Garth Williams
Encyclopedia
Garth Montgomery Williams (April 16, 1912 - May 8, 1996) was an American artist
Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only...

 who came to prominence in the American postwar era
Post-war
A post-war period or postwar period is the interval immediately following the ending of a war and enduring as long as war does not resume. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date...

 as an illustrator
Illustrator
An Illustrator is a narrative artist who specializes in enhancing writing by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text...

 of children's books. Many of the books he illustrated have become classics of American children's literature
Children's literature
Children's literature is for readers and listeners up to about age twelve; it is often defined in four different ways: books written by children, books written for children, books chosen by children, or books chosen for children. It is often illustrated. The term is used in senses which sometimes...

.
His friendly, fuzzy baby animals populated a dozen Golden Books.

Mel Gussow
Mel Gussow
Melvyn H. Gussow was an American theater critic, movie critic, and author who wrote for The New York Times for 35 years.-Biography:...

 in The New York Times
The New York Times
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper founded and continuously published in New York City since 1851. The New York Times has won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization...

wrote, "He believed that books 'given, or read, to children can have a profound influence.' For that reason, he said, he used his illustrations to try to 'awaken something of importance... humor, responsibility, respect for others, interest in the world at large.'"

Early life

Garth Williams was born in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

 in 1912
1912 in literature
The year 1912 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Virginia Stephen marries Leonard Woolf.*Frieda von Richthofen meets D. H. Lawrence.-New books:*Mary Antin - The Promised Land*L...

 to English
English people
The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens...

 artists, his father a cartoonist for Punch
Punch (magazine)
Punch, or the London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 50s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration...

, his mother a landscape painter. "Everybody in my home was always either painting or drawing." He grew up on farms in New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...

 and Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

. In 1922 he and his family moved to the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

. He studied architecture
Architecture
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art...

 and worked for a time as an architect's assistant. But when the Great Depression
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...

 came he made up his mind to be an artist instead of an architect. He began his studies at Westminster School of Art
Westminster School of Art
The Westminster School of Art was an art school in Westminster, London. It was located at 18 Tufton Street, Deans Yard, Westminster, and was part of the old Architectural Museum.H. M. Bateman described it in 1903 as...

 in 1929 and in 1931 was awarded a four-year scholarship to the Royal College of Art
Royal College of Art
The Royal College of Art is an art school located in London, United Kingdom. It is the world’s only wholly postgraduate university of art and design, offering the degrees of Master of Arts , Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy...

, where he created a sculpture that was awarded the Prix de Rome
Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome was a scholarship for arts students, principally of painting, sculpture, and architecture. It was created, initially for painters and sculptors, in 1663 in France during the reign of Louis XIV. It was an annual bursary for promising artists having proved their talents by...

. He continued his education in Germany
German art
German art has a long and distinguished tradition in the visual arts, from the earliest known work of figurative art to its current output of contemporary art....

 and Italy until the outbreak of war
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 in Europe. In London he volunteered with the British Red Cross
British Red Cross
The British Red Cross Society is the United Kingdom branch of the worldwide impartial humanitarian organisation the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The society was formed in 1870, and is a registered charity with over 31,000 volunteers and 2,600 staff. At the heart of their work...

 Civilian Defense ambulances, and helped collect the dead and injured from the streets. After a bomb blast vaporized a friend who had been walking next to him, he sent his wife and daughter to Canada, and united with them in New York in 1942.

Career

In the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 Williams worked making lenses at a war plant, applied for work as a camouflage artist, contributed war-effort posters to the British-American Art Center in New York, and brought his portfolio around to the major publishing houses. He drew for The New Yorker
The New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons and poetry published by Condé Nast...

for a mutually unfulfilling period of time. Then, in 1945, he received his first commission as an illustrator, from editor Ursula Nordstrom
Ursula Nordstrom
Ursula Nordstrom was publisher and editor in chief of juvenile books at Harper & Row from 1940 to 1973. She also authored the 1960 children's book The Secret Language...

 of Harper
HarperCollins
HarperCollins is a publishing company owned by News Corporation. It is the combination of the publishers William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd, a British company, and Harper & Row, an American company, itself the result of an earlier merger of Harper & Brothers and Row, Peterson & Company. The worldwide...

's Department of Books for Boys and Girls. The story is that Nordstrom "told him she was expecting a manuscript that he might illustrate. In a fortuitous coincidence, when the manuscript arrived the author had pinned a note to it: 'Try Garth Williams.' The author was E. B. White
E. B. White
Elwyn Brooks White , usually known as E. B. White, was an American writer. A long-time contributor to The New Yorker magazine, he also wrote many famous books for both adults and children, such as the popular Charlotte's Web and Stuart Little, and co-authored a widely used writing guide, The...

