Hispanism
Encyclopedia
Hispanism is the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish
-speaking world, principally that of Spain
and Latin America
. It can also entail studying Spanish language and culture in the United States
and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa
, Asia
, and the Pacific, such as Equatorial Guinea
and the Philippines
. Some include the study of Portuguese
and other Iberian languages and cultures under Hispanism. A practicing scholar who specializes in this field is known as a Hispanist
.
Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed a new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492 Antonio de Nebrija
published his Gramática castellana, the first published grammar of a modern European language. Juan de Valdés
composed his Diálogo de la lengua (1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer Cristóbal de Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.
For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in Louvain
: Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola (1555) and Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España (1559).
Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591),http://books.google.com/books?id=vNp-OwAACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Richard+Percivale%22&hl=en&ei=C-70TZa0A4W3twff1cz4Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAAJohn Minsheu
] (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat
(1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630).
Dictionaries were composed by the Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), Jean Palet (1604) and François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism.
Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman César Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle, for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent former colonies.
During the Romantic period
, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism.
Hispanism has traditionally been defined as the study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The Cervantes Institute has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the British Council
, the Alliance Française
or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries.
, Puerto Rico
, the Philippines
, and Cuba
. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and given a privileged position to the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Latin American and Caribbean dialects and cultures of the Spanish-speaking areas of U.S. influence. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish-speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is used actively in some of the most populous states, including California
, Florida
, New Mexico
, and Texas
, and in large cities such as New York
, Los Angeles
, Miami, San Antonio and San Francisco. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
was founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States; Hispania is the association's official publication. The North American Academy of the Spanish Language brings together Hispanists in North America.
The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at Harvard (1819), Virginia
(1825), and Yale
(1826). The U.S. consul in Valencia, Obadiah Rich
, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the New York Public Library
, and numerous magazines, especially the North American Review, published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such as Alexander Slidell Mackenzie
(A Year in Spain [1836] and Spain Revisited [1836]). These were read by Washington Irving
, Edgar Allan Poe
, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist Mordecai M. Noah and the diplomat Caleb Cushing
and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on Spanish literature
.
The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of Washington Irving
, who met Leandro Fernández de Moratín
in Bordeaux
in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another American, Sarah Maria Theresa McKean (1780–1841), the marquise widow of Casa Irujo
), as well as in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met Martín Fernández de Navarrete
in Madrid
, using one of the latter's works as a source for his The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
(1828), and made friends and corresponded with Cecilia Böhl de Faber, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped his Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and Alhambra (1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in Alicante
, and particularly by the Spanish-born writer George Washington Montgomery.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through Madrid
in 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and in Outre-Mer (1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translated Jorge Manrique
's couplets. In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his Spanish Novels (1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, including The Spanish Student (1842), where he imitates those of the Spanish Golden Age
. In his anthology The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets. William Cullen Bryant
translated Morisco
romances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of the Evening Post, included many articles on Iberian subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions in Letters of a traveller (1850–1857). In Madrid he met Carolina Coronado
, translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and novel Jarilla, both of which were published in the Evening Post. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work of George Ticknor
, a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wrote History of Spanish Literature, and William H. Prescott
, who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
, whom he met in London
, and visited Spain
in 1818, describing his impressions in Life, letters and journals (1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest of Mexico and Peru, as well as a history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.
Other important Hispanists have been French E. Chadwick, Horace Flack and Marrion Wilcox, all of whom have studied Hispanic-North American relations; A. Irving Leonard, of the University of Michigan, who specialized in the work of Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
and published numerous works on Latin American literature
and history; and Hubert H. Bancroft (1832–1918) and Edward Gaylord Bourne
(1860–1908), who promoted the works of Spain in the Americas. Leonard Williams (1907) has written about the art of early Spain, and http://books.google.com/books?id=hktMAAAAMAAJ&q=chase+music+of+spain&dq=chase+music+of+spain&hl=en&ei=klP1TcnGA4j30gGi1cXsDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAAGilbert Chase
] (1959) about its music. Jeremiah D. M. Ford
(1873–1958) is the author of the anthologies Old Spanish Readings (1906) and Spanish Anthology (1901). Edith F. Helman has studied Francisco de Goya in Trasmundo de Goya (Madrid 1964). Charles Carroll Marden edited the critical edition of Poema de Fernán González and published the anonymous Libro de Apolonio and Milagros de Nuestra Señora of Gonzalo de Berceo
; Katherine R. Whitmore
, inspiring muse of the poetic cycle of Pedro Salinas
, has focused on contemporary lyric poetry and the Generation of '98
. Charles Philip Wagner wrote a Spanish Grammar and studied the sources of the Libro del caballero Cifar; George T. Northup did editions of Medieval texts such as Libro de los gatos; Raymond S. Willis studied the Libro de Alexandre; Raymond R. MacCurdy did fundamental studies and editions on Francisco Rojas Zorrilla; Lewis U. Hanke specialized in the historiography of Indians, and published excellent studies on Father http://books.google.com/books?id=kMpnAAAAMAAJ&q=hanke+las+casas&dq=hanke+las+casas&hl=en&ei=8DD2Ta2bJoPW0QGx28WnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAABartolomé de las Casas
]; Ada M. Coe, Benjamin B. Ashcom, Ruth Lee Kennedy and Gerald Edward Wade focused on the theater; Sylvanus Grisworld Morley and Courtney Bruerton established for the first time a solid http://books.google.com/books?id=GTkTAAAAIAAJ&q=Sylvanus+Griswold+Morley+lope&dq=Sylvanus+Griswold+Morley+lope&hl=en&ei=GjL2Tbf7FJKt0AH0ssRQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAchronology of plays of Lope de Vega
]; Sturgis E. Leavitt and Hensley C. Woodbridge focused on bibliographical studies; Edwin B. Place studied the life and works of Maria de Zayas
and published the Amadís de Gaula
; Nicholson B. Adams was devoted to the Romantic drama; Henry H. Carter
published the Cancionero de Ajuda; J. Wickersham Crawford studied the http://books.google.com/books?id=k1lcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1&dq=Wickersham+Crawford+figueroa&hl=en&ei=DzX2TbO4E-ar0AHSqM3rDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falselifeand works of Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa
]; Edwin B. Williams composed a bilingual dictionary; and Henry R. Kahane, Harvard professor Dwight L. Bolinger, and Norman P. Sacks wrote on linguistics and grammar. Charles Kany produced books on the syntax (1945), semantics (1960), and euphemisms (1960) of American Spanish.
