Gabriel Andral
Encyclopedia
Gabriel Andral was a distinguished French
pathologist and a professor
at the University of Paris
.
In 1828 Andral was appointed professor of hygiene
, and in 1839 succeeded François-Joseph-Victor Broussais
(1772–1838) as chairman of general pathology and therapy, a position he held for 27 years. In 1823 he became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine
. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
in 1849.
Andral is remembered for his pioneer investigations of blood chemistry
. He is considered to be the founder of scientific hematology
, and is credited with its integration into clinical and analytical medicine. With his colleague, Louis Denis Jules Gavarret
(1809–1890), he performed extensive studies of blood composition. They demonstrated that blood composition varies in different pathological conditions, and their findings showed the importance of blood chemistry as a means of confirming diagnoses.
Andral's crowning written achievement was Clinique médicale, a five-volume work that discussed almost every facet of medicine known at the time. It was an exhaustive summary of French medicine and its development in the early part of the 19th century.
Andral is credited as the first physician to describe lymphangitis carcinomatosa
, a disease that is usually associated with cancers of the lung, breast, stomach
, and cervix. His father, Guillaume Andral, was also a physician of note.New International Encyclopedia
See also a more comprehensive list here.
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
pathologist and a professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
at the University of Paris
University of Paris
The University of Paris was a university located in Paris, France and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid 12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250...
.
In 1828 Andral was appointed professor of hygiene
Hygiene
Hygiene refers to the set of practices perceived by a community to be associated with the preservation of health and healthy living. While in modern medical sciences there is a set of standards of hygiene recommended for different situations, what is considered hygienic or not can vary between...
, and in 1839 succeeded François-Joseph-Victor Broussais
François-Joseph-Victor Broussais
François-Joseph-Victor Broussais was a French physician.-Life:From his father, who was also a physician, he received his first instructions in medicine, and he studied for some years at a college in Dinan named after him, "Collège François Broussais"...
(1772–1838) as chairman of general pathology and therapy, a position he held for 27 years. In 1823 he became a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine
Académie Nationale de Médecine
Académie Nationale de Médecine, or National Academy of Medicine was created in 1820 by king Louis XVIII at the urging of baron Antoine Portal. At its inception, the institution was known as the Académie Royale de Médecine...
. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...
in 1849.
Andral is remembered for his pioneer investigations of blood chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds....
. He is considered to be the founder of scientific hematology
Hematology
Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...
, and is credited with its integration into clinical and analytical medicine. With his colleague, Louis Denis Jules Gavarret
Louis Denis Jules Gavarret
Louis Denis Jules Gavarret was a French physician who was born in Astaffort, Lot-et-Garonne. He graduated from l'Ecole Polytechnique in Paris....
(1809–1890), he performed extensive studies of blood composition. They demonstrated that blood composition varies in different pathological conditions, and their findings showed the importance of blood chemistry as a means of confirming diagnoses.
Andral's crowning written achievement was Clinique médicale, a five-volume work that discussed almost every facet of medicine known at the time. It was an exhaustive summary of French medicine and its development in the early part of the 19th century.
Andral is credited as the first physician to describe lymphangitis carcinomatosa
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa is inflammation of the lymph vessels secondary to a malignancy. Breast, lung, stomach, pancreas, and prostate cancers are the most common tumors that result in lymphangitis. First described by pathologist Gabriel Andral in 1829 in a patient with uterine cancer.-References:...
, a disease that is usually associated with cancers of the lung, breast, stomach
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
, and cervix. His father, Guillaume Andral, was also a physician of note.New International Encyclopedia
New International Encyclopedia
The New International Encyclopedia was an American encyclopedia first published in 1902 by Dodd, Mead and Company. It descended from the International Cyclopaedia and was updated in 1906, 1914 and 1926.-History:...
Selected works
- Précis d'anatomie pathologique, (1829)
- Projet d'un essai sur la vitalité, (1835)
- An edition of LænnecRené LaennecRené-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec was a French physician. He invented the stethoscope in 1816, while working at the Hôpital Necker and pioneered its use in diagnosing various chest conditions....
's Traité de l'auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des poumons et du cœur (1836) - Cours de pathologie interne (1836–1837)
- Sur le traitement de la fièvre typhoïde par les purgatifs (1837)
- Sur les modifications de properties de quelques principes du sang (fibrine, globules, materiaux solides du sérum, et eau) dans les maladies, (with Jules Gavarret); (1840)
- Recherches sur la composition du sang de quelques animaux domestiques, dans l’état de santé et de maladie, (with Jules Gavarret and Onésime DelafondOnésime DelafondHenri-Mamert-Onésime Delafond was a French veterinarian who was director of the Maisons-Alfort veterinary school.Delafond is remembered for pioneer microscopic research of Bacillus anthracis, the causative organism of anthrax...
1805–1861); (1842) - Traité élémentaire de pathologie et de thérapeutique générale (1843)
- Essai d'hématologie pathologique, (1843)
See also a more comprehensive list here.
Terms
- Andral's decubitus—decubitus on the sound side; a position assumed in the early stages of pleurisyPleurisyPleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs. Among other things, infections are the most common cause of pleurisy....
.
-
- (Dorland's Medical Dictionary—1938)