History of Ivano-Frankivsk
Encyclopedia
Ivano-Frankivsk
is one of administrative centers in western Ukraine
with almost 350 years of history as a city settlement. For the most part of its history the city was known for its Polish name of Stanisławów (Stanislaviv) until 1962 (300 years). In the Soviet times it was decided to change the name of the city during its 300th Anniversary. The current name of the city is longer than some of sentences therefore local population sometimes refers to it as Frankivsk or even Franyk.
to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions and to reinforce the region in case of some other Khmelnytsky Uprising
would occur. It was built out of a fort that was erected next to the villages of Zabolotiv which had been known since 1435 and Knyahynyn (1449). The village of Zabolotiv and the land around it were purchased by Stanisław Rewera Potocki from another Polish nobleman
Rzeczkowski. The area was utilised for recreation, in and particular hunting. The city's name was later coined by the Stanisław's son, Polish nobleman
Andrzej Potocki
commemorating it either to his father or his first-born son Stanisław Potocki.
Andrzej issued his declaration of establishing the city of Stanislawow by the Magdeburg rights
on May 7, 1662 for economical purposes of creating a city market, while allowing its local population to organize a city government headed by Wójt (Vogt
), city council, and city court. The Magdeburg rights also allowed for creation of various craftsman shops, independent craftsmen guilds, and, the most importantly, the freedom of religion. However, it was not until August 14, 1663 that the city and its rights were recognized by the Polish Crown when Jan Casimir has finally approved them along with the city's heraldry. The first architect of the Stanisławow fortress was from Avignon
, Francisco Corasini at the time when Andrzej initiated the redesigning of the Zabolotiv and Knyahynyn villages into a fortress in 1650. The fortress had two main gates which were known as the Halytska
gate and Tysmenytska
gate. The alternative names were Lvivska and Kamianetska respectively. The names were given for the direction in which they were facing. There was one more smaller gate known as Armenian or Zabolocki.
On September 17, 1662 Andrzej issued another declaration awarding the Jewish community of the city with a self-government and permission to build their own schools, community buildings, and others. On May 23, 1663 the Armenian community of the city was allowed to build its own church as well, which was finished in 1665. Also in 1663 to Stanislawow arrived monks of Trinitarian Order
from Warsaw. On April 24, 1664 the newly created city's Butchers Guild was awarded the "20-year freedom" exception from taxation. In 1666 was finished the city's ratusz.
By 1672 the fortress was restructured out of wood into brick. Also a new large fortified Potocki palace was erected in the place of older smaller wooden one. Today this building serves as the military hospital. In the same year Jews were granted rights of permanent settlement and permission to engage in work and commerce as "residents among the Polish-Ruthenian and Armenian nation", as well as "rights to leave the city at will". In 1666 the city's first town hall (or ‘ratusha’) was erected and built out of wood. Soon after the Turks conquered the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi
in 1672, Stanisławow, together with Halych
, became the strongholds against Turkish forces. It was attacked and besieged in early September of 1676, but the Turks did not manage to capture and pillage the city. However, some of Stanisławow fortifications were so badly damaged that in 1677 the Sejm in Warsaw
relieved the city of its tax duties. Also on September 12, 1683 in battle against the Turks near Vienna
perished the oldest son of the city founder - Stanisław. His body was transferred to the native city and buried in the Potocki family parish kosciol
also known as Fara (today the Art museum on Sheptytsky Square).
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Originally the city was divided into two districts: Tysmenytsia and Halych. Sometime in 1817-1819 the neighboring village of Zabolottya, that had a special status, was incorporated into the city as a new district, while the Tysmenytsia district was divided into Tysmenytsia and Lysets districts. Each district had its main street corresponded with its name: Halych Street (Halych district), Tysmenytsia Street which today is Independence Street
(Tysmenytsia district), Zabolotiv Street - Mykhailo Hrushevsky Street
and Street of Vasylyanok (Zabolottya district), and Lysets Street - Hetman Mazepa Street (Lysets district). Later the city was split into six small districts: midtown where lived rich catholic population and patrician
s, pidzamche (subcastle), and four suburbs - Zabolotiv, Tysmenytia, Halych, and Lysets where lived plebeians. Jews were permitted to build houses for themselves on the "Street of the Jews" (which then was by the flood bank
). By 1672 the Jewish community of the city has possessed a synagogue built out of wood. The first Jewish cemetery was already established in 1662. One of the first Jewish societies of the city were the burial society Chevra Kadisha and a charitable foundation specializing in financing.
According to the 1709 census in the fortified midtown lived 62 Ruthenian families, 50 Armenian, 25 Jewish, and 9 Polish. In the city operated the Polish-Armenian court that had a strict stance against the local peasant uprising known as Opryshky. The last public execution that took place in the city was on April 25, 1754 at the Market Square where was killed Vasyl Bayurak. Due to numerous military conflicts, diseases, and other socially dangerous events, the population of the city by the end of 18th century did not supersede 5,000. Among such events was the invasion of the city by the Russian forces in course of the Great Northern War
in 1706 that robbed the city in the revenge for Józef Potocki
's switching the sides in the support of Stanisław Leszczyński. In 1712 the city was robbed again during some inter-magnate conflicts when it was invaded by the forces of Polish Hetman Sieniawski. In 1710 quarter of the city population (1332) died of typhus
.
