Haplogroup Q3 (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (Y-DNA) (phylogenetic name) and/or Q-M3 (mutational name) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup (Y-DNA). Haplogroup Q1a3a1 is a subclade
of Haplogroup Q
. Haplogroup Q1a3a1 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3.
which is almost exclusively found in North America. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the rs3894 (M3) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The M3 SNP is found "downstream" from the M242 SNP. M242 is the defining SNP of the Q Haplogroup. M3 occurred on the Q lineage roughly 10-15 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
first discovered the SNP that was to become known as M3. Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that M3 was related to M242-bearing populations found predominately in Central Asia.
men. Subclades Q1a3a1a-c appears to be unique to South American populations and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.
The subclades of Haplogroup Q1a3a with their defining SNP's (in parenthesis):
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup Q1a3a1 (Y-DNA) (phylogenetic name) and/or Q-M3 (mutational name) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup (Y-DNA). Haplogroup Q1a3a1 is a subclade
Subclade
In genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a subgenus or haplogroup. It is commonly used today in describing genealogical DNA tests of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups....
of Haplogroup Q
Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.-Origins:Haplogroup Q is one of the two branches of haplogroup P . Haplogroup Q is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It has had multiple origins proposed...
. Haplogroup Q1a3a1 was previously known as Haplogroup Q3.
Indigenous Amerindian sub-clade
Haplogroup Q1a3a1 is one of the few Y Chromosome haplogroup strictly associated with the indigenous peoples of the Americas, along with haplogroup C3b-P39Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup C3 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup mainly found in indigenous Siberians, Kazakhs and Mongolians. Haplogroup C3 is the most widespread and frequently occurring branch of the greater Haplogroup C...
which is almost exclusively found in North America. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the rs3894 (M3) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The M3 SNP is found "downstream" from the M242 SNP. M242 is the defining SNP of the Q Haplogroup. M3 occurred on the Q lineage roughly 10-15 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Discovery of M3
In 1996 Dr. Peter Underhill and his colleagues at Stanford UniversityStanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
first discovered the SNP that was to become known as M3. Later studies completed the genetic bridge by determining that M3 was related to M242-bearing populations found predominately in Central Asia.
Subgroups
Populations carrying M3 are widespread throughout the Americas. Since the discovery of M3 several subclades of M3 bearing populations have been discovered in the Americas as well. An example is in South America where some populations have a high prevalence of SNP M19 which defines subclade Q1a3a1a. M19 has been detected in 59% of Amazonian Ticuna men and in 10% of WayuuWayuu
Wayuu is an Amerindian ethnic group of the La Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela. They are part of the Maipurean language family.- Geography :...
men. Subclades Q1a3a1a-c appears to be unique to South American populations and suggests that population isolation and perhaps even the establishment of tribes began soon after migration into the Americas.
The subclades of Haplogroup Q1a3a with their defining SNP's (in parenthesis):
- Q1a3a1 (M3) - Subclade associated with all Indigenous AmericansIndigenous peoples of the AmericasThe indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...
. Origin: SiberiaSiberiaSiberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
15,000 years ago- Q1a3a1a (M19) - subclade found among Indigenous South AmericasIndigenous peoples in South AmericaAmerican indigenous peoples in South America include:*Indigenous peoples in Argentina*Indigenous peoples in Bolivia*Indigenous peoples in Brazil*Indigenous peoples in Chile*Indigenous peoples in Colombia*Indigenous peoples in Ecuador...
, such as the Ticuna and the WayuuWayuuWayuu is an Amerindian ethnic group of the La Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela. They are part of the Maipurean language family.- Geography :...
. Origin: South America approximately 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. - Q1a3a1b (M194) - It has only been found in South American populations
- Q1a3a1c (M199, P106, P292) - subclades that have only been found in South American populations
- Q1a3a1a (M19) - subclade found among Indigenous South Americas
See also
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Haplogroup QHaplogroup Q (Y-DNA)In human genetics, Haplogroup Q is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.-Origins:Haplogroup Q is one of the two branches of haplogroup P . Haplogroup Q is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It has had multiple origins proposed...
- Haplogroup Q1a3Haplogroup Q1a3 (Y-DNA)Haplogroup Q1a3 is a subclade of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Haplogroup Q1a3 is defined by the presence of the M346 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and may therefore be referred to as Q-M346 in shorthand.- Distribution :...