Hans Wiegel
Encyclopedia
Hans Wiegel is a retired Dutch
politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
(VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from April 18, 1967 until December 19, 1977. When the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Party leader
and Parliamentary leader
in the House of Representatives Molly Geertsema
retired Wiegel was chosen to succeed him. He served as Parliamentary leader
from July 20, 1971 until December 19, 1977. He served as opposition leader against then Prime Minister
Joop den Uyl
and his cabinet. He was Minister of the Interior and Deputy Prime Minister
in the Cabinet Van Agt I from December 19, 1977 until September 11, 1981. He again returned returned to the House of Representatives and as the Parliamentary leader
from May 27, 1981 until April 20, 1982 when he resigned the become the Queen's Commissioner
of Friesland
, he served in this position from June 16, 1982 until February 1, 1994.
He became the chairman of the Netherlands Healthcare insurance board on January 1, 1995 and is serving in that office ever since. He served Member of the Senate from June 13, 1995 until April 1, 2000. In 1999 Wiegel caused a short cabinet crisis by voting against the constitutional revision that would make national referendum
s possible. This crisis is called the Night of Wiegel. In recent years Wiegel has obtained by some as the status of a statesman.
on July 16, 1941, After completing gymnasium
in Hilversum
in 1959, Wiegel started studying law
at the University of Amsterdam. After a couple of months he switched his major
to political science
and earned a B.A.
in 1965. He decided not to pursue a master's degree
. Instead, he became involved in politics. Wiegel has been active within the youth wing of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
, the Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy
, of which he had been a member since 1961. In 1963 he was appointed to its national board and in 1965-1966 he was chairman.
. During the period of the Cabinet Den Uyl
Wiegel acted as the main Leader of the Opposition
against the Cabinet and Prime Minister
Joop den Uyl
. In 1977 he negotiated the formation of the Cabinet van Agt I
, in this cabinet he became Minister of the Interior and Deputy Prime Minister
, Wiegel prepared the constitution
al revision of 1983.
Wiegel led the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
in Dutch General Election of 1972
, Dutch General Election of 1977
, and Dutch General Election of 1981
. During his leadership the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
orientation shifted away from the upper class and towards the middle class and educated workers; this led to electoral success.
In 1982 Wiegel left national politics. He was awarded honorary membership of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
and became Queen's Commissioner
of Friesland
from June 16, 1982 until February 1, 1994. During his period as Queen's Commissioner
Wiegel became known as the "Oracle of Diever
", because he played an important role advising the VVD and commenting on events in national politics. In 1986 Wiegel was asked to return to the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations; he refused, however.
In 1995 he was elected as a Member of the Senate. In 1999 Wiegel caused a short cabinet crisis by voting against the constitutional revision that would make national referendum
s possible. This crisis is called the Night of Wiegel. Wiegel left the Senate in 2000, soon after the Night of Wiegel.
, who saw in Wiegel a suitable Prime Minister
. Earlier that day, however was Fortuyn
assassinated in Hilversum
.
In October 2005 the local branch of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
in Alphen aan den Rijn
called all other local branches to sign a petition to get Wiegel back in active politics. More than 90% of the branches supported this petition.
Wiegel wanted to announce whether he is making a comeback or not in March/April 2006. However then party leader Jozias van Aartsen
stated in January 2006 that Wiegel most likely will be the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
's candidate for Prime Minister in the 2007 elections. In the last years the Dutch press has speculated - he rarely responds to rumors - whether Wiegel will make a comeback.
On March 8, 2006, the day after a poor showing of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
in the Dutch municipal elections of 2006, Wiegel issued a press statement to the effect that he will not return to Dutch politics again.
On November 22, 2007 Wiegel was announced that he should go to the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
in a broad liberal movement together with the Party for Freedom
of Geert Wilders
, Rita Verdonk
's Proud of the Netherlands
and the Democrats 66
. Besides Rita Verdonk
none of these parties favor of this plan. On September 15, 2009 he repeated these words in the morning bulletin Goodmorning Netherlands Wiegel then called his party should seek cooperation with the Party for Freedom
.
