Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur
Encyclopedia
Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College (GMMMC) is sixth public sector Medical College under Government of Sindh
where one hundred meritorius students of tagged districts including Sukkur
, Khairpur
and Ghotki
get admission.
It is one of the constituent colleges of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University. Located in Sukkur
of the Sindh
province in Pakistan
, GMMMC as of January 2011 is home to 500 students in the MBBS
program. The school has a large and experienced faculty to support its mission of education, research, and clinical care. Faculty members hold appointments in the basic science departments and in the clinical departments located Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital as well as other offices in Sukkur. There are approximately 75 full-time faculty members consisting of assistant, associate, and full professors at GMMMC Sukkur.
occupies an important position not only in the history of Sindh but also in the ancient history of South Asia. After the conquest of Sindh by Mohammad Bin Qasimin 711 - 712 AD the Arabs ruled over Sindh for about three hundred years. It is on account of this historic picture that Sindh was and is still being called Babul Islam and Sukkur is known as gateway of Islam. Sukkur has a place of pride in history of civilizations. During this period, Aror (Sukkur) was the head quarter of Sindh province. Then city saw the cosmopolitan rule of Soomra Dynasty fallowed by the orthodox soomra and the arhgun rulers. In the later days of Khurassani rules it remained the center of Kalhora Mystico-Political movement whose founder father lies in eternal rest on a hill named after him that is Adam Shah Ji Takree. In talpur days, it was the garrison city during British Rule; it again became a garrison city in 1890 in the face of advancing czarist Russia.
At the birth of Pakistan, this city took the place of Shikarpur
with all its celebrated status in commerce and trade. Sukkur city has retained that position till to day thanks to its geographical positions, linking lower Punjab and southern Balochistan.
To day it is the medium sized city with a population of about half a million, sending its children to about twenty five high schools and at least one dozen colleges.
With such a proud history and a large number of growing youth, city rightly deserved a Medical college to take care of the Tertiary Health Care Medical facilities for the welfare of the people of the area. Medical Education is not new at Sukkur. Previously in fifties the medical school for LSMF (Licentiate of State Medical Faculty) course was functional in the same compound.
This Medical College was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Sindh
, Ali Mohammad Mahar on 2nd September 2003, and Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar Medical College Sukkur started functioning from 15th October 2003, for the session 2003-2004 in the Health Technician School Building. Later on name of college was changed to Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur on 27th December 2005.
The 100 meritoriuos students belonging to District Sukkur
, Ghotki
and Khairpur
are admitted in this college every year. The first batch of 40 students started their classes in October, 2003, who passed final professional MBBS Examination in 2009.
Establishment of Medical College proves to be a blessing for the people of the area since it provides better Medical education and highly specialized medical services, both diagnostic and curative to public.
The name of the college was chosen after former Minister of state for Health Government of Pakistan Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar
, who hailed from Sukkur
.
Although youngest of public sector Medical Colleges, yet it is not behind any of the other Medical Colleges of Sindh Province. Even students are not of any lesser gene. Their brilliance is shown by getting very good marks and by notching top positions in University Examinations. Examiners have been called from Punjab and Baluchistan. Even Teachers and Principals from Army Medical College
have been called to assess the students.
, Arbab Ghulam Rahim
on 30th May 2005. The private consultancy firm has designed the Master Plan, Detailed Drawings and shall supervise the execution works of new complex.
At present the students are being taught in the present Campus by the qualified faculty members. All seven Basic Departments are established in available building with well equipped laboratories, Seminar rooms and museums.
Eastern Academic Block NO.1 comprises of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry Departments with one lecturer theatre. Academic Block No. 2 comprises of Departments of Pathology and community Medicine.
Administrative block comprises of Administrative offices and Academic Council Hall, Departments of Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, with two Lecture theatres and Girls common room.
Keeping in view the climate of the northern part of Sindh, the academic buildings like the Lecture theatres, Dissection hall, Demonstration Rooms, seminar rooms, Laboratories, Libraries and offices of faculty members are air-conditioned. Modern way of teaching has been adapted at this Medical College with latest Audio Visual teaching aids.
Islamabad has notified it as recognized Medical College. GMMMC is now fully recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council
(PMDC)
, and the World Health Organization
(WHO). The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan has recognized many of its departments for post-graduate training
An air-conditioned library is open for 18 hours a day for students with all undergraduate and lot of reference postgraduate books as per syllabus of PMDC
. An other double storied library building is near completion which will increase the seating capacity of students.
Department of Medical Education is also established in the College.
