HP-UX
Encyclopedia
HP-UX is Hewlett-Packard
's proprietary
implementation of the Unix
operating system
, based on UNIX System V
(initially System III
) and first released in 1984. Recent versions support the HP 9000
series of computer systems, based on the PA-RISC
processor architecture, and HP Integrity
systems, based on Intel's Itanium
architecture.
Earlier versions of HP-UX supported the HP Integral PC
and HP 9000
Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000
series of processors, as well as the HP 9000
Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS
processor architecture.
HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access control list
s for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system. HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager
. HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software
, and integrates VxFS as the primary file system
. HP-UX 11i is currently credited with leadership in integrated mission-critical virtualization
, observed performance, high availability and manageability.
The current shipping release is HP-UX 11i v3 with the March 2011 update release (the 8th update for HP-UX 11i v3).
solution for HP-UX. HP Global Workload Management adjusts workloads to optimize performance, and integrates with Instant Capacity on Demand so installed resources can be paid for in 30-minute increments as needed for peak workload demands.
Security is integrated in HP-UX, with full 'trusted mode' shipping with v3. Features significantly increased with 11i v2, with the addition of kernel-based intrusion detection
, strong random number generation
, stack buffer overflow
protection, security partitioning, role-based access management, and various open-source security tools.
System partitioning (virtualization
) ranges from hardware partitions to isolated OS virtual partitions on cell-based servers, and HP Virtual Machines (VMs) on all Integrity servers. HP VMs support guests running on HP-UX 11i v3 hosts - guests can run Linux, Windows, OpenVMS 8.4 or HP-UX. HP supports online VM guest migration, where encryption can secure the guest contents during migration.
HP-UX 11i v3 scales as follows:
With the acquisition of Compaq
in 2001, HP obtained another Unix-based system, Tru64 Unix
for AlphaServer
hardware platform. HP continues to sell Tru64 UNIX, together with TruCluster
software, but discontinued AlphaServer manufacturing in 2007.
decision to name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet
-enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering scheme.
(embedded ROM version). Basic kernel runs from ROM; other commands are disk based.
2.0 (1987): First release for HP 9000
Series 800. There may have been a different 2.x version for the Series 200 at an earlier date.
3.x (1988): HP 9000 Series 600/800 only. Note: 2.x/3.x (for Series 600/800) were developed in parallel with 5.x/6.x (for Series 200/300/400), so, for example, 3.x was really contemporary with 6.x. The two lines were united at HP-UX 7.x (with different minor numbers for different series), so that Series 800 jumped from 3.1 to 7.0 and Series 300 from 6.5 to 7.01.
5.0 (1985): Updated and renamed HP-UX 1.0 for the HP Integral PC. Supported Series 200, 300 and 500.
6.x (1988): Support for HP 9000 Series 300 only. Introduced sockets from 4.3BSD. This version (together with 3.x) also introduced the context dependent files (CDF) feature, a method of allowing a fileserver to serve different configurations and binaries (and even architectures) to different client machines in a heterogeneous environment. A directory containing such files had its suid
bit set and was made hidden from both ordinary and root processes under normal use. Such a scheme was sometimes exploited by hackers to hide exploits. CDFs and the CDF filesystem were dropped with release 10.0.
7.x (1990): Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400, 600/700 (in 7.03) /800 HP systems. Provided OSF/Motif.
8.x (January 1991): Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400 600/700/800 systems. Shared libraries introduced.
9.x (July 1992): 9.00, 9.02, 9.04 (Series 600/800), 9.01, 9.03, 9.05, 9.07 (Series 300/400/700), 9.08, 9.09, 9.09+ (Series 700 only), 9.10 (Series 300/400 only). These provided support for the HP 9000 Series 300, 700 and 800 systems. Introduced SAM. The Logical Volume Manager
(LVM) was presented in 9.00 for the Series 800 as a replacement for the older methods of disk management. The easiest way to determine the platform that a version of HP-UX 9.x would run on was by the last digit. Even numbers ran on servers, odd numbers ran on workstations.
10.0 (1995): This major release saw a convergence of the operating system between the HP 9000 Series 700 (workstation) and Series 800 (server) systems. (The OS no longer supported the older series.) There was also a significant change in the layout in the system files and directories, based on the AT&T
UNIX System V Release 4 standard. Applications were removed from /usr and moved under /opt; startup configuration files were placed under /etc/rc.config.d; users were moved to /home from /users. Software for HP-UX was now packaged, shipped, installed, and removed via the Software Distributor
(SD) tools. LVM was also made available for Series 700. 10.0 was followed by 10.01 (1995), 10.02 (1995), 10.03 (1996), 10.08 (1996), 10.09 (1996), 10.10 (1996) and 10.16 (1996).