Twenty years after leaving national politics, Wiegel is still mentioned often as a potential Prime Minister
. He still is very popular among People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
party members in the Netherlands
. He has 'threatened' to return to national politics a number of times, usually resulting in the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
going up in the polls. His opponents admonish this behaviour, implying that he is just trying to keep himself from being forgotten. On April 12, 2010 during a broadcast of the Dutch TV program The World Keeps Turning Wiegel humoristic joked to be the best Prime Minister
the Netherlands
never had.
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
(VVD). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from April 18, 1967 until December 19, 1977. When the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
Party leader
Party leader
In politics, the party leader is the most powerful official within a political party.The party leader is typically responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public. As such, he or she will take a leading role in developing and communicating party policy, especially election...
and Parliamentary leader
Parliamentary group leader
The leader or chairman of a parliamentary group holds an influential political post in a parliamentary system with strong party discipline...
in the House of Representatives Molly Geertsema
Molly Geertsema
Molly Geertsema was a Dutch politician. He was born in Utrecht, and died in Wassenaar.-References:...
retired Wiegel was chosen to succeed him. He served as Parliamentary leader
Parliamentary group leader
The leader or chairman of a parliamentary group holds an influential political post in a parliamentary system with strong party discipline...
from July 20, 1971 until December 19, 1977. He served as opposition leader against then Prime Minister
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
Joop den Uyl
Joop den Uyl
Johannes Marten den Uijl, known as Joop den Uyl was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party . He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 11, 1973 until December 19, 1977....
and his cabinet. He was Minister of the Interior and Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the official Deputy of the Head of Government of the Netherlands. In the absence of the Prime Minister the deputy prime minister takes over his functions, such as chairing the Cabinet of the Netherlands...
in the Cabinet Van Agt I from December 19, 1977 until September 11, 1981. He again returned returned to the House of Representatives and as the Parliamentary leader
Parliamentary group leader
The leader or chairman of a parliamentary group holds an influential political post in a parliamentary system with strong party discipline...
from May 27, 1981 until April 20, 1982 when he resigned the become the Queen's Commissioner
Queen's Commissioner
The Queen's Commissioner is the head of a province in the Netherlands, who is chairman of both the Provinciale Staten and the Gedeputeerde Staten , but only has a right to vote in the latter...
of Friesland
Friesland
Friesland is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the ancient region of Frisia.Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân...
, he served in this position from June 16, 1982 until February 1, 1994.
He became the chairman of the Netherlands Healthcare insurance board on January 1, 1995 and is serving in that office ever since. He served Member of the Senate from June 13, 1995 until April 1, 2000. In 1999 Wiegel caused a short cabinet crisis by voting against the constitutional revision that would make national referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
s possible. This crisis is called the Night of Wiegel. In recent years Wiegel has obtained by some as the status of a statesman.
Early life
Hans Wiegel was born in AmsterdamAmsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
on July 16, 1941, After completing gymnasium
Secondary education
Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. Secondary education includes the final stage of compulsory education and in many countries it is entirely compulsory. The next stage of education is usually college or university...
in Hilversum
Hilversum
is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Located in the region called "'t Gooi", it is the largest town in that area. It is surrounded by heathland, woods, meadows, lakes, and smaller villages...
in 1959, Wiegel started studying law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
at the University of Amsterdam. After a couple of months he switched his major
Academic major
In the United States and Canada, an academic major or major concentration is the academic discipline to which an undergraduate student formally commits....
to political science
Political science
Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior...
and earned a B.A.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
in 1965. He decided not to pursue a master's degree
Master's degree
A master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
. Instead, he became involved in politics. Wiegel has been active within the youth wing of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
, the Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy
Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy
The Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy , officially abbreviated as JOVD, is one of the oldest political youth organisations in the Netherlands. It is a liberal organisation for people aged between fourteen and thirty one...
, of which he had been a member since 1961. In 1963 he was appointed to its national board and in 1965-1966 he was chairman.
Politics
In 1967 Wiegel was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives. In 1971, when he was only thirty years old, he became the Party leaderParty leader
In politics, the party leader is the most powerful official within a political party.The party leader is typically responsible for managing the party's relationship with the general public. As such, he or she will take a leading role in developing and communicating party policy, especially election...