Learning resource (IT) Center with 22 latest desk top computers having brodband Internet connection serves to fulfill the appetite of students to get knowledge from every nook and corner of world.
There is Well furnished cafeteria with required facilities is available inside the college.
Besides this Transport Facility is provided to students and staff with Five Hino Luxury buses running from Sukkur to Ranipur
and Sukkur to Daharki
on N-5 National Highway
, covering about 60-70 km on either side. Two Air-conditioned Luxury A.C coaches are available for providing Pick and drop facility to staff of the GMMMC.
Indoor games facilities like badminton, table tenis are available at hostels and every year after exhaustive trials one week sports week is celebrated with full fun and fair and awards. One week of Sindhi, Urdu and English debates as debates week is a once yearly feature. Annual function of college is a “treat to watch” for people of whole city and surrounding areas. Each batch visits different Medical Colleges in Pakistan alongwith historic places.
In two boys and three girls Hostels, lodging and Boarding facilities are available for male and female students.
(Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons) under the Supervision of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan is currently under-construction.
The FCPS training shall start soon.
Government of Sindh
Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home to the Sindhis, Muhajirs, Pashtuns and a whole array of other ethnic and linguistic groups. Neighbouring regions are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab in the north and...
where one hundred meritorius students of tagged districts including Sukkur
Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu , formerly Aror and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the...
, Khairpur
Khairpur
Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. The settlement was selected as the seat of the Mirs of northern Sindh. It is the capital of the modern Khairpur...
and Ghotki
Ghotki
Ghotki Ghotki is the capital of Ghotki District in northern Sindh, Pakistan. It was the site of the July 13, 2005, Ghotki rail crash. The town is located at 28°1'0N 69°19'0E with an altitude of 72 metres ....
get admission.
It is one of the constituent colleges of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University. Located in Sukkur
Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu , formerly Aror and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the...
of the Sindh
Sindh
Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...
province in Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
, GMMMC as of January 2011 is home to 500 students in the MBBS
MBBS
MBBS was a popular BBS system in the Nordic countries during the mid-1990s. It was created by a team of Oslo-based enthusiasts, led by Mike Robertson. As many BBS systems of that era, it was only available for the DOS platform. Since one process could only handle one node, multitaskers such as...
program. The school has a large and experienced faculty to support its mission of education, research, and clinical care. Faculty members hold appointments in the basic science departments and in the clinical departments located Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital as well as other offices in Sukkur. There are approximately 75 full-time faculty members consisting of assistant, associate, and full professors at GMMMC Sukkur.
History
SukkurSukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu , formerly Aror and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the...
occupies an important position not only in the history of Sindh but also in the ancient history of South Asia. After the conquest of Sindh by Mohammad Bin Qasimin 711 - 712 AD the Arabs ruled over Sindh for about three hundred years. It is on account of this historic picture that Sindh was and is still being called Babul Islam and Sukkur is known as gateway of Islam. Sukkur has a place of pride in history of civilizations. During this period, Aror (Sukkur) was the head quarter of Sindh province. Then city saw the cosmopolitan rule of Soomra Dynasty fallowed by the orthodox soomra and the arhgun rulers. In the later days of Khurassani rules it remained the center of Kalhora Mystico-Political movement whose founder father lies in eternal rest on a hill named after him that is Adam Shah Ji Takree. In talpur days, it was the garrison city during British Rule; it again became a garrison city in 1890 in the face of advancing czarist Russia.
At the birth of Pakistan, this city took the place of Shikarpur
Shikarpur
Shikarpur or Shakkarpur may refer to:*Shikarpur, Pakistan, the capital of Shikarpur District in Sindh province, Pakistan*Shikarpur District, in Pakistan*Shikarpur, Muzaffarnagar, town in Uttar Pradesh, India...
with all its celebrated status in commerce and trade. Sukkur city has retained that position till to day thanks to its geographical positions, linking lower Punjab and southern Balochistan.
To day it is the medium sized city with a population of about half a million, sending its children to about twenty five high schools and at least one dozen colleges.
With such a proud history and a large number of growing youth, city rightly deserved a Medical college to take care of the Tertiary Health Care Medical facilities for the welfare of the people of the area. Medical Education is not new at Sukkur. Previously in fifties the medical school for LSMF (Licentiate of State Medical Faculty) course was functional in the same compound.
This Medical College was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Sindh
Chief Minister of Sindh
The Chief Minister of Sindh is elected by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh to serve as the head of the provincial government in Sindh, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Qaim Ali Shah, who belongs to Pakistan Peoples Party...
, Ali Mohammad Mahar on 2nd September 2003, and Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar Medical College Sukkur started functioning from 15th October 2003, for the session 2003-2004 in the Health Technician School Building. Later on name of college was changed to Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur on 27th December 2005.
