Gharana
Encyclopedia
In Hindustani music, a gharānā is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style. A gharana also indicates a comprehensive musicological ideology. This ideology sometimes changes substantially from one gharana to another. It directly affects the thinking, teaching, performance and appreciation of music.
The word gharana comes from the Hindi word 'ghar', which means 'family' or 'house'. It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated; for example, some of the gharanas well known for singing khyal
s are: Agra, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Kirana, and Patiala.
Bani system. The gharana system was greatly influenced by the gradual fall of the Mughal Empire
, which forced musicians to move from Delhi to princely states such as Gwalior, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Patiala and Rampur.
The gharanas have distinct styles of presenting the khyal
— how much to emphasize and how to enunciate the words of the composition, when to sing the sthayi and antara, whether to sing an unmetered alap in the beginning, what kinds of improvisations to use, how much importance to give to the rhythmic aspect, and so on. However, an individual performer from a gharana may choose to borrow appealing stylistic aspects of another gharana in his or her gayaki. The prominent khyal gharanas are:
, the words in the text of a song are musically embellished to bring out their meaning, while the Lucknow gharana presents intricately embellished and delicate thumris that are explicit in their eroticism. The principal feature of the thumri
of the Patiala gharana
is its incorporation of the tappa from the Punjab region. It is with this tappa element that the Patiala gharana makes its impact, departing from the khyal
-dominated Benaras thumris and the dance-oriented Lucknow thumris.
The word gharana comes from the Hindi word 'ghar', which means 'family' or 'house'. It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated; for example, some of the gharanas well known for singing khyal
Khyal
Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India. Its name comes from an Arabic word meaning "imagination". It is thought to have developed out of the qawwali singing style. It appeared more recently than dhrupad, is a more free and flexible form, and it provides greater scope for...
s are: Agra, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Kirana, and Patiala.
Khyal Gharanas
The gharana system in khyal was rooted in the guru-shishya tradition and was similar to the DhrupadDhrupad
Dhrupad is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still in use in that musical tradition. Its name is derived from the words "dhruva" and "pada"...
Bani system. The gharana system was greatly influenced by the gradual fall of the Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire , or Mogul Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids...
, which forced musicians to move from Delhi to princely states such as Gwalior, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Patiala and Rampur.
The gharanas have distinct styles of presenting the khyal
Khyal
Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India. Its name comes from an Arabic word meaning "imagination". It is thought to have developed out of the qawwali singing style. It appeared more recently than dhrupad, is a more free and flexible form, and it provides greater scope for...
— how much to emphasize and how to enunciate the words of the composition, when to sing the sthayi and antara, whether to sing an unmetered alap in the beginning, what kinds of improvisations to use, how much importance to give to the rhythmic aspect, and so on. However, an individual performer from a gharana may choose to borrow appealing stylistic aspects of another gharana in his or her gayaki. The prominent khyal gharanas are:
| Gharana | Founding Artists | Approximate founding date | Revived by | Approximate revival date | Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gwalior Gharana Gwalior gharana The Gwalior Gharana is one of the oldest Khyal Gharanas. The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of the great Mughal emperor Akbar... |
Nathan Pir Baksh, Nathu Khan | Mid-16th Century | Bol-baant, bol-taan, no sargam, wide range in taans, alankarik taans, descending sapaat taans, roughly similar emphasis on melody and rhythm, preference for simple (as opposed to compound) ragas, repertoire of bandishes, variety of taans | ||
