern editions and transcripts
- http://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/4900;jsessionid=BE4F45B79ED2369D65348D10ACEEC93C.tdx1 Pastorale. Transcript and translation into Catalan. Montserrat Martínez Checa's doctorate thesis (UAB, Bellaterra, 1994).
- http://www.narpan.net/ben/indextsm.htm De triplici statu mundi (Edition by Albert HaufAlbert HaufAlbert Guillem Hauf i Valls is a Majorcan philologist, literature historian and literary critic. He is a specialist in Catalan and Occitan medieval literature....
). - http://www.narpan.net/ben/indexqnphth.htm Summa theologica (Edition by León Amorós, OFM).
- http://www.narpan.net/ben/indexautografs.htm Autograph letters (15.07.1392 und 12-03.1396. Edition by Sadurní Martí).
- http://www.antiblavers.org/galeria/albums/userpics/10223/PSALTERIUM_ALIAS_LAUDATORIUM.pdf Psalterium alias Laudatorium (Toronto, PIMS, 1988. Edition by Curt WittlinCurt WittlinCurt Wittlin is a Swiss philologist and an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature.- Biography :...
). - http://www.antiblavers.org/galeria/albums/userpics/10223/LLIBRE_DE_LES_DONES.pdf Lo Llibre de les Dones (Barcelona, Curial, 1981. Edition by Curt WittlinCurt WittlinCurt Wittlin is a Swiss philologist and an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature.- Biography :...
). - http://www.antiblavers.org/galeria/albums/userpics/10223/DE_SANT_MIQUEL_ARC%C3%80NGEL-BCN-CURIAL-1983.pdf De Sant Miquel Arcàngel (5th treaty from the Llibre dels Àngels. Barcelona, Curial, 1983. Edition by Curt WittlinCurt WittlinCurt Wittlin is a Swiss philologist and an expert of medieval Catalan language and literature.- Biography :...
).
Complete works
Digital biographies
Eiximenis' biography in www.eiximenis.tk Eiximenis' biography in www.eiximenis.tk Information about Francesc Eiximenis in Narpan. Información sobre Francesc Eiximenis in the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya website. Information about Francesc Eiximenis in the CulturCat website, that depends on the Generalitat de CatalunyaGeneralitat de Catalunya
The Generalitat of Catalonia is the institution under which the autonomous community of Catalonia is politically organised. It consists of the Parliament, the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia and the Government of Catalonia....
. There are also versions available
in Spanish,
in English,
in French
and in Occitan "Francesc Eiximenis" entry in the Enciclopedia Franciscana website. There are many biographical articles about Francesc Eiximenis.
Digital articles about Eiximenis
Fray Francisco Eiximenis : Su significación religiosa, filosófico-moral, política y social, Tomás Carreras ArtauTomás Carreras Artau
Tomàs Carreras i Artau was a Catalan philosopher, ethnologist and politician.-Biography:Tomàs Carreras was ethics professor in the University of Barcelona from 1912 until 1949. He set up the Archive of Ethnography and Folklore of Catalonia. Moreover, he was member of the Academy of Good Letters of...
's article in Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins 1 (1946). Perfil espiritual de Eiximenis Article of the Capuchin
Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin is an Order of friars in the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Father Mauro Jöhri.-Origins :...
friar Nolasc del Molar
Nolasc del Molar
Nolasc del Molar was the name of religion of the capuchin friar Daniel Rebull i Muntanyola. He entered in the Capuchin order in 1918 and he became a priest in 1926. He published several works about patristics, history and literature, and he made also important editions of ancient texts...
in Revista de Girona
Revista de Girona
Revista de Girona is a magazine that was created in 1955 in Girona. Its aim is to foster the cultural and scientific research works about the Girona territory. It has also the aim of furnishing the Girona culture of a tool that helps to record its present, and that helps it to go towards the...
22 (1963). L’autocomprensione della comunità politica in Francesc Eiximenis, Paolo Evangelisti's article, in Enrahonar 42 (2009). Orígenes del pactismo republicano, Article about Francesc Eiximenis from Salvador Giner
Salvador Giner
Salvador Giner i de San Julián is a Catalan sociologist and from 2005 he is the president of the Institute of Catalan Studies.- Biography:...
(Presidente del Institute of Catalan Studies
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
The Institut d'Estudis Catalans , also known by the acronym IEC, is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture"....
), in El País (13.01.2010).