The 100 meritoriuos students belonging to District Sukkur
Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu , formerly Aror and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the...
, Ghotki
Ghotki
Ghotki Ghotki is the capital of Ghotki District in northern Sindh, Pakistan. It was the site of the July 13, 2005, Ghotki rail crash. The town is located at 28°1'0N 69°19'0E with an altitude of 72 metres ....
and Khairpur
Khairpur
Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. The settlement was selected as the seat of the Mirs of northern Sindh. It is the capital of the modern Khairpur...
are admitted in this college every year. The first batch of 40 students started their classes in October, 2003, who passed final professional MBBS Examination in 2009.
Establishment of Medical College proves to be a blessing for the people of the area since it provides better Medical education and highly specialized medical services, both diagnostic and curative to public.
The name of the college was chosen after former Minister of state for Health Government of Pakistan Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar
Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar
Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar was a Pakistani politician. He was chief of the Mahar tribe. He got involved in politics for the people of his tribe, and became a member of National Assembly of Pakistan in 1964. He became senator in 1973 with the Pakistan Peoples Party...
, who hailed from Sukkur
Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu , formerly Aror and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the...
.
Although youngest of public sector Medical Colleges, yet it is not behind any of the other Medical Colleges of Sindh Province. Even students are not of any lesser gene. Their brilliance is shown by getting very good marks and by notching top positions in University Examinations. Examiners have been called from Punjab and Baluchistan. Even Teachers and Principals from Army Medical College
Army Medical College
Army Medical College, Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan was established in 1977 and serves as the medical training university of the Pakistan Army. It has been certified by the National University of Sciences and Technology.-History:...
have been called to assess the students.
New Campus
The 53.8 Acers of land situated at main by-pass road Sukkur for new Medical College and Hospital building is taken over, the foundation stone laying ceremony was performed by the Chief Minister of SindhChief Minister of Sindh
The Chief Minister of Sindh is elected by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh to serve as the head of the provincial government in Sindh, Pakistan. The current Chief Minister is Qaim Ali Shah, who belongs to Pakistan Peoples Party...
, Arbab Ghulam Rahim
Arbab Ghulam Rahim
Dr. Arbab Ghulam Rahim remained the Chief Minister of the Government of Sindh during 2004-2007.He was born on 15 September 1957.He belongs to District Tharparkar in the province of Sindh, Pakistan...
on 30th May 2005. The private consultancy firm has designed the Master Plan, Detailed Drawings and shall supervise the execution works of new complex.
At present the students are being taught in the present Campus by the qualified faculty members. All seven Basic Departments are established in available building with well equipped laboratories, Seminar rooms and museums.
Eastern Academic Block NO.1 comprises of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry Departments with one lecturer theatre. Academic Block No. 2 comprises of Departments of Pathology and community Medicine.
Administrative block comprises of Administrative offices and Academic Council Hall, Departments of Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, with two Lecture theatres and Girls common room.
Keeping in view the climate of the northern part of Sindh, the academic buildings like the Lecture theatres, Dissection hall, Demonstration Rooms, seminar rooms, Laboratories, Libraries and offices of faculty members are air-conditioned. Modern way of teaching has been adapted at this Medical College with latest Audio Visual teaching aids.
Recognition
Pakistan Medical & Dental Council Islamabad inspected Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur on 25th April, 2008 and thoroughly re-inspected it on 22nd November, 2008. At the best of satisfaction the team recommended for registration. Federal Ministry of Health Government of PakistanGovernment of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan is a federal parliamentary system, with an indirectly-elected President as the Head of State and Commander in Chief of the Pakistani Armed Forces, and an indirectly-elected Prime Minister as the Head of Government. The President’s appointment and term are...
Islamabad has notified it as recognized Medical College. GMMMC is now fully recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council
Pakistan Medical and Dental Council
Pakistan Medical and Dental Council is the statutory regulatory authority for medical and dental education and practitioners in Pakistan. PMDC was established under Pakistan Medical and Dental Council Ordinance 1962 as a body corporate. It is part of International Community of Medical Regulatory...
(PMDC)
, and the World Health Organization
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
(WHO). The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan has recognized many of its departments for post-graduate training
Training
The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of...