Spanish professors teaching at North American universities have contributed to the promotion of Hispanic studies. These include Federico de Onís, Ángel del Río, Joaquín Casalduero and his nephew Joaquín Gimeno Casalduero, Francisco García Lorca (younger brother of the poet Federico García Lorca
), José Fernández Montesinos, José Francisco Cirre, Jorge Guillén
, Pedro Salinas
, Claudio Guillén
, César Barja, Diego Marín, Agapito Rey, Vicente Lloréns, Jerónimo Mallo, and Américo Castro
. Some of these professors left Spain because of the Spanish Civil War
. The Spanish emigrant and philanthropist Gregorio del Amo created the Amo Foundation in Los Angeles
to foment cultural interchanges between both countries. Among the students of Américo Castro
at Princeton University
, in addition to the Spaniard Juan Marichal
, were Edmund L. King (a specialist in the work of Gabriel Miró
), Albert A. Sicroff, and Stephen Gilman. Gilman specialized in the Celestina. Rudolph Schevill and Adolfo Bonilla published the Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes
. Joseph G. Fucilla
studied Italian inflluence in Hispanic letters. And Archer Milton Huntington, who studied under William Ireland Knapp, went on to found the Hispanic Society of America, one of the fundamental pillars of North American Hispanism.
Other important American Spanish scholars were Otis H. Green, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, author of the four-volume Spain and the Western Tradition, and co-director of Hispanic Review, one of the most famous Hispanic journals in that country; Yakov Malkiel
; [Ralph] Hayward Keniston, who published an exhaustive study on the syntax
of sixteenth-century Spanish; Lloyd Kasten and Lawrence B. Kiddle, who published some works of Alfonso X of Castile
; Erwin Kempton Mapes
, who specialized in Modernism
; John E. Englekirk, a famous hispanoamericanista that studied in addition the influence of Edgar Allan Poe
in Hispanic Literatures; John Esten Keller, publisher of medieval story repertoires; Leo Spitzer
; Alan S. Trueblood; Laurel H. Wardropper; Anthony Zahareas; Walter T. Pattison; Richard Pattee; Russell P. Sebold, who specialized in convulso transit between the 18th and 19th centuries; Edwin S. Morby, publisher of novels of Lope de Vega; James O. Crosby, an expert on Quevedo; John McMurry Hill, author of classic theater editions and glossaries and bibliographies; the Canadian Harry W. Hilborn, who composed a chronology of works of Pedro Calderón de la Barca
; Richard Herr, author of an important book on 18th century Spain; John Dowling; Elías L. Rivers, a great specialist in Garcilaso; Donald F. Fogelquist; Karl Ludwig Selig, student of the relations between the emblems and literature of the Golden Age; Victor R. Oelschläger; William H. Shoemaker, a great student of Benito Pérez Galdós
; Albert Sicroff, author of a classic study on the statutes of blood purity (estatutos de limpieza de sangre); Charlotte Stern, student of the Spanish medieval theater; Kenneth R. Scholberg, Kessel Schwartz etc. North American Hispanism continues vigorously with active figures such as Daniel Eisenberg, David T. Gies, and Robert Lauer.
In the United States there are important societies that are dedicated to the study, conservation and spread of Spanish culture, of which the Hispanic Society of America is the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals include Hispanic Review, Revista de las Españas, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Hispania, Dieciocho, Revista Hispánica Moderna and Cervantes.
literature on authors such as Pierre Corneille
and Paul Scarron
. Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition
, many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included Juan de Luna, author of a sequel to Lazarillo de Tormes
. N. Charpentier's Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar of César Oudin (also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne
read the chroniclers of the Spanish Conquest
and had as one of his models Antonio de Guevara
. Molière
, Alain-René Lesage
, and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian
borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature.
French travelers to Spain in the 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as Eugène Delacroix
and Henri Regnault
; well-known authors such as Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier
, George Sand
, Stendhal
, Hippolyte Taine
and Prosper Merimée
; and other writers, including Jean-François de Bourgoing
, Jean Charles Davillier, Louis Viardot, Isidore Justin Séverin
, Charles Didier, Alexandre de Laborde
, Antoine de Latour, Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, Edouard Magnien, Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Frédéric Ozanam.
Victor Hugo
was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a "grandee
of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to El Cid
and the works of Cervantes
.
Prosper Mérimée
, even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in his Théatre de Clara Gazul (1825) and in La Famille de Carvajal (1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them the Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcalá Galiano. He wrote Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris, which are costumbrista sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels Les âmes du purgatoire (1834) and Carmen (1845) are classic works on Spain.
Honoré de Balzac
was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel El Verdugo (1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play Abén Humeya was produced in Paris in 1831.)
The Spanish romancero
is represented in the French Bibliothèque universelle des romans, which was published in 1774. Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published folk ballads
about El Cid
in 1814, comparing them (as Johann Gottfried Herder
had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to the French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher Abel Hugo, brother of Victor Hugo
, emphasized the literary value of the romancero
, translating and publishing a collection of romances and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol in 1822. He also composed a stage review, Les français en Espagne (1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of Joseph Bonaparte
.
Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of Friedrich Bouterwek
's Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts in 1812 and gave it the title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole.
Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author Simonde de Sismondi
with his study De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813).
Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volume Espagne poétique (1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by Juan María Maury. In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by Eugenio de Ochoa
.
Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of Madame d'Aulnoy
and Saint-Simon
, as well as the poet Théophile Gautier
, who travelled in Spain in 1840 and published Voyage en Espagne (1845) and Espagne (1845). These works are so full of color and the sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as José Zorrilla
and narrators such as those of the Generation of '98
), as well as to Alexandre Dumas, who attended the production of Zorrilla's Don Juan Tenorio
in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in his Impressions de voyage (1847–1848). In his play Don Juan de Marana, Dumas revived the legend of Don Juan
, changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864.
François-René de Chateaubriand
traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the French intervention in Spain in 1823, which he describes in his Mémoires d'Outre-tombe (1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje (1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that was widely read was the Lettres d'un espagnol (1826), by Louis Viardot, who visited Spain in 1823.
Stendhal
included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay De l'amour (1822). Later (1834) he visited the country.
George Sand
spent the winter of 1837-1838 with Chopin
in Majorca, installed in the Valldemossa Charterhouse
. Their impressions are captured in Sand's Un hiver au midi de l'Europe (1842) and in Chopin's Memoirs.
Spanish classical painting exerted a strong influence on Manet
, and more recently, painters such as Picasso
and Dali
have influenced modern painting generally.
Spanish music has influenced composers such as Georges Bizet
, Emmanuel Chabrier
, Édouard Lalo
, Maurice Ravel
, and Claude Debussy
.
Hispanic studies in France have been promoted by Pierre Paris,
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
-speaking world, principally that of Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
. It can also entail studying Spanish language and culture in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, and the Pacific, such as Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea where the capital Malabo is situated.Annobón is the southernmost island of Equatorial Guinea and is situated just south of the equator. Bioko island is the northernmost point of Equatorial Guinea. Between the two islands and to the...
and the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
. Some include the study of Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
and other Iberian languages and cultures under Hispanism. A practicing scholar who specializes in this field is known as a Hispanist
Hispanist
A Hispanist is a scholar specialising in Hispanic studies, that is Spanish or Portuguese language, literature, linguistics, or civilization, and by extension, Basque, Catalan and Galician....
.
Origins
During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post-RenaissanceRenaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed a new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492 Antonio de Nebrija
Antonio de Nebrija
Antonio de Lebrija , also known as Antonio de Nebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa, was a Spanish scholar, known for writing a grammar of the Castilian language, credited as one of the first published grammars of a Romance language...
published his Gramática castellana, the first published grammar of a modern European language. Juan de Valdés
Juan de Valdés
Juan de Valdés was a Spanish religious writer.He was the younger of twin sons of Fernando de Valdés, hereditary regidor of Cuenca in Castile, where Valdés was born. He has been confused with his twin brother Alfonso...
composed his Diálogo de la lengua (1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer Cristóbal de Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons.
For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in Louvain
Leuven
Leuven is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region, Belgium...
: Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola (1555) and Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España (1559).
Among the more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591),http://books.google.com/books?id=vNp-OwAACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Richard+Percivale%22&hl=en&ei=C-70TZa0A4W3twff1cz4Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAAJohn Minsheu
John Minsheu
John Minsheu was an English linguist and lexicographer. He was born and died in London. Little is known about his life. He published some of the earliest dictionaries and grammars of the Spanish language for speakers of English. His major work was the Ductor in linguas , an eleven-language...
] (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat
Jean Doujat
Jean Doujat was a French lawyer, juris consultus, professor of canon law at the Collège royal, docteur-régent at the faculté de droit de Paris, preceptor of the Dauphin and historian. His works include histories of the reign of Louis XIV....
(1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630).
Dictionaries were composed by the Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), Jean Palet (1604) and François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism.
Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of the Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman César Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote. This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle, for example, was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of the declining great power and its now independent former colonies.
During the Romantic period
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
, the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured the imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism.
Hispanism has traditionally been defined as the study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The Cervantes Institute has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the British Council
British Council
The British Council is a United Kingdom-based organisation specialising in international educational and cultural opportunities. It is registered as a charity both in England and Wales, and in Scotland...
, the Alliance Française
Alliance française
The Alliance française , or AF, is an international organisation that aims to promote French language and culture around the world. created in Paris on 21 July 1883, its primary concern is teaching French as a second language and is headquartered in Paris -History:The Alliance was created in Paris...
or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries.
Hispanism in the United States and Canada
Hispanism in the United States has a long tradition and is highly developed. To a certain extent this is a result of the United States's own history, which is tied closely to the Spanish empire and its former colonies, especially MexicoMexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
, the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, and Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
. Historically, many Americans have romanticized the Spanish legacy and given a privileged position to the Castilian language and culture, while simultaneously downplaying or rejecting the Latin American and Caribbean dialects and cultures of the Spanish-speaking areas of U.S. influence. There are now more than thirty-five million Spanish-speakers in the United States, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the country and Latinos the largest national minority. Spanish is used actively in some of the most populous states, including California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, Florida
Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
, New Mexico
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth-most sparsely inhabited U.S...
, and Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
, and in large cities such as New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
, Miami, San Antonio and San Francisco. The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese
The American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese is a language-specific professional association in the United States that was founded on 29 December 1917 in New York City as the American Association of Teachers of Spanish....
was founded in 1917 and holds a biennial congress outside the United States; Hispania is the association's official publication. The North American Academy of the Spanish Language brings together Hispanists in North America.
The first academic professorships of Spanish at United States universities were established at Harvard (1819), Virginia
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia is a public research university located in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, founded by Thomas Jefferson...
(1825), and Yale
YALE
RapidMiner, formerly YALE , is an environment for machine learning, data mining, text mining, predictive analytics, and business analytics. It is used for research, education, training, rapid prototyping, application development, and industrial applications...