10.20 (1996): This release included support for PA-RISC
2.0 processors that support 64-bit
data registers. Pluggable Authentication Modules
(PAM) were introduced for use within CDE
. The root file system could be configured to use the Veritas File System
(VxFS). For legacy as well as technical reasons, the file system used for the boot kernel remained Hi Performance FileSystem
(HPFS; a variant of UFS
) until version 11.23. 10.20 also supported 32-bit user and group identifiers. The prior limit was 60,000, or 16-bit. This and earlier releases of HP-UX are now effectively obsolete, and support by HP ended on June 30, 2003.
10.24: This is a Virtual Vault release of HP-UX, providing enhanced security features. Virtual Vault is a compartmentalised operating system in which each file is assigned a compartment and processes only have access to files in the appropriate compartment and unlike most other UNIX systems the superuser (or root) does not have complete access to the system without following correct procedures.
10.30 (1997): This was primarily a developer release with various incremental enhancements. The use of PAM continued to expand in the system security components. Various changes to system calls were also made. This OS also provided the first support for Kernel Threads, with a 1:1 thread model (each user thread is bound to one kernel thread). 10.30 was also the first release of HP-UX that was fully year 2000 compliant.
11.00 (1997): The first HP-UX release to also support 64-bit addressing; previous releases had been 32-bit only. It could still run 32-bit applications on a 64-bit system. This release was also deemed Y2K-compliant. It supported 1:1 kernel thread
s, symmetric multiprocessing
, fibre channel
, and NFS PV3. It also included tools and documentation to convert 32-bit code to 64-bit.
11.04: Virtual Vault release.
11.10: This was a limited release to support the HP 9000 V2500 SCA (Scalable Computing Architecture) and V2600 SCA servers. Other versions supported the HP 9000 V-class servers in a single cabinet configuration, 11.10 ran on the SCA versions where two servers are stacked on top of each other, interconnected by a hyperplane crossbar. 11.10 also added JFS 3.3, 128-CPU support, AutoFS, and a new ftpd. It was not available separately.
11.11 (2000): Also known as 11i, this release of HP-UX introduced the concept of Operating Environments. It was released in December, 2000. These are bundled groups of layered applications intended for use with a general category of usage. The available types were the Mission Critical, Enterprise, Internet, Technical Computing, and Minimal Technical OEs. (The last two were intended for HP 9000
workstations.) The main enhancements with this release were support for hard partitions, gigabit ethernet
, NFS over TCP/IP, Loadable Kernel Modules, dynamic kernel tunable parameters, kernel event Notifications, and protected stacks.
11.20 (2001): Also known as 11i v1.5, this release of HP-UX was the first to support the new line of Itanium
-based (IA-64) systems. It was not intended for mission critical computing environments and did not support HP's ServiceGuard cluster software. It did provide support for running PA-RISC compiled applications on Itanium systems, and for Veritas
Volume Manager 3.1.
11.22 (2002): An incremental release of the Itanium
version of HP-UX, it was designated 11i v1.6. This version achieved 64-way scalability
, m:n thread
s, added more dynamic kernel tunable parameters, and supported HP's Logical Volume Manager on Itanium. It was built from the 11i v1 source code stream.
11.23 (2003): The original release of this version was in September 2003 to support the Itanium-based systems. This version is also identified as 11i v2. In September 2004 the OS was updated to provide support for both Itanium and PA-RISC systems. Besides running on Itanium systems, this release includes support for ccNUMA, web-based kernel and device configuration, IPv6
and a strong random number generation.
11.31 (2007): This release is also identified as HP-UX 11i v3. This release supports both PA-RISC and Itanium. It was released on February 15, 2007. Major new features include native multipathing
support, a unified file cache, NFS v4, Veritas ClusterFS, multi-volume VxFS, and integrated virtualization
. Hyperthreading
is supported on Itanium systems with Montecito
and Tukwila
processors. HP-UX 11i v3 conforms to The Open Group
's UNIX 03 standard
. Updates for the 11iv3 are released periodocally, with the latest being update 9, released in November 2011
In 2008, HP introduced new OEs for HP-UX 11i v3 to align application bundles with typical systems' use. OEs for HP-UX 11i v2 remain unchanged. The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v3 OEs:
HP-UX 11i v3 Base OE (BOE): Delivers the full HP-UX 11i operating system plus file system and partitioning software and applications for Web serving, system management and security. BOE includes all the software formerly in FOE & TCOE (see below), plus software formerly sold stand-alone (e.g. Auto Port Aggregator).