| Agra Gharana Agra gharana Agra Gharana is a tradition of Hindustani Classical Vocal Music descended from the Nauhar Bani. So far, Nauhar Bani has been traced back to around 1300 AD, during the reign of Emperor Allauddin Khilji of Delhi.... |
Ghagghe Khudabaksh | Mid-19th century | Faiyaz Khan Faiyaz Khan Ustad Faiyaz Khan is so far the best known exponent of Agra Gharana in Hindustani classical music. He was the master khayal vocalist of his time. Born at Sikandara near Agra in 1886 , he was the son of Shabr Hussain, who died three months before his birth... |
Early 20th century | Closer to dhrupad with nom-tom type alap and other elements, rhythmic play, frequent use of tisra jati in teentaal, emphasis on voice culture to achieve wide range and powerful throw of voice, bol-baant, bol-taan, rare use of sargam, slower taans, use of jabda taan, repertoire of traditional and self-composed bandishes |
| Kirana Gharana Kirana Gharana Kirana Gharana is one of the most prolific Hindustani khyal gharanas.-History:The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Muzzafarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh... |
Nayak Gopal | Late 17th century | Abdul Karim Khan Abdul Karim Khan Ustad Abdul Karim Khan , was an Indian classical singer of the Kairana gharana .-Early life and background:... , Abdul Wahid Khan |
Early 20th century | Slow-tempo raga development, emphasis on melody, long and sustained pitches, usually traditional ragas, use of sargam, very little bol-baant, clarity of text pronunciation |
| Bhendi Bazaar Gharana Bhendibazaar gharana -History and features:The Bhendibazaar gharana was founded around 1890 by brothers Chhajju Khan, Nazir Khan and Khadim Hussain Khan in the Bhendi bazaar area of Mumbai... |
Chhajju Khan, Nazeer Khan, Khadim Hussain Khan Khadim Hussain Khan Khadim Hussain Khan was an Indian singer born in Atrauli, Uttar Pradesh, India. Initiated into music by his father Altaf Hussain Khan, he went on to learn from his grand uncle Ustad Kallan Khan. They were both court musicians of the Jaipur Kingdom.... |
Late 19th century | Emphasis on breath control to be able to sing long passages in a single breath, use of merukhand for extended alaps, use of gamak taan and sargam, use of some Carnatic ragas | ||
| Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana Jaipur-Atrauli gharana The Jaipur-Atrauli gharana is a Khayal-based stylized singing family-hood , founded by Utd. Alladiya Khan in the late 19th century... |
Alladiya Khan | Late 19th century | Repertoire of rare and complex ragas, based on Agra gharana, use of aakaar for badhat, heavy use of teentaal, rupak, jhaptaal and ada-chautaal, rhythmic play, use of bol-baant and bol-taan, rippling taans, heavy emphasis on taans | ||
| Patiala Gharana Patiala Gharana The Patiala gharana is one of the most prominent gharanas of vocal Hindustani classical music. It was initially sponsored by the Maharaja of Patiala, Punjab, which was famous for ghazal, thumri, and khyal.-History:... |
Bade Fateh Ali Khan, Ali Baksh Khan Ali Baksh Ali Baksh or Ali Baksh Khan was a Pakistani classical singer. He, together with his friend Fateh Ali Khan founded the Patiala Gharana. Patiala Gharana is a relatively new gharana. This gharana is claimed to combine the musical traditions of Delhi gharana, Gwalior Gharana and Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana... |
Late 19th century | Emphasis on voice development, roughly similar emphasis on melody and rhythm, bol-baant-like sargam with occasional tonic transpositions, occasional use of bol-taan, variety of taans, fast sargam and taan patterns, may or may not include antara, influence of tappa Tappa Tappa is a city and a municipal council in Sangrur district in the Indian state of Punjab.-Demographics: India census, Tappa had a population of 18,887. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Tappa has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male... style |
||
| Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana Rampur-Sahaswan gharana Rampur-Sahaswan gharana is a gharana of Hindustani classical music centered in the North-Uttar Pradesh towns of Rampur and Sahaswan... |
Inayat Hussain Khan Inayat Hussain Khan Ustad Inayat Hussain Khan was an Indian classical vocalist, and the founder of Rampur-Sahaswan gharana.-Early life:Born in Sahaswan, Badaun district to Ustad Mehboob Khan, a khayal singer and Veena player of the Rampur court. He was taught traditional khayals and the exquisite taranas created by... |