(1826). The U.S. consul in Valencia, Obadiah Rich
Obadiah Rich
Obadiah Rich was an American diplomat, bibliophile and bibliographer specializing the history of Latin America. He was credited with making the field of Americana a recognized field of scholarship by the bibliographer Nicholas Trübner.-Life and career:Obadiah Rich was born on Cape Cod, at Truro,...
, imported numerous books and valuable manuscripts that became the Obadiah Rich Collection at the New York Public Library
New York Public Library
The New York Public Library is the largest public library in North America and is one of the United States' most significant research libraries...
, and numerous magazines, especially the North American Review, published translations. Many travelers published their impressions on Spain, such as Alexander Slidell Mackenzie
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie
Alexander Slidell Mackenzie Born in New York City, Mackenzie was a U.S. Navy officer who served during the first half of the 19th century. He was an accomplished author and writer who wrote several contemporary essays and biographies of notable US naval figures of the early 19th century. He was...
(A Year in Spain [1836] and Spain Revisited [1836]). These were read by Washington Irving
Washington Irving
Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works...
, Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective...
, and other travelers like the Sephardic journalist Mordecai M. Noah and the diplomat Caleb Cushing
Caleb Cushing
Caleb Cushing was an American diplomat who served as a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts and Attorney General under President Franklin Pierce.-Early life:...
and his wife. Poe studied Spanish at the University of Virginia and some of his stories have Spanish settings. He also wrote scholarly articles on Spanish literature
Spanish literature
Spanish literature generally refers to literature written in the Spanish language within the territory that presently constitutes the state of Spain...
.
The beginnings of Hispanism itself are found in the works of Washington Irving
Washington Irving
Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle", both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. His historical works...
, who met Leandro Fernández de Moratín
Leandro Fernández de Moratín
Leandro Fernández de Moratín was a Spanish dramatist, translator and neoclassical poet.-Biography:Moratín was born in Madrid the son of Nicolás Fernández de Moratín, a major literary reformer in Spain from 1762 until his death in 1780.Distrusting the teaching offered in Spain's universities at...
in Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
in 1825 and was in Spain in 1826 (when he frequented the social gatherings of another American, Sarah Maria Theresa McKean (1780–1841), the marquise widow of Casa Irujo
Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón
Don Carlos Martínez de Irujo y Tacón , from 1803 known as Marqués de Casa Irujo, was a Spanish diplomat, Knight of the Order of Carlos III and public official....
), as well as in 1829. He went on to become ambassador between 1842 and 1846. Irving studied in Spanish libraries and met Martín Fernández de Navarrete
Martín Fernández de Navarrete
Martín Fernández de Navarrete y Ximénez de Tejada , was a Spanish sailor and historian who rediscovered Las Casas' abstract of the log Christopher Columbus made on his first voyage.- Early life and career :...
in Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, using one of the latter's works as a source for his The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus is a four volume biographical account of Christopher Columbus written by Washington Irving in 1828...
(1828), and made friends and corresponded with Cecilia Böhl de Faber, from where a mutual influence was born. His Romantic interest in Arab topics shaped his Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) and Alhambra (1832). McKean's social gatherings were also attended by the children of the Bostonian of Irish origin John Montgomery, who was the consul of the United States in Alicante
Alicante
Alicante or Alacant is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the comarca of Alacantí, in the south of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper was 334,418, estimated , ranking as the second-largest...
, and particularly by the Spanish-born writer George Washington Montgomery.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline...
's translations of Spanish classics also form part of the history of North American Hispanism; he went through Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
in 1829 expressing his impressions in his letters, a diary and in Outre-Mer (1833–1834). A good connoisseur of the classics, Longfellow translated Jorge Manrique
Jorge Manrique
Jorge Manrique was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre , is still read today...
's couplets. In order to fulfill his duties as a Spanish professor, he composed his Spanish Novels (1830), which are story adaptations of Irving and published several essays on Spanish literature and a drama, including The Spanish Student (1842), where he imitates those of the Spanish Golden Age
Spanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. El Siglo de Oro does not imply precise dates and is usually considered to have lasted longer than an actual century...
. In his anthology The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) he includes the works of many Spanish poets. William Cullen Bryant
William Cullen Bryant
William Cullen Bryant was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post.-Youth and education:...
translated Morisco
Morisco
Moriscos or Mouriscos , meaning "Moorish", were the converted Christian inhabitants of Spain and Portugal of Muslim heritage. Over time the term was used in a pejorative sense applied to those nominal Catholics who were suspected of secretly practicing Islam.-Demographics:By the beginning of the...
romances and composed the poems "The Spanish Revolution" (1808) and "Cervantes" (1878). He was linked in New York to Spaniards and, as director of the Evening Post, included many articles on Iberian subjects in the magazine. He was in Spain in 1847, and narrated his impressions in Letters of a traveller (1850–1857). In Madrid he met Carolina Coronado
Carolina Coronado
Carolina Coronado Romero de Tejada was a Spanish author considered the equivalent of contemporary romantic authors like Rosalía de Castro. She became so popular as to merit the title "the female Bécquer."-Youth:...
, translating into English her poem "The Lost Bird" and novel Jarilla, both of which were published in the Evening Post. But the most important group of Spanish scholars was one from Boston. The work of George Ticknor
George Ticknor
George Ticknor was an American academician and Hispanist, specializing in the subject areas of languages and literature. He is known for his scholarly work on the history and criticism of Spanish literature....
, a professor of Spanish at Harvard who wrote History of Spanish Literature, and William H. Prescott
William H. Prescott
William Hickling Prescott was an American historian and Hispanist, who is widely recognized by historiographers to have been the first American scientific historian...