HP-UX 11i v3 Virtualization Server OE (VSE-OE): Delivers everything in BOE plus GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring, and all Virtual Server Environment software which includes virtual partitions, virtual machines
, workload management, capacity advisor and applications. VSE-OE includes all the software formerly in EOE (see below), plus additional virtualization software.
HP-UX 11i v3 High Availability OE (HA-OE): Delivers everything in BOE plus HP Serviceguard clustering software for system failover and tools to manage clusters, as well as GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring applications.
HP-UX 11i v3 Data Center OE (DC-OE): Delivers everything in one package, combining the HP-UX 11i operating system with virtualization and high availability. Everything in the HA-OE and VSE-OE is in the DC-OE. Solutions for wide-area disaster recovery and the compiler bundle are sold separately.
HP-UX 11i v2 (11.23) : HP's public roadmap indicates v2 availability through December, 2010, while recommending upgrading to v3. The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v2 OEs:
HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE (FOE): Designed for Web servers, content servers and front-end servers, this OE includes applications such as HP-UX Web Server Suite, Java
, and Mozilla Application Suite. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i FOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Enterprise OE (EOE): Designed for database application servers and logic servers, this OE contains the HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE bundles and additional applications such as GlancePlus Pak to enable an enterprise-level server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i EOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Mission Critical OE (MCOE): Designed for the large, powerful back-end application servers and database servers that access customer files and handle transaction processing, this OE contains the Enterprise OE bundles, plus applications such as MC/ServiceGuard and Workload Manager to enable a mission-critical server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MCOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Minimal Technical OE (MTOE): Designed for workstations running HP-UX 11i v2, this OE includes the Mozilla Application Suite, Perl
, VxVM, and Judy applications, plus the OpenGL
Graphics Developer's Kit. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MTOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Technical Computing OE (TCOE): Designed for both compute-intensive workstation and server applications, this OE contains the MTOE bundles plus extensive graphics applications and Math Libraries. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i-TCOE.
HP-UX 11i v1 (11.11): According to HP's roadmap, was sold through December 2009, with continued support for v1 at least until December 2013.
Hewlett-Packard
Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA that provides products, technologies, softwares, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including...
's proprietary
Proprietary software
Proprietary software is computer software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder. The licensee is given the right to use the software under certain conditions, while restricted from other uses, such as modification, further distribution, or reverse engineering.Complementary...
implementation of the Unix
Unix
Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna...
operating system
Operating system
An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system...
, based on UNIX System V
UNIX System V
Unix System V, commonly abbreviated SysV , is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by American Telephone & Telegraph and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, termed Releases 1, 2, 3 and 4...
(initially System III
UNIX System III
UNIX System III was a version of the Unix operating system released by AT&T's Unix Support Group . It was first released outside of Bell Labs in 1982. UNIX System III was a mix of various AT&T Unixes: PWB/UNIX 2.0, CB UNIX 3.0, UNIX/TS 3.0.1 and UNIX/32V...
) and first released in 1984. Recent versions support the HP 9000
HP 9000
HP 9000 is the name for a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard Company . The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, a derivative of Unix. The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several existing technical...
series of computer systems, based on the PA-RISC
PA-RISC
PA-RISC is an instruction set architecture developed by Hewlett-Packard. As the name implies, it is a reduced instruction set computer architecture, where the PA stands for Precision Architecture...
processor architecture, and HP Integrity
HP Integrity
HP Integrity is series of Hewlett-Packard server computers produced by Hewlett-Packard since 2003, based on the Itanium processor architecture...
systems, based on Intel's Itanium
Itanium
Itanium is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture . Intel markets the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems...
architecture.
Earlier versions of HP-UX supported the HP Integral PC
HP Integral PC
The HP Integral PC was a portable UNIX workstation computer system produced by Hewlett-Packard, launched in 1985. It was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor and ran early version of the HP-UX operating system....
and HP 9000
HP 9000
HP 9000 is the name for a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard Company . The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, a derivative of Unix. The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several existing technical...
Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000
Motorola 68000
The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-bit CISC microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor...
series of processors, as well as the HP 9000
HP 9000
HP 9000 is the name for a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard Company . The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, a derivative of Unix. The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several existing technical...
Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS
FOCUS (hardware)
The Hewlett-Packard FOCUS microprocessor, launched in 1982, was the first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit microprocessor available on the market. At this time, all 32-bit competitors used multi-chip bit-slice-CPU designs...
processor architecture.
HP-UX was the first Unix to offer access control list
Access control list
An access control list , with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions attached to an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. Each entry in a typical ACL specifies a subject...
s for file access permissions as an alternative to the standard Unix permissions system. HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager
Logical Volume Manager
Logical Volume Manager may refer to:*Logical Volume Manager *Logical Volume Manager...
. HP has had a long partnership with Veritas Software
VERITAS Software
Veritas Software Corp. was an international software company that was founded in 1983 as Tolerant Systems, renamed Veritas Software Corp. in 1989, and merged with Symantec in 2005. It was headquartered in Mountain View, California...
, and integrates VxFS as the primary file system
File system
A file system is a means to organize data expected to be retained after a program terminates by providing procedures to store, retrieve and update data, as well as manage the available space on the device which contain it. A file system organizes data in an efficient manner and is tuned to the...
. HP-UX 11i is currently credited with leadership in integrated mission-critical virtualization
Operating system-level virtualization
Operating system-level virtualization is a server virtualization method where the kernel of an operating system allows for multiple isolated user-space instances, instead of just one. Such instances may look and feel like a real server, from the point of view of its owner...
, observed performance, high availability and manageability.
The current shipping release is HP-UX 11i v3 with the March 2011 update release (the 8th update for HP-UX 11i v3).
Characteristics
Since about 2000 the focus of HP-UX has increasingly been on enhanced reliability, security, workload management, and partitioning. The reliability is provided through single-system quality and self-healing, and in multi-system installations, clustering technology and application failover on a system outage, as well as error monitoring and correction. HP-UX 11i offers a common root disk for its clustered file system. HP Serviceguard is the clusterCluster
-In science:* Cluster , a small group of atoms or molecules* Cluster chemistry, an array of bound atoms intermediate in character between a molecule and a solid...
solution for HP-UX. HP Global Workload Management adjusts workloads to optimize performance, and integrates with Instant Capacity on Demand so installed resources can be paid for in 30-minute increments as needed for peak workload demands.
Security is integrated in HP-UX, with full 'trusted mode' shipping with v3. Features significantly increased with 11i v2, with the addition of kernel-based intrusion detection
Intrusion detection
In Information Security, intrusion detection is the act of detecting actions that attempt to compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of a resource. When Intrusion detection takes a preventive measure without direct human intervention, then it becomes an Intrusion-prevention...
, strong random number generation
Random number generation
A random number generator ) is a computational or physical device designed to generate a sequence of numbers or symbols that lack any pattern, i.e. appear random....
, stack buffer overflow
Stack buffer overflow
In software, a stack buffer overflow occurs when a program writes to a memory address on the program's call stack outside of the intended data structure; usually a fixed length buffer....
protection, security partitioning, role-based access management, and various open-source security tools.
System partitioning (virtualization
Operating system-level virtualization
Operating system-level virtualization is a server virtualization method where the kernel of an operating system allows for multiple isolated user-space instances, instead of just one. Such instances may look and feel like a real server, from the point of view of its owner...
) ranges from hardware partitions to isolated OS virtual partitions on cell-based servers, and HP Virtual Machines (VMs) on all Integrity servers. HP VMs support guests running on HP-UX 11i v3 hosts - guests can run Linux, Windows, OpenVMS 8.4 or HP-UX. HP supports online VM guest migration, where encryption can secure the guest contents during migration.
HP-UX 11i v3 scales as follows:
- 128 processor coresCentral processing unitThe central processing unit is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The CPU plays a role somewhat analogous to the brain in the computer. The term has been in...
- 2 TBTerabyteThe terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix tera means 1012 in the International System of Units , and therefore 1 terabyte is , or 1 trillion bytes, or 1000 gigabytes. 1 terabyte in binary prefixes is 0.9095 tebibytes, or 931.32 gibibytes...
main memory - 32 TB maximum file systemFile systemA file system is a means to organize data expected to be retained after a program terminates by providing procedures to store, retrieve and update data, as well as manage the available space on the device which contain it. A file system organizes data in an efficient manner and is tuned to the...