. During the period of the Cabinet Den Uyl
Netherlands cabinet Den Uyl
The Den Uyl cabinet was a Dutch left-wing cabinet under prime minister Joop den Uyl with ministers from PvdA, PPR, D66, KVP and ARP. The last two parties were actually moderately right-wing, but left-wing elements within these parties supported cabinet den Uyl to create a left-wing majority...
Wiegel acted as the main Leader of the Opposition
Leader of the Opposition
The Leader of the Opposition is a title traditionally held by the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of parliamentary government...
against the Cabinet and Prime Minister
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
Joop den Uyl
Joop den Uyl
Johannes Marten den Uijl, known as Joop den Uyl was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party . He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 11, 1973 until December 19, 1977....
. In 1977 he negotiated the formation of the Cabinet van Agt I
Netherlands cabinet Van Agt-1
The first Van Agt cabinet was a right-wing coalition of the CDA and the VVD. The Labour Party was the largest party after the elections, but the demands of Labour leader Joop den Uyl were too great for Christian-Democrat Dries van Agt, who formed a coalition with right-wing liberal Hans Wiegel...
, in this cabinet he became Minister of the Interior and Deputy Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the official Deputy of the Head of Government of the Netherlands. In the absence of the Prime Minister the deputy prime minister takes over his functions, such as chairing the Cabinet of the Netherlands...
, Wiegel prepared the constitution
Constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is...
al revision of 1983.
Wiegel led the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
in Dutch General Election of 1972
Dutch general election, 1972
The General Election to the House of Representatives of the States-General of the Netherlands was held in the Netherlands on November 29, 1972.-National summary:...
, Dutch General Election of 1977
Dutch general election, 1977
The General Election to the House of Representatives of the States-General of the Netherlands was held in the Netherlands on May 25, 1977....
, and Dutch General Election of 1981
Dutch general election, 1981
The General Election to the House of Representatives of the States-General of the Netherlands was held in the Netherlands on May 26, 1981.-National summary:...
. During his leadership the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
orientation shifted away from the upper class and towards the middle class and educated workers; this led to electoral success.
In 1982 Wiegel left national politics. He was awarded honorary membership of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
and became Queen's Commissioner
Queen's Commissioner
The Queen's Commissioner is the head of a province in the Netherlands, who is chairman of both the Provinciale Staten and the Gedeputeerde Staten , but only has a right to vote in the latter...
of Friesland
Friesland
Friesland is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the ancient region of Frisia.Until the end of 1996, the province bore Friesland as its official name. In 1997 this Dutch name lost its official status to the Frisian Fryslân...
from June 16, 1982 until February 1, 1994. During his period as Queen's Commissioner
Queen's Commissioner
The Queen's Commissioner is the head of a province in the Netherlands, who is chairman of both the Provinciale Staten and the Gedeputeerde Staten , but only has a right to vote in the latter...
Wiegel became known as the "Oracle of Diever
Diever
Diever is a town in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Westerveld, and lies about 18 km northwest of Hoogeveen....
", because he played an important role advising the VVD and commenting on events in national politics. In 1986 Wiegel was asked to return to the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations; he refused, however.
In 1995 he was elected as a Member of the Senate. In 1999 Wiegel caused a short cabinet crisis by voting against the constitutional revision that would make national referendum
Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...
s possible. This crisis is called the Night of Wiegel. Wiegel left the Senate in 2000, soon after the Night of Wiegel.
Comeback (or not)
On the evening of May 6, 2002 in Leeuwarden, he would be meeting with Pim FortuynPim Fortuyn
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn was a Dutch politician, civil servant, sociologist, author and professor who formed his own party, Pim Fortuyn List ....
, who saw in Wiegel a suitable Prime Minister
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
. Earlier that day, however was Fortuyn
Pim Fortuyn
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn was a Dutch politician, civil servant, sociologist, author and professor who formed his own party, Pim Fortuyn List ....
assassinated in Hilversum
Hilversum
is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Located in the region called "'t Gooi", it is the largest town in that area. It is surrounded by heathland, woods, meadows, lakes, and smaller villages...
.
In October 2005 the local branch of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
in Alphen aan den Rijn
Alphen aan den Rijn
Alphen aan den Rijn is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, between Leiden and Utrecht. The town is situated on the banks of the river Oude Rijn , where the river Gouwe branches off. The municipality had a population of 72,674 in 2010, and covers an...
called all other local branches to sign a petition to get Wiegel back in active politics. More than 90% of the branches supported this petition.