, the book was Stuart Little." The Whites had wanted Robert Lawson
Robert Lawson (author)
Robert Lawson was an American author and illustrator of children's books. During World War I, he also served as a camouflage artist.-Background:Born in New York City, Lawson spent his early life in Montclair, New Jersey...

 and had burned through eight illustrators. The book was a success with adults as well as children. Williams said later that seeing grownups on buses and trains reading Stuart Little persuaded him to continue as a freelance illustrator.

Shortly thereafter he began his collaboration with Margaret Wise Brown
Margaret Wise Brown
Margaret Wise Brown was a prolific American author of children's literature, including the books Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny, both illustrated by Clement Hurd.-Biography:...

 with the womblike The Little Fur Family
The Little Fur Family
Little Fur Family is a 1946 picture book written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Garth Williams. It tells the story of a little fur child's day in the woods. The day ends when his big fur parents tuck him in bed "all soft and warm," and sing him to sleep with a bedtime song.- Publication...

,
Harper's chic answer to Simon & Schuster's Pat the Bunny
Pat the Bunny
Pat the Bunny is a "touch and feel" book for small children and babies and has been a perennial best-seller in the U.S. since its publication in 1940...

.
Nordstrom knew the book would be a success when a mother wrote to tell her that her little boy had held open his copy at the dinner table and tried to feed it his supper. In all Williams illustrated eleven of Brown's books.

In 1951 he illustrated Charlotte's Web (1952); his eldest child Fiona, a toddler when the family escaped the Blitz, was his model for Fern Arable.

In the latter part of his life he lived primarily in Marfil, a small town west of Guanajuato
Guanajuato
Guanajuato officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato....

, Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...

. He was part of a colony of expatriates who built or rebuilt homes in the ruins of the silver mines of colonial Mexico. His studio was the center of the house, with five drawing tables and sixteen skylights, though the house also contained a waterfall. He was an excellent guitarist
Guitarist
A guitarist is a musician who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar while singing.- Versatility :The guitarist controls an extremely...

 and occasional banjo
Banjo
In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white man to play the banjo on stage. His version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth-string. There is no proof, however, that Sweeney invented either innovation. This new...

 player, and told stories of busking
Busking
Street performance or busking is the practice of performing in public places, for gratuities, which are generally in the form of money and edibles...

 in London during his art school tenure. At 81, he estimated he had illustrated ninety-seven books.

At 84 he died at his home in Marfil. He is buried in Aspen
Aspen, Colorado
The City of Aspen is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the city population was 5,804 in 2005...

, Colorado
Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...

. He was married four different times throughout his life and had five daughters: Fiona and Bettina from his first marriage, Jessica and Estyn from his second, Dilys from his fourth and a son, Dylan from his third marriage.

The 1953 "Little House" illustrations

Williams received the commission to illustrate the new Little House edition in about 1947. To know the worlds of Laura's childhood, Williams, who had never been west of the Hudson River
Hudson River
The Hudson is a river that flows from north to south through eastern New York. The highest official source is at Lake Tear of the Clouds, on the slopes of Mount Marcy in the Adirondack Mountains. The river itself officially begins in Henderson Lake in Newcomb, New York...

, traveled the Midwest to the places the Ingalls family
Laura Ingalls Wilder
Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder was an American author who wrote the Little House series of books based on her childhood in a pioneer family...

 had lived 70 years before, photographing and sketching landscapes, trees, birds and wildlife, buildings and towns. "The trip culminated in a search along the riverbank along Plum Creek
Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)
Plum Creek of Redwood County, Minnesota, is a stream in Minnesota, near the city of Walnut Grove. It goes to the northwest from the town. It lends its name to a regional library network.-History:...

 where the family had built their sod house
Sod house
The sod house or "soddy" was a corollary to the log cabin during frontier settlement of Canada and the United States. The prairie lacked standard building materials such as wood or stone; however, sod from thickly-rooted prairie grass was abundant...

 home, so long ago.

I did not expect to find the house, but I felt certain that it would have left an indentation in the bank. A light rain did not help my search, and I was about to give up when ahead of me I saw exactly what I was looking for, a hollow in the east bank of Plum Creek. I felt very well rewarded, for the scene fitted Mrs Wilder’s description perfectly.


"[He] wanted to... be able to see the house on Plum Creek...as Laura would have done, as a happy, flower bedecked refuge from the elements, with the music of the nearby stream. Which is how he drew it."

Ursula Nordstrom's initial plan was for Williams to produce eight oil paintings for each book, sixty-four in all. This proved to be not cost-efficient. Williams illustrated the Little House books with the simple pencil, charcoal and ink. Much of his work was accomplished in Italy.

He illustrated the first edition of The First Four Years (novel)
The First Four Years (novel)
The First Four Years is a book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder and found in the belongings of Rose Wilder Lane by Roger Lea MacBride, Rose's heir, upon Rose's death in 1968...