Mid-19th century | Emphasis on melody, little bol-baant or bol-taan, use of sargam, sapaat taans | ||
| Indore Gharana Indore Gharana Indore gharana is one of the vocal gharanas of Indian classical music. It was founded by Ustad Amir Khan, who studied the styles of Abdul Wahid Khan, Aman Ali Khan, Rajab Ali Khan and Abdul Karim Khan and amalgamated the essence of the styles of these four maestros with his own intellectual... |
Amir Khan | Mid-20th century | Slow-tempo raga development, improvisation mostly in lower and middle octaves, tendency towards serious and expansive ragas, emphasis on melody, judicious use of pause between improvisations, bol alap and sargam using merukhand patterns, sparing application of murki, use of kan swaras in all parts of performance, controlled use of embellishments to preserve introspective quality, rare use of tihai, careful enunciation of text, may or may not include antara, use of multiple laya jatis in a single taan, mixture of taan types in a single taan, known for ruba'idar tarana (considered similar to chhota khyal) | ||
| Delhi Gharana Delhi gharana The Delhi Gharana is the oldest of all tabla gharanas, and is also the first to establish improvisation rules. It was founded in North-East India, and is easily one of the most, if not the most, common Gharana used today.-History:... |
Qawwali Qawwali Qawwali is a form of Sufi devotional music popular in South Asia, particularly in the Punjab and Sindh regions of Pakistan, Hyderabad, Delhi, and other parts of northern India... yas |
Late 18th century | Sangi Khan, Mamman Khan | Extensive use of sargam and taan patterns in both vilambit and drut | |
| Mewati Gharana Mewati Gharana The Mewati Gharana is a stylized musical family-hood of Hindustani classical music founded in the late 19th century by Utd. Ghagge Nazir Khan of Jodhpur. An offshoot of the Gwalior Gharana, the Mewati Gharana acquired its name after the region from which its founding exponents hailed: the Mewar... |
Ghagghe Nazir Khan | Mid-19th century | Jasraj | Late 20th century | Emphasis on melody, known for bhajans, sapaat taans and gamak taans, use of sargam |
| Qawwal Bacche Gharana | Saamat bin Ibrahim | Repertoire of traditional bandishes, systematic alap, gamak taan and bol taan, known for other classical and semi-classical forms | |||
| Sham Chaurasia Gharana Sham Chaurasia gharana Sham Chaurasia gharana is a gharana in Hindustani classical music, known for the singing of vocal duets, most notably represented in modern times by the brothers Salamat Ali Khan and Nazakat Ali Khan... |
Miyan Chand Khan, Miyan Suraj Khan | 16th century | Salamat Ali and Nazakat Ali Khan | Mid-20th century | Emphasis on layakari using bol-baant and tihai, fast sargam and taan patterns |
Dhrupad Gharanas
- Dagarvani Gharana, founded by the Dagar family
- Bishnupur GharanaBishnupur GharanaThe Bishnupur Gharana is a form of singing that follow the Dhrupad tradition of Hindustani music, one of the two Indian classical music forms. It originated in Bishnupur , West Bengal. The name of the town means "city of Vishnu" in Bengali...
, founded by Kirtankars in West BengalWest BengalWest Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...
(13th Century) - Darbhanga Mallik Gharana, DarbhangaDarbhangaDarbhangā is a twin city and a municipal corporation and the capital city of the Darbhanga district and Darbhanga Division in the state of Bihar, India. It is one of the most important districts of North Bihar situated in the very heart of Mithilanchal. According to the latest 2011 census, the...
, BiharBiharBihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India....
- known for style known as Gaurhar Vani and also has good command on Khandar Vani - Bettiah gharana, founded in BettiahBettiahBettiah is the headquarters of West Champaran district in the state of Bihar, near the Indo-Nepal border, 225 Kilometres north-west of Patna. Bettiah, pronounced as 'Betiya', derived its name from 'baint'...
, BiharBiharBihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India....
Thumri gharanas
In the Benares Thumri GharanaBenares gharana
Benares gharānā is one of the six most common styles of playing of the Indian tabla.-History:The Benares tabla gharana was developed a little over 200 years ago by Pandit Ram Sahai . Ram Sahai began studying the tabla with his father from the age of five. At the age of nine, he moved to Lucknow to...