, who wrote historical works on the conquest of America, are without doubt contributions of the first order. Ticknor was a friend of Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce
Pascual de Gayangos y Arce was a Spanish scholar and orientalist.Born in Seville, he was the son of Brigadier José de Gayangos, intendente of Zacatecas, in New Spain. After completing his primary education in Madrid, at the age of thirteen he was sent to school at Pont-le-Voy near Blois...
, whom he met in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, and visited Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
in 1818, describing his impressions in Life, letters and journals (1876). In spite of significant difficulties with his vision, Prescott composed histories of the conquest of Mexico and Peru, as well as a history of the reign of the Catholic Monarchs.
Other important Hispanists have been French E. Chadwick, Horace Flack and Marrion Wilcox, all of whom have studied Hispanic-North American relations; A. Irving Leonard, of the University of Michigan, who specialized in the work of Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora
Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora was one of the first great intellectuals born in the Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. A polymath and writer, he held many colonial government and academic positions.-Early career:...
and published numerous works on Latin American literature
Latin American literature
Latin American literature consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and indigenous languages of the Americas. It rose to particular prominence globally during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to the...
and history; and Hubert H. Bancroft (1832–1918) and Edward Gaylord Bourne
Edward Gaylord Bourne
Edward Gaylord Bourne, Ph. D. was an American historian , born in Strykersville, New York, and educated at Yale graduating in 1883 with high honors. He taught at Adelbert College, Cleveland from 1888 - 1895 when he became a Professor of History at Yale.- Publications :Bourne published many...
(1860–1908), who promoted the works of Spain in the Americas. Leonard Williams (1907) has written about the art of early Spain, and http://books.google.com/books?id=hktMAAAAMAAJ&q=chase+music+of+spain&dq=chase+music+of+spain&hl=en&ei=klP1TcnGA4j30gGi1cXsDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAAGilbert Chase
Gilbert Chase
Gilbert Chase was an American music historian, critic and author, and a "seminal figure in the field of musicology and ethnomusicology....
] (1959) about its music. Jeremiah D. M. Ford
Jeremiah D. M. Ford
Jeremiah Denis Mathias Ford, Ph.D was a college professor of French and Spanish at Harvard.He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and attended Harvard . From 1910 to 1911, he was vice president of the Modern Language Association...
(1873–1958) is the author of the anthologies Old Spanish Readings (1906) and Spanish Anthology (1901). Edith F. Helman has studied Francisco de Goya in Trasmundo de Goya (Madrid 1964). Charles Carroll Marden edited the critical edition of Poema de Fernán González and published the anonymous Libro de Apolonio and Milagros de Nuestra Señora of Gonzalo de Berceo
Gonzalo de Berceo
Gonzalo de Berceo was a Spanish poet born in the Riojan village of Berceo, close to the major Benedictine monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla...
; Katherine R. Whitmore
Katherine R. Whitmore
Katherine R. Whitmore was a Spanish literature professor at Smith College. She majored in Spanish language and literature at the University of Kansas, and received her doctorate from Berkeley. She taught at a college in Richmond and, from 1930 on, at Smith College...
, inspiring muse of the poetic cycle of Pedro Salinas
Pedro Salinas
Pedro Salinas y Serrano was a Spanish poet and member of the Generation of '27. He was also a scholar and critic of Spanish literature, teaching at universities in Spain, England, and the United States....
, has focused on contemporary lyric poetry and the Generation of '98
Generation of '98
The Generation of '98 was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War ....
. Charles Philip Wagner wrote a Spanish Grammar and studied the sources of the Libro del caballero Cifar; George T. Northup did editions of Medieval texts such as Libro de los gatos; Raymond S. Willis studied the Libro de Alexandre; Raymond R. MacCurdy did fundamental studies and editions on Francisco Rojas Zorrilla; Lewis U. Hanke specialized in the historiography of Indians, and published excellent studies on Father http://books.google.com/books?id=kMpnAAAAMAAJ&q=hanke+las+casas&dq=hanke+las+casas&hl=en&ei=8DD2Ta2bJoPW0QGx28WnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAABartolomé de las Casas
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Bartolomé de las Casas O.P. was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians"...
]; Ada M. Coe, Benjamin B. Ashcom, Ruth Lee Kennedy and Gerald Edward Wade focused on the theater; Sylvanus Grisworld Morley and Courtney Bruerton established for the first time a solid http://books.google.com/books?id=GTkTAAAAIAAJ&q=Sylvanus+Griswold+Morley+lope&dq=Sylvanus+Griswold+Morley+lope&hl=en&ei=GjL2Tbf7FJKt0AH0ssRQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAAchronology of plays of Lope de Vega
Lope de Vega
Félix Arturo Lope de Vega y Carpio was a Spanish playwright and poet. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century Baroque literature...
]; Sturgis E. Leavitt and Hensley C. Woodbridge focused on bibliographical studies; Edwin B. Place studied the life and works of Maria de Zayas
María de Zayas
María de Zayas y Sotomayor wroteduring Spain's Golden Age of literature. Sheis considered by a number of modern critics as one of the pioneers ofmodern literary feminism, while others consider her simply a...
and published the Amadís de Gaula
Amadis de Gaula
Amadis de Gaula is a landmark work among the knight-errantry tales which were in vogue in 16th century Iberian Peninsula, and formed the earliest reading of many Renaissance and Baroque writers, although it was written at the onset of the 14th century.The first known printed edition was published...
; Nicholson B. Adams was devoted to the Romantic drama; Henry H. Carter
Henry H. Carter
Henry Hare Carter was an American linguistics professor,commander in the US Naval Reserve, translator, and a Spanish or Portuguese writer of textbooksand research.- Life and career :...
published the Cancionero de Ajuda; J. Wickersham Crawford studied the http://books.google.com/books?id=k1lcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1&dq=Wickersham+Crawford+figueroa&hl=en&ei=DzX2TbO4E-ar0AHSqM3rDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falselifeand works of Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa
Cristobal Suarez de Figueroa
Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa Valladolid, Spain, was a Spanish writer and jurist.- Sources :* Cristobal Suarez de Figueroa, - External links :*****...