- 16 TB maximum fileComputer fileA computer file is a block of arbitrary information, or resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. A file is durable in the sense that it remains available for programs to use after the current program has finished...
size - 100 million ZB storage
With the acquisition of Compaq
Compaq
Compaq Computer Corporation is a personal computer company founded in 1982. Once the largest supplier of personal computing systems in the world, Compaq existed as an independent corporation until 2002, when it was acquired for US$25 billion by Hewlett-Packard....
in 2001, HP obtained another Unix-based system, Tru64 Unix
Tru64 UNIX
Tru64 UNIX is a 64-bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set architecture , currently owned by Hewlett-Packard . Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation , where it was known as Digital UNIX .As its original name suggests, Tru64...
for AlphaServer
AlphaServer
AlphaServer was the name given to a series of server computers, produced from 1994 onwards by Digital Equipment Corporation, and latterly by Compaq and HP. As the name suggests, the AlphaServers were based on the DEC Alpha 64-bit microprocessor...
hardware platform. HP continues to sell Tru64 UNIX, together with TruCluster
TruCluster
TruCluster is a closed-source high-availability clustering solution for the Tru64 UNIX operating system. It was originally developed by Digital Equipment Corporation , but was transferred to Compaq in 1998 when Digital was acquired by the company, which then later merged with Hewlett-Packard ....
software, but discontinued AlphaServer manufacturing in 2007.
Release history
Prior to the release of HP-UX version 11.11, HP used a decimal version numbering scheme with the first number giving the major release and the number following the decimal showing the minor release. With 11.11, HP made a marketingMarketing
Marketing is the process used to determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments...
decision to name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
-enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering scheme.
Versions
1.0 (1984): Support for the HP Integral PCHP Integral PC
The HP Integral PC was a portable UNIX workstation computer system produced by Hewlett-Packard, launched in 1985. It was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor and ran early version of the HP-UX operating system....
(embedded ROM version). Basic kernel runs from ROM; other commands are disk based.
2.0 (1987): First release for HP 9000
HP 9000
HP 9000 is the name for a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard Company . The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, a derivative of Unix. The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several existing technical...
Series 800. There may have been a different 2.x version for the Series 200 at an earlier date.
3.x (1988): HP 9000 Series 600/800 only. Note: 2.x/3.x (for Series 600/800) were developed in parallel with 5.x/6.x (for Series 200/300/400), so, for example, 3.x was really contemporary with 6.x. The two lines were united at HP-UX 7.x (with different minor numbers for different series), so that Series 800 jumped from 3.1 to 7.0 and Series 300 from 6.5 to 7.01.
5.0 (1985): Updated and renamed HP-UX 1.0 for the HP Integral PC. Supported Series 200, 300 and 500.
6.x (1988): Support for HP 9000 Series 300 only. Introduced sockets from 4.3BSD. This version (together with 3.x) also introduced the context dependent files (CDF) feature, a method of allowing a fileserver to serve different configurations and binaries (and even architectures) to different client machines in a heterogeneous environment. A directory containing such files had its suid
Setuid
setuid and setgid are Unix access rights flags that allow users to run an executable with the permissions of the executable's owner or group...
bit set and was made hidden from both ordinary and root processes under normal use. Such a scheme was sometimes exploited by hackers to hide exploits. CDFs and the CDF filesystem were dropped with release 10.0.
7.x (1990): Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400, 600/700 (in 7.03) /800 HP systems. Provided OSF/Motif.
8.x (January 1991): Support for HP 9000 Series 300/400 600/700/800 systems. Shared libraries introduced.
9.x (July 1992): 9.00, 9.02, 9.04 (Series 600/800), 9.01, 9.03, 9.05, 9.07 (Series 300/400/700), 9.08, 9.09, 9.09+ (Series 700 only), 9.10 (Series 300/400 only). These provided support for the HP 9000 Series 300, 700 and 800 systems. Introduced SAM. The Logical Volume Manager
Logical Volume Manager
Logical Volume Manager may refer to:*Logical Volume Manager *Logical Volume Manager...
(LVM) was presented in 9.00 for the Series 800 as a replacement for the older methods of disk management. The easiest way to determine the platform that a version of HP-UX 9.x would run on was by the last digit. Even numbers ran on servers, odd numbers ran on workstations.
