Haplogroup M30 (mtDNA)
Encyclopedia
In human mitochondrial genetics
, Haplogroup M30 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A . Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of haplogroup M
(superhaplogroup M4'30) . M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of modern humans along the Asia
n coast after they left Africa
, followed by a long period of isolation .
Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 India
n samples . It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is Bihar
(Kurmi
, Yadav and Baniya), West Bengal
(Mahishya
), Orissa
(Saora) and two samples from south India
(Christians of Karnataka
and Lambadi of Andhra Pradesh
). Previously identified Haplogroup M18 was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage .
Later the definition of M30 was narrowed down in 2006 by identifying it by the mutations T195A and G15431A besides G12007A .
The study detailed an individual from the Reddy
population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of Thogataveera
from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in Thogataveera
of Andhra Pradesh
and Chaturvedi
of Uttar Pradesh
, and the identification of M30d among Bhargava
of Uttar Pradesh
and Thogataveera
of Andhra Pradesh
. In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur of western region of India .
In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in the castes of Oriya Brahmin
, Karan (aka Karanam
), Khandayat
and Gope (aka Gour or Yadav
[24]); and tribes of Juang and Saora (Sora people) of Orissa
. The Saora tribe (Sora people) exhibited a high frequency (of about 32%) of M30 followed by Karan (Karanam
)(about 24%), Oriya Brahmin (Utkala Brahmin
) (about 20%) and Juang (about 20%), while Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also present at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in Pardhan, Naikpod Gond (Gondi people
) and Andh
tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh .
The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present . However, Thangarajah, et al (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. also put forward the coalescence time of haplogroup M30 that was estimated to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c were calculated to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively (Thangaraj et al. 2006) . This period corresponds with the late-Mesolithic
in India and the Levant
.
s and Caucasoids, and in Dravidian
and Indo-European
speakers
. Six of the Arabia's haplogroup M lineages were noted to have come from India, one of which is M30 . This supposedly lends credence to the long speculated possibility of Dravidian
speakers migrating through Iran
to India
. This view is supported by the presence of Indian haplogroups in Iran (Gonzalez et al. 2007), and the close relationship between the Dravidian
and Elamite languages (McAlpin 1974, 1981).
M30 haplogroup has been detected in Palestinians and is supposedly due to a recent gene flow from India into that region . M30 is found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Upper Egypt
and Kesra (Tunisia
), while M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of Hadramawt (Yemen
) . Apart from Saudi Arabia, M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of China
.
To sum up, M30 haplogroup individuals have been found in
Human mitochondrial genetics
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....
, Haplogroup M30 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup M30 (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-Asian or an India-specific maternal lineage of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A .Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A . Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of haplogroup M
Haplogroup M (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling N, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....
(superhaplogroup M4'30) . M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of modern humans along the Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
n coast after they left Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, followed by a long period of isolation .
Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
n samples . It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is Bihar
Bihar
Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India....
(Kurmi
Kurmi
The Kurmi are a Hindu agricultural Jāti in India.The group has been associated with the Kunbi, though scholars differ as to whether the terms are synonymous. In 2006, the Indian government announced that Kurmi was considered synonymous with the Kunbi and Yellam castes in Maharashtra...
, Yadav and Baniya), West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's GDP...
(Mahishya
Mahishya
Mahishya , also spelled as Mahisya, is a Bengali Hindu caste. Members of this caste are traditionally found in the Indian states of West Bengal and Orissa. Mahishyas are one of the predominant castes in West Bengal especially in the southern districts of Howrah, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur,...
), Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...
(Saora) and two samples from south India
South India
South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area...
(Christians of Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
and Lambadi of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
). Previously identified Haplogroup M18 was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage .
Later the definition of M30 was narrowed down in 2006 by identifying it by the mutations T195A and G15431A besides G12007A .
The study detailed an individual from the Reddy
Reddy
Reddy is a social group or caste of India, predominantly inhabiting Andhra Pradesh. They are enlisted as a forward caste by the government. Traditionally, they are a high-caste community of nobility, warriors and cultivators. According to academics, they were a warrior caste in the remote past and...
population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of Thogataveera
Thogataveera
Thogataveera are a community made up predominantly of weavers found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They are Chandravanshi Kshatriyas and descendants of Maharshi Pushpandaja Muni and are worshippers of Chowdeshwari Devi...
from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in Thogataveera
Thogataveera
Thogataveera are a community made up predominantly of weavers found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They are Chandravanshi Kshatriyas and descendants of Maharshi Pushpandaja Muni and are worshippers of Chowdeshwari Devi...
of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
and Chaturvedi
Chaturvedi
The Mathur Chaturvedi Brahmins, or sometimes just Chaturvedi are an endogamous Brahmin community found mainly in western Uttar Pradesh. A Brahmin family name indicating that the title bearer's forefathers were proficient in all of the four Vedas...
of Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
, and the identification of M30d among Bhargava
Bhargava
Bhargava is a common surname in Northern India and Maharashtra, mainly around Nashik. In Maharashtra, it is pronounced as Bhargave instead of Bhargava. It is also used as a first name in parts of southern India....
of Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh abbreviation U.P. , is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity...
and Thogataveera
Thogataveera
Thogataveera are a community made up predominantly of weavers found in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They are Chandravanshi Kshatriyas and descendants of Maharshi Pushpandaja Muni and are worshippers of Chowdeshwari Devi...
of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
. In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur of western region of India .