(1971).

The Rabbits' Wedding controversy

In 1958 Garth Williams wrote and illustrated a book that caused a small uproar: The Rabbits' Wedding. The book was removed from general circulation in Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...

's state library system because of its perceived theme of interracial love. The story was about a black rabbit marrying a white rabbit. "Such miscegenation, stated an editor in Orlando, was 'brainwashing . . . as soon as you pick up the book and open its pages you realize these rabbits are integrated.' The Montgomery Home News [a publication of the segregationist White Citizens' Council
White Citizens' Council
The White Citizens' Council was an American white supremacist organization formed on July 11, 1954. After 1956, it was known as the Citizens' Councils of America...

] added that the book was integrationist propaganda obviously aimed at children in their formative years." About the controversy, Williams stated, "I was completely unaware that animals with white fur, such as white polar bears and white dogs and white rabbits, were considered blood relations of white beings. I was only aware that a white horse next to a black horse looks very picturesque." Williams said his story was not written for adults, who "will not understand it, because it is only about a soft furry love and has no hidden message of hate."

Techniques

Williams described his approach to illustrating books in a 1980 interview. His initial reading of the material usually would suggest thirty or forty potential pictures. "'To compose the pictures is very hard...I look for all the action in the story; then I arrange forms and color. I always try to imagine what the author is seeing. Of course, I have to narrow down my ideas to the number of drawings I'm allowed, which might be as few as ten per book. I make a list of illustrations. When I see a picture, I write down the idea and a page number while I read the manuscript.'"

Garth Williams drew few straight lines. He used charcoal and graphite pencils, from fine to very soft, to illustrate the Little House books. The "youngest" book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods, is nearly lamplit in its coziness, almost an echo of the small-animal sensibilities of The Fur Family or his deeply colored Little Golden Books. He used pen and ink for The Cricket in Times Square and the Rescuers books for Charlotte's Web and Stuart Little. The Giant Golden Book of Elves and Fairies uses much colored pencil Golden Books and Little Golden Books oil pastels, ink washes and watercolors. The Rabbits' Wedding (1958) contains some of the clearest reproduced examples of his ability to convey hair, hide, grass and fur textures and uses only a few delicate colors.

Written and illustrated by Garth Williams

  • (1946). The Chicken Book: A Traditional Rhyme. New York: Delacorte. ISBN 0-440-40600-5.
  • (1951). Adventures of Benjamin Pink. New York: Harper.
  • (1952). Baby Animals. New York: Golden Press.
  • (1953). Baby Farm Animals. New York: Golden Press.
  • (1955). Baby's First Book. New York: Golden Books.
  • (1958). The Rabbits' Wedding. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-026495-0.
  • (1986). Self-Portrait. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. ISBN 0-201-08314-0.

Illustrated by Garth Williams

  • Andrieux, Raymond (1945). Tux'n'Tails. New York: Vanguard.
  • Baylor, Byrd. Amigo.
  • Brown, Margaret Wise
    Margaret Wise Brown
    Margaret Wise Brown was a prolific American author of children's literature, including the books Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny, both illustrated by Clement Hurd.-Biography:...

    . (1946) Little Fur Family. New York: Harper.
  • -- (1952). Mister Dog: The Dog Who Belonged to Himself.
  • -- (1953). The Sailor Dog.
  • -- (1948). Wait 'til the Moon Is Full.
  • -- (1951). Fox Eyes.
  • -- (1954). The Friendly Book.
  • -- (1956). Home for a Bunny.
  • Kunhardt, Dorothy
    Dorothy Kunhardt
    Dorothy Kunhardt was an American children's-book author, best known for the baby book Pat the Bunny. She was also a historian and writer about the life of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln....

    . (1949) Tiny Nonsense Stories. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • -- (1949). Happy Valentine.
  • -- (1949). Mrs. Sheep's Little Lamb.
  • -- (1949). The Two Snow Bulls.
  • -- (1949). Roger Mouse's Wish.
  • -- (1949). The Wonderful Silly Picnic.
  • -- (1949). The Naughty Little Guest.
  • -- (1949). Uncle Quack.
  • -- (1949). April Fool!
  • -- (1949). The Cowboy Kitten.
  • -- (1949). The Easter Bunny.
  • -- (1948). Shame On You, Baby Whale!.
  • -- (1948). Good Housekeeping
    Good Housekeeping
    Good Housekeeping is a women's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women's interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, health as well as literary articles. It is well known for the "Good Housekeeping Seal," popularly known as the...

     collaborations
  • Carlson, Natalie Savage
    Natalie Savage Carlson
    Natalie Savage Carlson is an award-winning American author of children's books....