10.0 (1995): This major release saw a convergence of the operating system between the HP 9000 Series 700 (workstation) and Series 800 (server) systems. (The OS no longer supported the older series.) There was also a significant change in the layout in the system files and directories, based on the AT&T
AT&T
AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications corporation headquartered in Whitacre Tower, Dallas, Texas, United States. It is the largest provider of mobile telephony and fixed telephony in the United States, and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television services...
UNIX System V Release 4 standard. Applications were removed from /usr and moved under /opt; startup configuration files were placed under /etc/rc.config.d; users were moved to /home from /users. Software for HP-UX was now packaged, shipped, installed, and removed via the Software Distributor
Software Distributor
Software Distributor is the Hewlett-Packard company's name for their HP-UX software package management system.SD provides a set of tools for creating packages that will install software on a system running the HP-UX operating system...
(SD) tools. LVM was also made available for Series 700. 10.0 was followed by 10.01 (1995), 10.02 (1995), 10.03 (1996), 10.08 (1996), 10.09 (1996), 10.10 (1996) and 10.16 (1996).
10.20 (1996): This release included support for PA-RISC
PA-RISC
PA-RISC is an instruction set architecture developed by Hewlett-Packard. As the name implies, it is a reduced instruction set computer architecture, where the PA stands for Precision Architecture...
2.0 processors that support 64-bit
64-bit
64-bit is a word size that defines certain classes of computer architecture, buses, memory and CPUs, and by extension the software that runs on them. 64-bit CPUs have existed in supercomputers since the 1970s and in RISC-based workstations and servers since the early 1990s...
data registers. Pluggable Authentication Modules
Pluggable Authentication Modules
Pluggable authentication modules are a mechanism to integrate multiple low-level authentication schemes into a high-level application programming interface . It allows programs that rely on authentication to be written independent of the underlying authentication scheme...
(PAM) were introduced for use within CDE
Common Desktop Environment
The Common Desktop Environment is a desktop environment for Unix and OpenVMS, based on the Motif widget toolkit.- Corporate history :...
. The root file system could be configured to use the Veritas File System
VERITAS File System
The VERITAS File System, , is an extent-based file system. It was originally developed by VERITAS Software. Through an OEM agreement, VxFS is used as the primary filesystem of the HP-UX operating system...
(VxFS). For legacy as well as technical reasons, the file system used for the boot kernel remained Hi Performance FileSystem
Hi Performance FileSystem
Hi Performance FileSystem, not to be confused with OS/2's HPFS or Apple's Hierarchical File System, is a file system used in the HP-UX operating system. It is a variant of the Unix File System....
(HPFS; a variant of UFS
Unix File System
The Unix file system is a file system used by many Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is also called the Berkeley Fast File System, the BSD Fast File System or FFS...
) until version 11.23. 10.20 also supported 32-bit user and group identifiers. The prior limit was 60,000, or 16-bit. This and earlier releases of HP-UX are now effectively obsolete, and support by HP ended on June 30, 2003.
10.24: This is a Virtual Vault release of HP-UX, providing enhanced security features. Virtual Vault is a compartmentalised operating system in which each file is assigned a compartment and processes only have access to files in the appropriate compartment and unlike most other UNIX systems the superuser (or root) does not have complete access to the system without following correct procedures.
10.30 (1997): This was primarily a developer release with various incremental enhancements. The use of PAM continued to expand in the system security components. Various changes to system calls were also made. This OS also provided the first support for Kernel Threads, with a 1:1 thread model (each user thread is bound to one kernel thread). 10.30 was also the first release of HP-UX that was fully year 2000 compliant.
11.00 (1997): The first HP-UX release to also support 64-bit addressing; previous releases had been 32-bit only. It could still run 32-bit applications on a 64-bit system. This release was also deemed Y2K-compliant. It supported 1:1 kernel thread
Thread (computer science)
In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by an operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process...
s, symmetric multiprocessing
Symmetric multiprocessing
In computing, symmetric multiprocessing involves a multiprocessor computer hardware architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single shared main memory and are controlled by a single OS instance. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture...
, fibre channel
Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel, or FC, is a gigabit-speed network technology primarily used for storage networking. Fibre Channel is standardized in the T11 Technical Committee of the InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards , an American National Standards Institute –accredited standards...
, and NFS PV3. It also included tools and documentation to convert 32-bit code to 64-bit.