In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in the castes of Oriya Brahmin
Brahmin
Brahmin Brahman, Brahma and Brahmin.Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self...
, Karan (aka Karanam
Karanam
Karanam or Karana is a community mostly prevalent in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.-Names:In Orissa, this class is referred to as Karana, and in Andhra Pradesh they are also called Sristikaranam, Sistukaranam, Sistakaranam, Sristikaranalu, Sistukaranalu, Sistakaranalu or Karanalu.The Karanam community...
), Khandayat
Khandayat
With pass of time education became prominent part of life and those educated people depicted kshytriyas next to them in literature and books. After Muslim invasion of India Kshyatrias lost their power and dominance and mostly concentrated in cultivation to survive...
and Gope (aka Gour or Yadav
Yadav
Yādav refers to an umbrella group of traditionally non-elite pastoral communities, or castes, in India and Nepal which since the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has claimed descent from the mythological King Yadu as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence.The term 'Yadav' now...
[24]); and tribes of Juang and Saora (Sora people) of Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...
. The Saora tribe (Sora people) exhibited a high frequency (of about 32%) of M30 followed by Karan (Karanam
Karanam
Karanam or Karana is a community mostly prevalent in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.-Names:In Orissa, this class is referred to as Karana, and in Andhra Pradesh they are also called Sristikaranam, Sistukaranam, Sistakaranam, Sristikaranalu, Sistukaranalu, Sistakaranalu or Karanalu.The Karanam community...
)(about 24%), Oriya Brahmin (Utkala Brahmin
Utkala Brahmin
Utkala Brahmin also known as Oriya or Orissa Brahmins, is a Varna from the Indian state of Orissa previously known as Utkala Kingdom, Kalinga Kingdom & neighbouring states of Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal & Jharkhand.-Background:The Utkala Kingdom was located in the eastern portion of...
) (about 20%) and Juang (about 20%), while Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also present at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in Pardhan, Naikpod Gond (Gondi people
Gondi people
The Gondi, Goindi or Gond people are people in central India, spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra , Chhattisgarh, northern Andhra Pradesh, and Western Orissa. With over four million people, they are the largest tribe in Central India.The Gondi language is related to...
) and Andh
Andh
The Andh are one of the Scheduled Tribes of India. They seem to have originated in southern India in the vicinity of Madras which was once ruled by the Andhra dynasty...
tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh .
The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present . However, Thangarajah, et al (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. also put forward the coalescence time of haplogroup M30 that was estimated to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c were calculated to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively (Thangaraj et al. 2006) . This period corresponds with the late-Mesolithic
Mesolithic
The Mesolithic is an archaeological concept used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic....
in India and the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
.
Distribution
M30 has a broad geographic, ethnic and linguistic range in India. It has been detected in northern and southern India, in AustraloidAustraloid
The Australoid race is a broad racial classification. The concept originated with a typological method of racial classification. They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the...
s and Caucasoids, and in Dravidian
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian language family includes approximately 85 genetically related languages, spoken by about 217 million people. They are mainly spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, and...
and Indo-European
Indo-European
Indo-European may refer to:* Indo-European languages** Aryan race, a 19th century and early 20th century term for those peoples who are the native speakers of Indo-European languages...
speakers
. Six of the Arabia's haplogroup M lineages were noted to have come from India, one of which is M30 . This supposedly lends credence to the long speculated possibility of Dravidian
Dravidian peoples
Dravidian peoples is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka,...
speakers migrating through Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
to India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. This view is supported by the presence of Indian haplogroups in Iran (Gonzalez et al. 2007), and the close relationship between the Dravidian
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian language family includes approximately 85 genetically related languages, spoken by about 217 million people. They are mainly spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, and...
and Elamite languages (McAlpin 1974, 1981).
M30 haplogroup has been detected in Palestinians and is supposedly due to a recent gene flow from India into that region . M30 is found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Upper Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
and Kesra (Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
), while M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of Hadramawt (Yemen
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
) . Apart from Saudi Arabia, M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
.
To sum up, M30 haplogroup individuals have been found in
- YemenYemenThe Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
- EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
- TunisiaTunisiaTunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area...
- PalestinePalestinePalestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....
- Saudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
- IranIranIran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
- IndiaIndiaIndia , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
- ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Van Oven 2008 tree and subsequent published research.See also
- Genealogical DNA testGenealogical DNA testA genealogical DNA test examines the nucleotides at specific locations on a person's DNA for genetic genealogy purposes. The test results are not meant to have any informative medical value and do not determine specific genetic diseases or disorders ; they are intended only to give genealogical...
- Genetic GenealogyGenetic genealogyGenetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals.-History:...
- Human mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial geneticsHuman mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....
- Population GeneticsPopulation geneticsPopulation genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow. It also takes into account the factors of recombination, population subdivision and population...
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroupsHuman mitochondrial DNA haplogroupsIn human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree...
External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site