, the words in the text of a song are musically embellished to bring out their meaning, while the Lucknow gharana presents intricately embellished and delicate thumris that are explicit in their eroticism. The principal feature of the thumri
Thumri
Thumri is a common genre of semi-classical Indian music.The text is romantic or devotional in nature, and usually revolves around a girl's love for Krishna. The lyrics are usually in Uttar Pradesh dialects of Hindi called Poorbi and Brij Bhasha...
of the Patiala gharana
Patiala Gharana
The Patiala gharana is one of the most prominent gharanas of vocal Hindustani classical music. It was initially sponsored by the Maharaja of Patiala, Punjab, which was famous for ghazal, thumri, and khyal.-History:...
is its incorporation of the tappa from the Punjab region. It is with this tappa element that the Patiala gharana makes its impact, departing from the khyal
Khyal
Khyal is the modern genre of classical singing in North India. Its name comes from an Arabic word meaning "imagination". It is thought to have developed out of the qawwali singing style. It appeared more recently than dhrupad, is a more free and flexible form, and it provides greater scope for...
-dominated Benaras thumris and the dance-oriented Lucknow thumris.
- Benares Thumri Gharana, revived by Siddheshwari Devi, Rasulan Bai, Badi Moti Bai, Mahadev Mishra, Girija DeviGirija DeviGirija Devi is an Indian classical singer of the Banaras gharana. She performs classical and light classical music and has helped elevate the profile of thumri.-Early life:Girija Devi was born in Varanasi, India in 1929...
(mid-20th Century), founded by Kirtankars (13th-Century). - Patiala Thumri GharanaPatiala GharanaThe Patiala gharana is one of the most prominent gharanas of vocal Hindustani classical music. It was initially sponsored by the Maharaja of Patiala, Punjab, which was famous for ghazal, thumri, and khyal.-History:...
, founded by Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ali Baksh Khan in Patiala, PunjabPunjab regionThe Punjab , also spelled Panjab |water]]s"), is a geographical region straddling the border between Pakistan and India which includes Punjab province in Pakistan and the states of the Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and some northern parts of the National Capital Territory of Delhi...
(18th Century).
Tabla Gharanas
The following are the six widely accepted Tabla Gharanas. The prominent Tabla Gharanas are in bold (ordered based on chronology of founding):- Delhi gharanaDelhi gharanaThe Delhi Gharana is the oldest of all tabla gharanas, and is also the first to establish improvisation rules. It was founded in North-East India, and is easily one of the most, if not the most, common Gharana used today.-History:...
is the oldest of the Tabla Gharanas. - Ajrara gharanaAjrara gharānāAjrara gharana or Ajrada gharana is one of the six main traditional schools in tabla drum. This school was founded in the nineteenth century by Miru and Kallu, disciples of Sitab Khan of the Delhi gharana, at the Ajrara village, in Uttar Pradesh....
is an offshoot of and closely associated with the Delhi Gharana. - Lucknow gharana, revived by Late Pandit Anil Bhattacharjee,(Middle 20th century), Swapan ChaudhuriSwapan ChaudhuriSwapan Chaudhuri is an Indian tabla player, who has accompanied several musicians of Indian classical music, including, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan and Pandit Jasraj....
(late 20th Century), has rhythmic development through KathakKathakKathak is one of the eight forms of Indian classical dances, originated from Uttar Pradesh, India. This dance form traces its origins to the nomadic bards of ancient northern India, known as Kathaks, or storytellers...
.Also Prof.Biswajit Bhattacharjee.(R.B.U.) (Specialist in KATHAKI Baaz) is direct disciple of Late Ustad Wazid Hussain Khalifa and complited his training under the able guidance of his father Pandit.Anil Bhattacharjee,The disciple of Wazid Hussain.Mrs.Nibedita Bhattacharjee[Bagchi]Daughter of Pt.Anil Bhattacharjee. - Benares gharanaBenares gharanaBenares gharānā is one of the six most common styles of playing of the Indian tabla.-History:The Benares tabla gharana was developed a little over 200 years ago by Pandit Ram Sahai . Ram Sahai began studying the tabla with his father from the age of five. At the age of nine, he moved to Lucknow to...
- Punjab gharanaPunjab gharanaPunjab Gharānā , is a style and technique of Tabla playing that originated in the Punjab region of what is now split in present day Pakistan and India. The Punjab Gharana is possibly the oldest of the six Tabla Gharanas...