The streets in the city were starting to be paved in cobbles
around 1695. In 1728 the Akademia Stanislawowa was converted into Jesuit Collegium for which a separate building was erected in 1733-1743. In 1729 Jesuit Church was built in the city, around 1744 the city's Jewish community started to the construction of a new synagogue which was finished in 1777, and in 1762 was restored the Armenian Church. In 1767 the city brewery was built as the oldest industrial venture, building of which was preserved to our days. In 1759 the Jewish community of Stanislawow took part in a dispute with the Frankists from Lwow eventually joining the later group (see Jacob Frank
). Due to that the Stanislawow rabbis were subordinated to the Rabbi of Tysmenytsia
. One of the most prominent Jewish figures of that time was Rabbi Dov Berish, a son of Yaakov Avraham, as well as Rabbi Yehuda Zelka known for his commentary "Ravid Zahav" on "Yoreh De'ah
", and many others.
On February 26, 1761 the city was passed to Vincent Potocki who was a minor and in reality the city was managed by his guardian Kateryna Kossakiwska who was of Potocki family as well. Eventually the Potocki family went bankrupt and the city was passed to the state treasury. Extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance
, it was sometimes called Little Leopolis
. The city was also an important centre of Armenian culture
in Poland after the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
, with an Armenian church
in which a painting of Mary was kept. The painting was in 1945 moved to Gdansk
.
it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and successively of the autonomous Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
. The Austrian riflement entered the city on October 25 of that year. The new administration ceased the functioning of the city fort. According to the "Vienna patent" since 1789 a city magistrate was introduced as form of government headed by its burg-minister, while the city itself was returned into ownership of countess Kossakiwska until 1797. In 1801 due the next bankruptcy the city was passed now into the Austrian state possession. Since then and until 1820 all the fortifications in the city were disassembled and their materials were used to build new buildings and pave streets. The moats around the fortifications were evened out and changed into streets. With the rock material from the fortifications were cobblestoned four city squares and 24 streets. One of the first streets that appeared outside of the city fortifications were Dvirska (today Chodkewicz), Mlynarska, Tartakova (Dudayev), Polyova (Petlyura). On the territory of the former moats today run the following streets: Sich Riflemen, Dnistrovska, and Vasyliyanok. Some other streets such as Valova, Starozamkova, and Fortechna, kept their historical toponyms. By the start of the 20th century the adjacent villages of Knyahynyn and Sofiivka were fully incorporated into the city. The street that connected the railway station with the old town
(midtown) the city magistrate named Grunwaldska to commemorate the 500 Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald
.
Under Austrian rule, Jews played quite an important role in civic affairs. Two well known families left their imprint at that time on the economic and communal life of Stanisławów at that time. The Horowitz family, who from the year 1784 held positions on the Rabbinate of Stanisławów, and the Halpern family, who were well-to-do, and were known for charitable deeds, communal work, and economic development
. In the 18th–19th centuries the city flourished and became a major manufacturing and trading centre of Carpathians. The center of education and culture became the First state German-Polish gymnasium that was founded in 1774. One of the famous students of that school was the Ukrainian writer, historian, and ethnographer Ivan Vahylevych
who studied there in 1824 - 1830. On May 8–10, 1848 during the Spring of Nations in the city was established the Rus Council and was formed the National Guard
. On September 2, 1848 the first city newspaper was issued in the Polish language "Kurier Stanislawowski". In 1862 the first recorded city celebration took place to commemorate 200 Anniversary since the foundation. On September 1, 1866 the city was connected to a railway network Lviv-Chernivtsi, while the locomotive-repair shop was opened along with the train terminal. At around that time series of plants and factories were built.
On September 28, 1868 Stanisławów experienced a major disaster. The city was engulfed in a major fire which originated at Lypova street and destroyed the third of the city (some 260 buildings) and the market place
of the town. The city required a major renovation and was almost completely rebuilt. A new six-stories rathaus was built in 1871. During that time the center of the city slowly moved from the market square southward towards the Tysmenytsia Road (today Nezalezhnist street - stometrovka). Here for the first time in the whole Galicia were installed gas street lights in 1876. Dr. Arthur Nemhein was the mayor of the city from 1897 to 1919, but was later fired by Polish authorities in 1919 for cooperating with Ukrainian separatists. In the elections to the Austrian parliament
of 1907, Dr. Marcus Braude, a Zionist delegate, gained the majority of votes. During World War I
, the front-line was for some time in the area of the city, Russians and Austro-Hungarian forces fought several battles in Stanisławów and its vicinity. In 1917 Russian forces
burned the central districts during the Kerensky Offensive
.