]; Edwin B. Williams composed a bilingual dictionary; and Henry R. Kahane, Harvard professor Dwight L. Bolinger, and Norman P. Sacks wrote on linguistics and grammar. Charles Kany produced books on the syntax (1945), semantics (1960), and euphemisms (1960) of American Spanish.
Spanish professors teaching at North American universities have contributed to the promotion of Hispanic studies. These include Federico de Onís, Ángel del Río, Joaquín Casalduero and his nephew Joaquín Gimeno Casalduero, Francisco García Lorca (younger brother of the poet Federico García Lorca
Federico García Lorca
Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads...
), José Fernández Montesinos, José Francisco Cirre, Jorge Guillén
Jorge Guillén
Jorge Guillén y Álvarez was a Spanish poet, a member of the Generation of '27.-Biography:Jorge Guillén was born in Valladolid. His life paralleled that of his friend Pedro Salinas, whom he succeeded as a Spanish teaching assistant at the Collège de Sorbonne in the University of Paris from 1917 to...
, Pedro Salinas
Pedro Salinas
Pedro Salinas y Serrano was a Spanish poet and member of the Generation of '27. He was also a scholar and critic of Spanish literature, teaching at universities in Spain, England, and the United States....
, Claudio Guillén
Claudio Guillén
Claudio Guillén , was a Spanish writer.-History:He was a son of the poet Jorge Guillén, with whom he left his country in 1939 to live in exile in the United States...
, César Barja, Diego Marín, Agapito Rey, Vicente Lloréns, Jerónimo Mallo, and Américo Castro
Americo Castro
Américo Castro y Quesada was a Spanish cultural historian, philologist, and literary critic who challenged some of the prevailing notions of Spanish identity, raising heated controversy with his conclusions that Spaniards didn't become the distinct group they are today until after the Islamic...
. Some of these professors left Spain because of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
. The Spanish emigrant and philanthropist Gregorio del Amo created the Amo Foundation in Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
to foment cultural interchanges between both countries. Among the students of Américo Castro
Americo Castro
Américo Castro y Quesada was a Spanish cultural historian, philologist, and literary critic who challenged some of the prevailing notions of Spanish identity, raising heated controversy with his conclusions that Spaniards didn't become the distinct group they are today until after the Islamic...
at Princeton University
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution....
, in addition to the Spaniard Juan Marichal
Juan Marichal
Juan Antonio Marichal Sánchez is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. Playing for the San Francisco Giants most of his career, Marichal was known for his high leg kick, pinpoint control and intimidation tactics, which included aiming pitches directly at the opposing batters'...
, were Edmund L. King (a specialist in the work of Gabriel Miró
Gabriel Miró
Gabriel Miró Ferrer .Most critics believe that Gabriel Miró's literary maturity begins with Las cerezas del cementerio , whose plot revolves around the tragic love of the super-sensitive young man Félix Valdivia for an older woman and presents—with an atmosphere of voluptuousness and lyrical...
), Albert A. Sicroff, and Stephen Gilman. Gilman specialized in the Celestina. Rudolph Schevill and Adolfo Bonilla published the Complete Works of Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written...
. Joseph G. Fucilla
Joseph G. Fucilla
Joseph Guerin Fucilla, born in Chicago, December 14, 1897, deceased in Evanston, Illinois, March 22, 1981, was a Hispanist and an American lexicographer.-Biography:In 1880 His family left Cosenza in Sothern Italy and immigrated to New York....
studied Italian inflluence in Hispanic letters. And Archer Milton Huntington, who studied under William Ireland Knapp, went on to found the Hispanic Society of America, one of the fundamental pillars of North American Hispanism.
Other important American Spanish scholars were Otis H. Green, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, author of the four-volume Spain and the Western Tradition, and co-director of Hispanic Review, one of the most famous Hispanic journals in that country; Yakov Malkiel
Yakov Malkiel
Yakov Malkiel was a U.S. Romance etymologist and philologist. His specialty was the development of Latin words, roots, prefixes, and suffixes in modern Romance languages, particularly Spanish...
; [Ralph] Hayward Keniston, who published an exhaustive study on the syntax
Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in natural languages....
of sixteenth-century Spanish; Lloyd Kasten and Lawrence B. Kiddle, who published some works of Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X of Castile
Alfonso X was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death...
; Erwin Kempton Mapes
Erwin Kempton Mapes
Erwin Kempton Mapes , was an American scholar of Spanish-American literature and Hispanist, renowned for his work on the Hispanic Modernists....
, who specialized in Modernism
Modernism
Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society...
; John E. Englekirk, a famous hispanoamericanista that studied in addition the influence of Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective...
in Hispanic Literatures; John Esten Keller, publisher of medieval story repertoires; Leo Spitzer
Leo Spitzer
Leo Spitzer was an Austrian Romanist and Hispanist, and an influential and prolific literary critic. He was known for his emphasis on stylistics....
; Alan S. Trueblood; Laurel H. Wardropper; Anthony Zahareas; Walter T. Pattison; Richard Pattee; Russell P. Sebold, who specialized in convulso transit between the 18th and 19th centuries; Edwin S. Morby, publisher of novels of Lope de Vega; James O. Crosby, an expert on Quevedo; John McMurry Hill, author of classic theater editions and glossaries and bibliographies; the Canadian Harry W. Hilborn, who composed a chronology of works of Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño usually referred as Pedro Calderón de la Barca , was a dramatist, poet and writer of the Spanish Golden Age. During certain periods of his life he was also a soldier and a Roman Catholic priest...