, popularized by Alla Rakha and Zakir HussainZakir Hussain (musician)Zakir Hussain , , is an Indian tabla player, musical producer, film actor and composer.-Early life:Hussain was born in Mumbai, India to the legendary tabla player Alla Rakha. He attended St...
, developed through its original PakhawajPakhavajThe pakhavaj, pakhawaj, pakuaj, pakhvaj or pakavaj is an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum, the North Indian equivalent to the Southern mridangam....
repertoire - Farukhabad gharanaFarukhabad gharānāFarukhabad gharana is one of six prominent playing styles or gharanas of North Indian tabla drums, in Hindustani classical music, and derives its name from Farukhabad in Uttar Pradesh state.-History:...
is the youngest accepted Tabla Gharana, and an offshoot of all of the Gharanas, featuring their main concepts
| Gharana | Founding artists | Approximate founding date | Founding location | Famous exponents | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delhi Gharana | Siddhar Khan | Early 18th century | Delhi | Ustad Ghami khan saheb, Ustad Imam Ali Khan,ustad munnu khan saheb, Ustad Latif Ahmed Khan saheb, (son of latif ahmed khan,akbar latif khan & babar latif khan)ustad shafat | Ajrada Gharana | Kallu Khan, Miru Khan | Early 19th century | Meerut | Ustad Habibuddin Khan,Ustad Mehboob Hussain Khan, Prof. Sudhirkumar Saxena, Ustad Manju Khan s/o late Ustad Habibuddin Khan, (Ustad Yusuf Khan, Pandit Babu Ram Parvesh Singh, Ustad Ramjan Khan Sahib, Pandit Bal Krishan Sharma - disciples of Ustad Habibuddin Khan), Aman Ali, Athar Hussain, Anil Kumar,all are disciples of ustad manju khan s/o late ustad habibudin khan,Ustad Sarwar Sabri and Ustad Akram Khan. |
| Lucknow Gharana | Miyan Bakshu | 19th century | Lucknow | Ustad Ilmas Hussain Khan son of Ustad Afaq Hussain Khan, Pt. Achchan Maharaj (Jagannath Maharaj),Late Pandit Anil Bhattacharjee, Prof.Biswajit Bhattacharjee.(R.B.U.),Pt. Santosh Biswas, Pt. Swapan Chaudhuri Swapan Chaudhuri Swapan Chaudhuri is an Indian tabla player, who has accompanied several musicians of Indian classical music, including, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan and Pandit Jasraj.... Ustaad Faiyaz Khan. Mrs.Nibedita Bhattacharjee[Bagchi]. |
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| Benares gharana Benares gharana Benares gharānā is one of the six most common styles of playing of the Indian tabla.-History:The Benares tabla gharana was developed a little over 200 years ago by Pandit Ram Sahai . Ram Sahai began studying the tabla with his father from the age of five. At the age of nine, he moved to Lucknow to... |
Ram Sahai | Late 18th century | Benaras | Pt. Ram Sahai, Pt. Shamta Prasad, Pt. Kishen Maharaj, Kumar Bose, Pt. Samar Saha, Pandit Sharda Sahai, Pandit Suresh Talwalker | |||||
| Farukhabad gharana Farukhabad gharānā Farukhabad gharana is one of six prominent playing styles or gharanas of North Indian tabla drums, in Hindustani classical music, and derives its name from Farukhabad in Uttar Pradesh state.-History:... |
Haji Vilayat Ali Khan | 19th century | Farukhabad | Ustad Masit Khan, Ustad Ahmedjan Thirakwa, Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh was an Indian tabla player and musicologist.-Early life:Born in a Hindu Kayasth family with musical background in Kolkata, India he was the grandson of Dwarik Ghosh, inventor of the Dwarkin harmonium, popular in West Bengal, India. He was first class first on graduation... , Ustad Keramatullah Khan, Pandit Kanai Dutta, Pandit Shyamal Bose, Pandit Shankar Ghosh, Pt. Anindo Chatterjee, Pandit Abhijit Banerjee,Ustad Sabir Khan, Pandit Nayan Ghosh, Ustad Amir Hussain Khan, Pt Pandharinath Nageshkar |
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| Punjab gharana Punjab gharana Punjab Gharānā , is a style and technique of Tabla playing that originated in the Punjab region of what is now split in present day Pakistan and India. The Punjab Gharana is possibly the oldest of the six Tabla Gharanas... |
Miyan Qader Baksh | 19th century | Punjab | Ustad Qadeer Buksh, Ustad Shaukat Hussein Khan, Ustad Abdul Sattar Tari Khan, Ustad Alla Rakha Khan, Ustad Zakir Hussain Zakir Hussain (musician) Zakir Hussain , , is an Indian tabla player, musical producer, film actor and composer.-Early life:Hussain was born in Mumbai, India to the legendary tabla player Alla Rakha. He attended St... |
Wind and String Instruments
- Imdadkhani (Etawah) GharanaImdadkhani gharanaThe Imdadkhani gharana is a North Indian school of sitar and surbahar music, stemming from the very ancient Gwalior gharana. It was created by Imdad Khan , and is also known as the Etawah gharana, after a village outside Agra where Imdad lived...