Wiegel wanted to announce whether he is making a comeback or not in March/April 2006. However then party leader Jozias van Aartsen
Jozias van Aartsen
Jozias Johannes van Aartsen is a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy . He is the Mayor of the Hague since March 27, 2008....
stated in January 2006 that Wiegel most likely will be the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
's candidate for Prime Minister in the 2007 elections. In the last years the Dutch press has speculated - he rarely responds to rumors - whether Wiegel will make a comeback.
On March 8, 2006, the day after a poor showing of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
in the Dutch municipal elections of 2006, Wiegel issued a press statement to the effect that he will not return to Dutch politics again.
On November 22, 2007 Wiegel was announced that he should go to the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
in a broad liberal movement together with the Party for Freedom
Party for Freedom
The Party for Freedom is a Dutch right-wing political party. Founded in 2005 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man party in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election, making it the fifth largest party in parliament, and third largest opposition party. It...
of Geert Wilders
Geert Wilders
Geert Wilders is a Dutch right-wing politician and leader of the Party for Freedom , the third-largest political party in the Netherlands. He is the Parliamentary group leader of his party in the Dutch House of Representatives...
, Rita Verdonk
Rita Verdonk
Maria Cornelia Frederika "Rita" Verdonk is a retired Dutch politician initially of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy until she was expelled in October 2007, she later formed her own party Proud of the Netherlands . She served as Minister for Integration and Immigration in Cabinets...
's Proud of the Netherlands
Proud of the Netherlands
Proud of the Netherlands is a Dutch Political party. The party was founded on 17 October 2007 by Rita Verdonk, who at that time was an independent member of the House of Representatives. Verdonk declared that her movement would consist of "sympathizers" and, like the Party for Freedom, would not...
and the Democrats 66
Democrats 66
Democrats 66 is a progressive and social-liberal political party in the Netherlands. D66 was formed in 1966 by a group of politically unaligned, young intellectuals, led by journalist Hans van Mierlo. The party's main objective was to democratise the political system; it proposed to create an...
. Besides Rita Verdonk
Rita Verdonk
Maria Cornelia Frederika "Rita" Verdonk is a retired Dutch politician initially of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy until she was expelled in October 2007, she later formed her own party Proud of the Netherlands . She served as Minister for Integration and Immigration in Cabinets...
none of these parties favor of this plan. On September 15, 2009 he repeated these words in the morning bulletin Goodmorning Netherlands Wiegel then called his party should seek cooperation with the Party for Freedom
Party for Freedom
The Party for Freedom is a Dutch right-wing political party. Founded in 2005 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man party in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election, making it the fifth largest party in parliament, and third largest opposition party. It...
.
Trivia
Wiegel married his first wife Pien Frederiks (born September 9, 1954) on June 1, 1973. He had two children with her Erik (born 1975) and Marieke (born 1977). On November 6, 1980 tragedy struck when Pien Frederiks died after suffering a car crash a few hours before, she was 26 years old. She left her two young children behind Erik (5) and Marieke (3). On April 7, 1982 Wiegel quitely remarried with his late late wife's older sister Marianne Frederiks (born September 21, 1951). On January 6, 2005 tragedy struck again for the now 63 year old Wiegel when in an ironic twist of fate Marianne Frederiks died in a car crash at the age of 53.Twenty years after leaving national politics, Wiegel is still mentioned often as a potential Prime Minister
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
. He still is very popular among People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
party members in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. He has 'threatened' to return to national politics a number of times, usually resulting in the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative-liberal political party located in the Netherlands. The VVD supports private enterprise in the Netherlands and is often perceived as an economic liberal party in contrast to the social-liberal Democrats 66 alongside which it sits in...
going up in the polls. His opponents admonish this behaviour, implying that he is just trying to keep himself from being forgotten. On April 12, 2010 during a broadcast of the Dutch TV program The World Keeps Turning Wiegel humoristic joked to be the best Prime Minister
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands. He is the de facto head of government of the Netherlands and coordinates the policy of the government...
the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
never had.
Decorations
- Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Knight (October 26, 1981)
- Order of Oranje-Nassau
- Commander (April 28, 1989)
- Grand Officer (January 20, 1994)