; Richard Herr, author of an important book on 18th century Spain; John Dowling; Elías L. Rivers, a great specialist in Garcilaso; Donald F. Fogelquist; Karl Ludwig Selig, student of the relations between the emblems and literature of the Golden Age; Victor R. Oelschläger; William H. Shoemaker, a great student of Benito Pérez Galdós
Benito Pérez Galdós
Benito Pérez Galdós was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered second only to Cervantes in stature, he was the leading Spanish realist novelist....
; Albert Sicroff, author of a classic study on the statutes of blood purity (estatutos de limpieza de sangre); Charlotte Stern, student of the Spanish medieval theater; Kenneth R. Scholberg, Kessel Schwartz etc. North American Hispanism continues vigorously with active figures such as Daniel Eisenberg, David T. Gies, and Robert Lauer.
In the United States there are important societies that are dedicated to the study, conservation and spread of Spanish culture, of which the Hispanic Society of America is the best known. There are also libraries specialized in Hispanic matter, including ones at Tulane University, New Orleans. Important journals include Hispanic Review, Revista de las Españas, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Hispania, Dieciocho, Revista Hispánica Moderna and Cervantes.
Hispanism in France and Belgium
Hispanism in France dates back to the powerful influence of Spanish Golden AgeSpanish Golden Age
The Spanish Golden Age is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise and decline of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. El Siglo de Oro does not imply precise dates and is usually considered to have lasted longer than an actual century...
literature on authors such as Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine...
and Paul Scarron
Paul Scarron
Paul Scarron was a French poet, dramatist, and novelist. His precise birthdate is unknown, but he was baptized on July 4, 1610...
. Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition , commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition , was a tribunal established in 1480 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval...
, many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included Juan de Luna, author of a sequel to Lazarillo de Tormes
Lazarillo de Tormes
The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities is a Spanish novella, published anonymously because of its heretical content...
. N. Charpentier's Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597) was supplemented by the grammar of César Oudin (also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne
Lord Michel Eyquem de Montaigne , February 28, 1533 – September 13, 1592, was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularising the essay as a literary genre and is popularly thought of as the father of Modern Skepticism...
read the chroniclers of the Spanish Conquest
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Colonial expansion under the Spanish Empire was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions...
and had as one of his models Antonio de Guevara
Antonio de Guevara
Antonio de Guevara was a Spanish chronicler and moralist.Born in Treceño in the province of Cantabria, he passed some of his youth at the court of Isabella I of Castile. In 1528 he entered the Franciscan order, and afterwards accompanied Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during his journeys to Italy...
. Molière
Molière
Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière, was a French playwright and actor who is considered to be one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature...
, Alain-René Lesage
Alain-René Lesage
Alain-René Lesage was a French novelist and playwright. Lesage is best known for his comic novel The Devil upon Two Sticks , his comedy Turcaret , and his picaresque novel Gil Blas .-Youth and education:Claude Lesage, the father of the novelist, held the united...
, and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian
Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian was a French poet and romance writer.-Life:...
borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature.
French travelers to Spain in the 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as Eugène Delacroix
Eugène Delacroix
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school...
and Henri Regnault
Henri Regnault
Alexandre-Georges-Henri Regnault was a French painter.-Biography:Regnault was born in Paris, the son of Henri Victor Regnault...
; well-known authors such as Alexandre Dumas, Théophile Gautier
Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, art critic and literary critic....
, George Sand
George Sand
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant , best known by her pseudonym George Sand , was a French novelist and memoirist.-Life:...
, Stendhal
Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle , better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir and La Chartreuse de Parme...
, Hippolyte Taine
Hippolyte Taine
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine was a French critic and historian. He was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism, and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate...
and Prosper Merimée
Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée was a French dramatist, historian, archaeologist, and short story writer. He is perhaps best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen.-Life:...
; and other writers, including Jean-François de Bourgoing
Jean-François de Bourgoing
Jean-François, baron de Bourgoing was a French diplomat, writer and translator. A commander of the légion d'honneur, he was also a corresponding member of the French Academy of Sciences, a member of the Copenhagen Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, a foreign member of the...
, Jean Charles Davillier, Louis Viardot, Isidore Justin Séverin
Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor
Baron Isidore Justin Séverin Taylor was a royal commissioner of the Théâtre-Français. He was responsible for editing Voyages pittoresques et romantiques dans l'ancienne France, a celebrated collection of lithographed drawings and paintings....
, Charles Didier, Alexandre de Laborde
Alexandre de Laborde
Comte Louis-Joseph-Alexandre de Laborde was a French antiquary, liberal politician and writer, a member of the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques , under the rubric political economy.-Early years:...
, Antoine de Latour, Joseph Bonaventure Laurens, Edouard Magnien, Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Frédéric Ozanam.
Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a "grandee
Grandee
Grandee is the word used to render in English the Iberic high aristocratic title Grande , used by the Spanish nobility; Portuguese nobility, and Brazilian nobility....
of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to El Cid
El Cid
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar , known as El Cid Campeador , was a Castilian nobleman, military leader, and diplomat...
and the works of Cervantes
Cervantes
-People:*Alfonso J. Cervantes , mayor of St. Louis, Missouri*Francisco Cervantes de Salazar, 16th-century man of letters*Ignacio Cervantes, Cuban composer*Jorge Cervantes, a world-renowned expert on indoor, outdoor, and greenhouse cannabis cultivation...
.
Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée was a French dramatist, historian, archaeologist, and short story writer. He is perhaps best known for his novella Carmen, which became the basis of Bizet's opera Carmen.-Life:...
, even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in his Théatre de Clara Gazul (1825) and in La Famille de Carvajal (1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them the Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcalá Galiano. He wrote Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris, which are costumbrista sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels Les âmes du purgatoire (1834) and Carmen (1845) are classic works on Spain.
Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon....
was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel El Verdugo (1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play Abén Humeya was produced in Paris in 1831.)