, founded by Imdad KhanImdad KhanUstad Imdad Khan was a sitar and surbahar player. His two sons Enayat Khan and Wahid Khan, his grandsons Vilayat Khan and Imrat Khan, and great-grandsons Shahid Parvez, Shujaat Khan, Nishat Khan, Irshad Khan, Wajahat Khan, Shafaatullah Khan and Hidayat Khan have all upheld his musical tradition,...
(SitarSitarThe 'Tablaman' is a plucked stringed instrument predominantly used in Hindustani classical music, where it has been ubiquitous since the Middle Ages...
, SurbaharSurbaharSurbahar , sometimes known as bass sitar, is a plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music of North India. It is closely related to sitar, but it has a lower tone. Depending on the instrument's size, it is usually pitched two to five whole steps below the standard sitar, but...
) - Maihar gharanaMaihar gharanaThe Maihar gharana is a gharana or school of Hindustani or North Indian classical music formed principally by the versatile genius and sarod maestro Ustad Allaudin Khan in Maihar in the Madhya Pradesh state of India....
, MaiharMaiharMaihar is a city and a municipality in Satna district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Maihar is known for the temple of revered mother goddess Sharda situated on Trikuta hill of Maihar.- Origin :... - Bishnupur gharanaBishnupur GharanaThe Bishnupur Gharana is a form of singing that follow the Dhrupad tradition of Hindustani music, one of the two Indian classical music forms. It originated in Bishnupur , West Bengal. The name of the town means "city of Vishnu" in Bengali...
- Sufiana Gharana of Kashmir (SantoorSantoorThe santoor is an ancient stringed musical instrument, native to Kashmir and Iran. It is a trapezoid-shaped hammered dulcimer often made of walnut, with seventy two strings. The special-shaped mallets are lightweight and are held between the index and middle fingers...
)
Sitar gharanas
- Imdadkhani gharanaImdadkhani gharanaThe Imdadkhani gharana is a North Indian school of sitar and surbahar music, stemming from the very ancient Gwalior gharana. It was created by Imdad Khan , and is also known as the Etawah gharana, after a village outside Agra where Imdad lived...
- Senia Gharana
- Indore Gharana
- Maihar gharanaMaihar gharanaThe Maihar gharana is a gharana or school of Hindustani or North Indian classical music formed principally by the versatile genius and sarod maestro Ustad Allaudin Khan in Maihar in the Madhya Pradesh state of India....
- Jaipur Gharana
- Bishanpur Gharana
Dance gharanas
In Kathak performers today generally draw their lineage from three major schools of Kathak: the Jaipur gharana, the Lucknow gharana and the Banaras gharana (born in the courts of the Kachwaha Rajput kings, the Nawab of Oudh, and Varanasi respectively); there is also a less prominent (and later) Raigarh gharana which amalgamated technique from all three preceding gharanas but became famous for its own distinctive compositions.External links
- Gharanas of Hindustani Music
- Gharana Tradition, by Prof. R.C. Mehta