Available Facilities
Basic sciences facility is especially very strong with Professors and Associate Professors in almost all departments. Laboratories are well equipped with latest gadgets, like new Spirometers labs, treadmill, Power Lab etc. Anatomy Models and books are in abundance. Seminar rooms are separate in each department. Museums also show the hard works put in by collecting them.An air-conditioned library is open for 18 hours a day for students with all undergraduate and lot of reference postgraduate books as per syllabus of PMDC
PMDC
PMDC may refer to:*People's Movement for Democratic Change, a political party in Sierra Leone*Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation*Pakistan Medical and Dental Council*Permanent magnet direct current, a very common type of electric motor...
. An other double storied library building is near completion which will increase the seating capacity of students.
Department of Medical Education is also established in the College.
Learning resource (IT) Center with 22 latest desk top computers having brodband Internet connection serves to fulfill the appetite of students to get knowledge from every nook and corner of world.
There is Well furnished cafeteria with required facilities is available inside the college.
Besides this Transport Facility is provided to students and staff with Five Hino Luxury buses running from Sukkur to Ranipur
Ranipur
Ranipur is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Jhansi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.-Geography:Ranipur is located at . It has an average elevation of 205 metres .-Demographics:...
and Sukkur to Daharki
Daharki
Daharki is a city of Ghotki District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Daharki Taluka - an administrative subdivision of the district. It is situate about 100 km from Sukkur, and between Mirpur Mathelo and Ubaro....
on N-5 National Highway
N-5 National Highway
The National Highway 05 or the N-5 is Pakistan's longest highway running from the port city of Karachi to the border crossing at Torkham...
, covering about 60-70 km on either side. Two Air-conditioned Luxury A.C coaches are available for providing Pick and drop facility to staff of the GMMMC.
Indoor games facilities like badminton, table tenis are available at hostels and every year after exhaustive trials one week sports week is celebrated with full fun and fair and awards. One week of Sindhi, Urdu and English debates as debates week is a once yearly feature. Annual function of college is a “treat to watch” for people of whole city and surrounding areas. Each batch visits different Medical Colleges in Pakistan alongwith historic places.
In two boys and three girls Hostels, lodging and Boarding facilities are available for male and female students.
Postgraduate
A post-graduate school for FCPSFCPS
FCPS may refer to:*Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, faculty of political and social sciences at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico...
(Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons) under the Supervision of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan is currently under-construction.
The FCPS training shall start soon.
Attached hospitals
There are 03 (Three) attached Teaching Hospitals attached with Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College.- Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sukkur (GMMCTH) 300 beds with separate Medical, Surgical, Chest, Paeds, Gynae & obst, Cardio Blocks, Urology with lithotripter, Paeds Surgery and Orthopedic departments.
- Anwar Piracha Government Hospital for twin ENT and EYE purposes
- Civil Hospital, Khairpur which has 2nd units of Medicine, Surgery and Gynae & obst. All Departments are headed by Fellows of College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan as per seniority basis.
Departments
- Basic Sciences
- AnatomyAnatomyAnatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...
- PhysiologyPhysiologyPhysiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...
- BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes...
- PharmacologyPharmacologyPharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function...
- Forensic Medicine
- PathologyPathologyPathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....
- Community Medicine
- Medical EducationMedical educationMedical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor or additional training thereafter ....
- Anatomy
- Medicine and allied departments
- General Medicine
- PediatricsPediatricsPediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...
- CardiologyCardiologyCardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...
- DermatologyDermatologyDermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails....
- NeurologyNeurologyNeurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...
- PsychiatryPsychiatryPsychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...
- UrologyUrologyUrology is the medical and surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological...
- Surgery and allied departments
- General SurgeryGeneral surgeryGeneral surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g., intestines including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland . They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft...
- Obstetrics and GynaecologyObstetrics and gynaecologyObstetrics and gynaecology are the two surgical–medical specialties dealing with the female reproductive organs in their pregnant and non-pregnant state, respectively, and as such are often combined to form a single medical specialty and postgraduate training programme...
- OphthalmologyOphthalmologyOphthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...
- Otorhinolaryngology
- Pediatric SurgeryPediatric surgeryPediatric surgery or paediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults...
- Anesthesiology
- NeurosurgeryNeurosurgeryNeurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spine, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.-In the United States:In...
- RadiologyRadiologyRadiology is a medical specialty that employs the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualized within the human body. Radiologists use an array of imaging technologies to diagnose or treat diseases...
- General Surgery
See also
- Lists of educational institutions in Pakistan
- Medical schools in Pakistan
- Ghulam Muhammad Khan MaharGhulam Muhammad Khan MaharSardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar was a Pakistani politician. He was chief of the Mahar tribe. He got involved in politics for the people of his tribe, and became a member of National Assembly of Pakistan in 1964. He became senator in 1973 with the Pakistan Peoples Party...