     The Family Under the Bridge.
  • -- A Happy Orpheline.
  • -- (1959). A Brother for the Orphelines.
  • Hoban, Russell
    Russell Hoban
    Russell Conwell Hoban is an American writer, now living in England, of fantasy, science fiction, mainstream fiction, magic realism, poetry, and children's books-Biography:...

     Bedtime for Frances.
  • -- Bread and Jam for Frances.
  • Jarrell, Randall
    Randall Jarrell
    Randall Jarrell was an American poet, literary critic, children's author, essayist, and novelist. He was the 11th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, a role which now holds the title of US Poet Laureate.-Life:Jarrell was a native of Nashville, Tennessee...

     (1964) The Gingerbread Rabbit.
  • Minarik, Else H.
    Else Holmelund Minarik
    Else Holmelund Minarik is the author of the Little Bear series of children's books, which were successful as books, and were also made into a successful children's TV series...

     (1963). The Little Giant Girl and the Elf Boy.
  • Prelutsky, Jack
    Jack Prelutsky
    Jack Prelutsky is an American writer of children's poetry. He lives in Seattle, Washington with his wife, Carolynn.-Early life:...

     Ride a Purple Pelican.
  • -- (1990) Beneath a Blue Umbrella.
  • Moore, Lilian (1957) My First Counting Book
  • Norton, Miriam (1954) The Kitten Who Thought He Was A Mouse
  • Runyon, Damon
    Damon Runyon
    Alfred Damon Runyon was an American newspaperman and writer.He was best known for his short stories celebrating the world of Broadway in New York City that grew out of the Prohibition era. To New Yorkers of his generation, a "Damon Runyon character" evoked a distinctive social type from the...

     (1946). In Our Town: Twenty Seven Slices of Life. New York: Creative Age Press.
  • Selden, George New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  • -- (1960). The Cricket in Times Square.
  • -- (1981). Chester Cricket's Pigeon Ride.
  • -- (1983). Chester Cricket's New Home.
  • -- (1986). Harry Kitten and Tucker Mouse.
  • -- (1974). Harry Cat's Pet Puppy.
  • -- (1969). Tucker's Countryside.
  • -- (1987). The Old Meadow.
  • Sharp, Margery
    Margery Sharp
    Margery Sharp , was an English author. She was a prolific writer in her long career, writing 26 novels for adults, 14 stories for children, 4 plays, 2 mysteries, as well as numerous short stories...

     The Rescuers: A Fantasy.
  • -- Miss Bianca.
  • -- (1966). Miss Bianca in the Salt Mines.
  • -- (1963). The Turret.
  • Stoltz, Mary. Emmet's Pig.
  • -- King Emmett the Second.
  • Wahl, Jan (1968). Push Kitty.
  • Werner, Jane (ed.) (1951). The Giant Golden Book of Elves and Fairies.
  • -- The Tall Book of Make-Believe.
  • White, E.B. (1945) Stuart Little.
  • -- (1952) Charlotte's Web.
  • Wilder, Laura Ingalls
    Laura Ingalls Wilder
    Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder was an American author who wrote the Little House series of books based on her childhood in a pioneer family...

     (1953). The first eight Little House
    Little House on the Prairie
    Little House is a series of children's books by Laura Ingalls Wilder that was published originally between 1932 and 1943, with four additional books published posthumously, in 1962, 1971, 1974 and 2006.-History:...

     books. New York: Harper.
  • Wilder, Laura Ingalls, with a foreword by Roger McBride (1971). The First Four Years. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Zolotow, Charlotte. (1963). Over and Over.
  • -- Do You Know What I'd Do?
  • -- The Sky Was Blue.

Further reading

  • Wheeler, Jill (2005). Garth Williams. Edina, Minn.: ABDO Publishing. A biography for children.
  • "Williams, Garth (Montgomery) 1912-." Something About the Author. 66:228-235. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research
    Gale (publisher)
    Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the United States, in the western suburbs of Detroit. It was part of the Thomson Learning division of the Thomson Corporation, a Canadian company, but became part of Cengage Learning in 2007.The company, formerly known...

    .
  • In 1986 the Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society of De Smet, South Dakota
    De Smet, South Dakota
    -External links:* * * * *...

     created a video, "Back after 39 Years: Garth Williams Re-visits De Smet, S.D." This is a taped lecture in which Williams describes his work on the Little House books.
  • "Garth Williams: An Interview," in Publishers Weekly
    Publishers Weekly
    Publishers Weekly, aka PW, is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers and literary agents...

    . New York: February 23, 1990. Leonard Marcus Bibliography Leonard S. Marcus

External links

  • Garth Williams is represented by Richard M. Ticktin, Esq. of Robinson Brog Leinwand Greene Genovese & Gluck PC, 875 Third Avenue, 9th Fl., New York, NY 10022 http://www.robinsonbrog.com

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