11.04: Virtual Vault release.
11.10: This was a limited release to support the HP 9000 V2500 SCA (Scalable Computing Architecture) and V2600 SCA servers. Other versions supported the HP 9000 V-class servers in a single cabinet configuration, 11.10 ran on the SCA versions where two servers are stacked on top of each other, interconnected by a hyperplane crossbar. 11.10 also added JFS 3.3, 128-CPU support, AutoFS, and a new ftpd. It was not available separately.
11.11 (2000): Also known as 11i, this release of HP-UX introduced the concept of Operating Environments. It was released in December, 2000. These are bundled groups of layered applications intended for use with a general category of usage. The available types were the Mission Critical, Enterprise, Internet, Technical Computing, and Minimal Technical OEs. (The last two were intended for HP 9000
HP 9000
HP 9000 is the name for a line of workstation and server computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard Company . The native operating system for almost all HP 9000 systems is HP-UX, a derivative of Unix. The HP 9000 brand was introduced in 1984 to encompass several existing technical...
workstations.) The main enhancements with this release were support for hard partitions, gigabit ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies....
, NFS over TCP/IP, Loadable Kernel Modules, dynamic kernel tunable parameters, kernel event Notifications, and protected stacks.
11.20 (2001): Also known as 11i v1.5, this release of HP-UX was the first to support the new line of Itanium
Itanium
Itanium is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture . Intel markets the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems...
-based (IA-64) systems. It was not intended for mission critical computing environments and did not support HP's ServiceGuard cluster software. It did provide support for running PA-RISC compiled applications on Itanium systems, and for Veritas
VERITAS Software
Veritas Software Corp. was an international software company that was founded in 1983 as Tolerant Systems, renamed Veritas Software Corp. in 1989, and merged with Symantec in 2005. It was headquartered in Mountain View, California...
Volume Manager 3.1.
11.22 (2002): An incremental release of the Itanium
Itanium
Itanium is a family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture . Intel markets the processors for enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems...
version of HP-UX, it was designated 11i v1.6. This version achieved 64-way scalability
Scalability
In electronics scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process, to handle growing amount of work in a graceful manner or its ability to be enlarged to accommodate that growth...
, m:n thread
Thread (computer science)
In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest unit of processing that can be scheduled by an operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs from one operating system to another, but in most cases, a thread is contained inside a process...
s, added more dynamic kernel tunable parameters, and supported HP's Logical Volume Manager on Itanium. It was built from the 11i v1 source code stream.
11.23 (2003): The original release of this version was in September 2003 to support the Itanium-based systems. This version is also identified as 11i v2. In September 2004 the OS was updated to provide support for both Itanium and PA-RISC systems. Besides running on Itanium systems, this release includes support for ccNUMA, web-based kernel and device configuration, IPv6
IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 is a version of the Internet Protocol . It is designed to succeed the Internet Protocol version 4...
and a strong random number generation.
11.31 (2007): This release is also identified as HP-UX 11i v3. This release supports both PA-RISC and Itanium. It was released on February 15, 2007. Major new features include native multipathing
Multipath I/O
In computer storage, multipath I/O is a fault-tolerance and performance enhancement technique whereby there is more than one physical path between the CPU in a computer system and its mass storage devices through the buses, controllers, switches, and bridge devices connecting them.A simple example...
support, a unified file cache, NFS v4, Veritas ClusterFS, multi-volume VxFS, and integrated virtualization
HP Integrity Virtual Machines
Integrity Virtual Machines is software from Hewlett-Packard that allows multiple virtual machines to run concurrently on any Itanium server running HP-UX, notably the HP Integrity line...
. Hyperthreading
Hyper-threading
Hyper-threading is Intel's term for its simultaneous multithreading implementation in its Atom, Intel Core i3/i5/i7, Itanium, Pentium 4 and Xeon CPUs....
is supported on Itanium systems with Montecito
Montecito (processor)
Montecito is the code-name of a major release of Intel's Itanium 2 Processor Family , which implements the Intel Itanium architecture on a dual-core processor. It was officially launched by Intel on July 18, 2006 as the "Dual-Core Intel Itanium 2 processor"...
and Tukwila
Tukwila (processor)
Tukwila is the code-name for the generation of Intel's Itanium processor family following Itanium 2 and Montecito. It was released on 8 February 2010 as the Itanium 9300 Series. While its features have not been publicly disclosed in detail, it utilizes both multiple processor cores and SMT...
processors. HP-UX 11i v3 conforms to The Open Group
The Open Group
The Open Group is a vendor and technology-neutral industry consortium, currently with over three hundred member organizations. It was formed in 1996 when X/Open merged with the Open Software Foundation...