The Spanish romancero
Romancero
A romancero is any collection of Spanish romances, a type of folk ballad . The romancero is the entire corpus of such ballads...
is represented in the French Bibliothèque universelle des romans, which was published in 1774. Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published folk ballads
Romancero
A romancero is any collection of Spanish romances, a type of folk ballad . The romancero is the entire corpus of such ballads...
about El Cid
El Cid
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar , known as El Cid Campeador , was a Castilian nobleman, military leader, and diplomat...
in 1814, comparing them (as Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried Herder
Johann Gottfried von Herder was a German philosopher, theologian, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, and Weimar Classicism.-Biography:...
had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to the French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher Abel Hugo, brother of Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo was a Frenchpoet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France....
, emphasized the literary value of the romancero
Romancero
A romancero is any collection of Spanish romances, a type of folk ballad . The romancero is the entire corpus of such ballads...
, translating and publishing a collection of romances and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol in 1822. He also composed a stage review, Les français en Espagne (1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at the Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte was the elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, who made him King of Naples and Sicily , and later King of Spain...
.
Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of Friedrich Bouterwek
Friedrich Bouterwek
Friedrich Bouterwek , German philosopher and critic, was born to a mining director at Oker, today a district of Goslar in Lower Saxony, and studied law and philology under Christian Gottlob Heyne and Johann Georg Heinrich Feder at the University of Göttingen.After he had finished his studies he was...
's Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts in 1812 and gave it the title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole.
Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author Simonde de Sismondi
Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi , whose real name was Simonde, was a writer born at Geneva. He is best known for his works on French and Italian history, and his economic ideas.-Early life:...
with his study De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813).
Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volume Espagne poétique (1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by Juan María Maury. In Paris, the publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by Eugenio de Ochoa
Eugenio de Ochoa
Eugenio de Ochoa was a Spanish author, writer and translator.-References:*Richard Eugene Chandler and Kessel Schwartz. Louisiana State University Press, 1991. ISBN 9780807117354; pp. 337–338...
.
Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of Madame d'Aulnoy
Madame d'Aulnoy
Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, Baroness d'Aulnoy , also known as Countess d'Aulnoy, was a French writer known for her fairy tales...
and Saint-Simon
Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
Louis de Rouvroy commonly known as Saint-Simon was a French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs, was born in Paris...
, as well as the poet Théophile Gautier
Théophile Gautier
Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, art critic and literary critic....
, who travelled in Spain in 1840 and published Voyage en Espagne (1845) and Espagne (1845). These works are so full of color and the sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as José Zorrilla
José Zorrilla y Moral
José Zorrilla y Moral , was a Spanish Romantic poet and dramatist.He was born in Valladolid to a magistrate in whom Ferdinand VII placed special confidence,...
and narrators such as those of the Generation of '98
Generation of '98
The Generation of '98 was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War ....
), as well as to Alexandre Dumas, who attended the production of Zorrilla's Don Juan Tenorio
Don Juan Tenorio
Don Juan Tenorio: Drama religioso-fantástico en dos partes , is a play written in 1844 by José Zorrilla. It is the more romantic of the two principal Spanish-language literary interpretations of the myth of Don Juan...
in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in his Impressions de voyage (1847–1848). In his play Don Juan de Marana, Dumas revived the legend of Don Juan
Don Juan
Don Juan is a legendary, fictional libertine whose story has been told many times by many authors. El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra by Tirso de Molina is a play set in the fourteenth century that was published in Spain around 1630...
, changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864.
François-René de Chateaubriand
François-René de Chateaubriand
François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature.-Early life and exile:...
traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the French intervention in Spain in 1823, which he describes in his Mémoires d'Outre-tombe (1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje (1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that was widely read was the Lettres d'un espagnol (1826), by Louis Viardot, who visited Spain in 1823.
Stendhal
Stendhal
Marie-Henri Beyle , better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir and La Chartreuse de Parme...
included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay De l'amour (1822). Later (1834) he visited the country.
George Sand
George Sand
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, later Baroness Dudevant , best known by her pseudonym George Sand , was a French novelist and memoirist.-Life:...
spent the winter of 1837-1838 with Chopin
Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the great masters of Romantic music and has been called "the poet of the piano"....
in Majorca, installed in the Valldemossa Charterhouse
Valldemossa Charterhouse
The Valldemossa Charterhouse is a former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa, Majorca.- History :...
. Their impressions are captured in Sand's Un hiver au midi de l'Europe (1842) and in Chopin's Memoirs.
Spanish classical painting exerted a strong influence on Manet
Édouard Manet
Édouard Manet was a French painter. One of the first 19th-century artists to approach modern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism....
, and more recently, painters such as Picasso
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso was a Spanish expatriate painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, one of the greatest and most influential artists of the...
and Dali
Salvador Dalí
Salvador Domènec Felip Jacint Dalí i Domènech, Marquis de Púbol , commonly known as Salvador Dalí , was a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres,Spain....
have influenced modern painting generally.
Spanish music has influenced composers such as Georges Bizet
Georges Bizet
Georges Bizet formally Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was a French composer, mainly of operas. In a career cut short by his early death, he achieved few successes before his final work, Carmen, became one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertory.During a...
, Emmanuel Chabrier
Emmanuel Chabrier
Emmanuel Chabrier was a French Romantic composer and pianist. Although known primarily for two of his orchestral works, España and Joyeuse marche, he left an important corpus of operas , songs, and piano music as well...
, Édouard Lalo
Édouard Lalo
Édouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo was a French composer.-Biography:Lalo was born in Lille , in northernmost France. He attended that city's music conservatory in his youth. Then, beginning at age 16, Lalo studied at the Paris Conservatoire under Berlioz's old enemy François Antoine Habeneck...
, Maurice Ravel
Maurice Ravel
Joseph-Maurice Ravel was a French composer known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects...
, and Claude Debussy
Claude Debussy
Claude-Achille Debussy was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions...
.
Hispanic studies in France have been promoted by Pierre Paris,