's UNIX 03 standard
Single UNIX Specification
The Single UNIX Specification is the collective name of a family of standards for computer operating systems to qualify for the name "Unix"...
. Updates for the 11iv3 are released periodocally, with the latest being update 9, released in November 2011
HP-UX 11i operating environments
HP sells HP-UX 11i in Operating Environments (OEs). OEs are HP-tested and integrated operating system plus application bundles designed to simplify installation and maintenance while providing the functionality needed for the system's purpose.In 2008, HP introduced new OEs for HP-UX 11i v3 to align application bundles with typical systems' use. OEs for HP-UX 11i v2 remain unchanged. The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v3 OEs:
HP-UX 11i v3 Base OE (BOE): Delivers the full HP-UX 11i operating system plus file system and partitioning software and applications for Web serving, system management and security. BOE includes all the software formerly in FOE & TCOE (see below), plus software formerly sold stand-alone (e.g. Auto Port Aggregator).
HP-UX 11i v3 Virtualization Server OE (VSE-OE): Delivers everything in BOE plus GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring, and all Virtual Server Environment software which includes virtual partitions, virtual machines
HP Integrity Virtual Machines
Integrity Virtual Machines is software from Hewlett-Packard that allows multiple virtual machines to run concurrently on any Itanium server running HP-UX, notably the HP Integrity line...
, workload management, capacity advisor and applications. VSE-OE includes all the software formerly in EOE (see below), plus additional virtualization software.
HP-UX 11i v3 High Availability OE (HA-OE): Delivers everything in BOE plus HP Serviceguard clustering software for system failover and tools to manage clusters, as well as GlancePlus performance analysis and software mirroring applications.
HP-UX 11i v3 Data Center OE (DC-OE): Delivers everything in one package, combining the HP-UX 11i operating system with virtualization and high availability. Everything in the HA-OE and VSE-OE is in the DC-OE. Solutions for wide-area disaster recovery and the compiler bundle are sold separately.
HP-UX 11i v2 (11.23) : HP's public roadmap indicates v2 availability through December, 2010, while recommending upgrading to v3. The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v2 OEs:
HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE (FOE): Designed for Web servers, content servers and front-end servers, this OE includes applications such as HP-UX Web Server Suite, Java
Java (programming language)
Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
, and Mozilla Application Suite. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i FOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Enterprise OE (EOE): Designed for database application servers and logic servers, this OE contains the HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE bundles and additional applications such as GlancePlus Pak to enable an enterprise-level server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i EOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Mission Critical OE (MCOE): Designed for the large, powerful back-end application servers and database servers that access customer files and handle transaction processing, this OE contains the Enterprise OE bundles, plus applications such as MC/ServiceGuard and Workload Manager to enable a mission-critical server. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MCOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Minimal Technical OE (MTOE): Designed for workstations running HP-UX 11i v2, this OE includes the Mozilla Application Suite, Perl
Perl
Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular...
, VxVM, and Judy applications, plus the OpenGL
OpenGL
OpenGL is a standard specification defining a cross-language, cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics. The interface consists of over 250 different function calls which can be used to draw complex three-dimensional scenes from simple primitives. OpenGL...
Graphics Developer's Kit. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i MTOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Technical Computing OE (TCOE): Designed for both compute-intensive workstation and server applications, this OE contains the MTOE bundles plus extensive graphics applications and Math Libraries. This OE is bundled as HP-UX 11i-TCOE.
HP-UX 11i v1 (11.11): According to HP's roadmap, was sold through December 2009, with continued support for v1 at least until December 2013.
External links
- HP-Journal oct. 1985 introducing the HP Integral and HP-UX 1.0
- HP-UX Guides Blog
- Hewlett-Packard HP-UX
- The HP-UX Porting and Archive Center: Porting Open-source softwareOpen-source softwareOpen-source software is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.Open...
to HP-UX - HP-UX FAQ
- Securing HP-UX
- HP and Veritas to Accelerate HP-UX 11i Virtualization
- New HP-UX 11i v3 Operating Environments
- 11i v3 Update 2, a name that's practically poetry
- HPUX Quick Notes and Guides