In the early months of 1919 (from January to May) the city became a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian National Republic, while still recovering from World War I. All the state affairs were taken place in the building of Dnister Hotel where the Act Zluky
was composed. The same year it was subjected to the Polish–Ukrainian
and the Romanian-Ukrainian skirmishes eventually being annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic
as the center of the Stanisławów Voivodship. It was occupied by the Romania
n army for the summer months from May 25 through August 21, 1919.
During the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, the Red Army
took over the city for a brief period. After the Soviet retreat, Ukrainian troops loyal to Symon Petlura occupied the city for a few days. At this period of history the city was in complete disorder.
According to the 1931 Polish census there were 198,400 residents in the Stanisławów county (159 per square kilometre, the area of the county was 1249 km² (482.2 sq mi)). Among them there were 120,214 Poles, 49,032 Ukrainians, and 26,996 Jews. The population of the city itself was as follows: 27,000 in 1900, 28,200 in 1921 and 60,000 in 1931 (70,000 together with the suburb of Knyahynyn). Knyahynyn was incorporated into the city of Stanislawow on January 1, 1925 by the decision of Rada Ministrów from November 17, 1924. During the interbellum
period, Stanisławów was a large military base for the Polish Army
, with two major units stationed there – 11th Infantry Division and Podolska Cavalry Brigade
.
In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German
and Soviet forces
, the territory was captured by the Soviets
in September 1939 and included into the Ukrainian SSR. Between September 1939 and June 1941, the Soviet regime ordered thousands of inhabitants of the city to leave their houses and move to Siberia
, where most of them perished. Numerous people were taken out of the city prison and simply shot outside of the city when Soviet
forces were leaving it in 1941.
on July 26, 1941. During the occupation (1941–44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered.
On August 1, 1941, Galicia became the fifth district of the General Government
. On October 12, 1941, later called "Blutsonntag" ("Bloody Sunday"), thousands of Jews were gathered on the market square
; then the Nazi
forces escorted them to the Jewish cemetery, where mass grave
s had already been prepared. On the way the escort beat and tortured the Jews. At the cemetery the Jews were forced to give away their valuables and show their papers. The men of the Security Police
(Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo
) then started mass shootings, assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei
) and the railroad police
. The German Police ordered the Jews to strip naked in groups and then proceed to the graves where they were shot. They fell into the grave or were ordered to jump in before being shot. The Security forces shot between 8,000 and 12,000 Jews on that day.
On August 8–9, 1941, the Security Police commanded by Hans Krüger
with the help of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
arrested several members of the Polish Intelligentsia
(mainly teachers, professors). At night around 14th on August 15, they were transported to a place near the city, named the Black Forest and executed. The number of victims is unknown, but some have estimated around 200.
Up to July 1942 most killings were carried out in Rudolf's Mill, and from August onward in the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters. On August 22, 1942, the Nazi
held a "reprisal Aktion" for the murder of a Ukrainian, which they blamed on a Jew. More than 1,000 Jews were shot. German policemen raped Jewish girls and women before taking them to the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters.
About 11,000 Jews were still living in Stanisławów when the next Aktion took place. On February 22 or 23, 1943, Brandt, who had succeeded Hans Krüger
as SS-Hauptsturmführer, ordered the police forces to surround the ghetto—initiating the final liquidation. Four days after the beginning of the Aktion, the German policemen put up posters announcing that Stanisławów was ‘Judenfrei
’ or ‘free of Jews’. At this time 27 members of the UPA were shot by the Nazi government in the centre of the city.
When Jehovah's Witnesses
learned that the Nazis planned to execute all Jews in the city, they organized an escape from the Jewish ghetto for a woman of Jewish origin and her two daughters who later became Witnesses. Risking their own lives, the Witnesses hid these Jewish sisters throughout the entire period of the war.
When the Soviet army reached Stanisławów on July 27, 1944, there were about 100 Jews remaining in the city who had survived by hiding. In total about 1,500 Jews from Stanisławów survived the war.
A formal indictment against Hans Krüger was issued in October 1965, after six years of investigations by the Dortmund
State Prosecutor's Office. On May 6, 1968, the Münster
State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment
. He was released in 1986.
In Vienna
and Salzburg
there were other trial proceedings against members of the Schupo
and the Gestapo
in Stanisławów in 1966.
Beginning in 1944 it was a part of the Soviet Union. The Soviets forced most of the Polish population to leave the city, most of them settled in the Recovered Territories
. During the post-war period the city was part of the Carpathian Military District
housing the 38th Army
(70th Motor Rifle Division) that participated in the Operation Dunai
. On March 1, 1945 with the help of the documents of regional state archives the Stanislav regional extraordinary commission in the investigation of Nazi crimes composed lists of executed pedagogues of Stanislav in 1941. The same year there was opened the city's Medical Institute (today's university). On April 11, 1945 there was arrested the Stanishlav's bishop H.Khomyshyn (1867-1945). On August 16 the "Prykarpattian Pravda" (local newspaper) has announced about the start of preparation works in the reconstruction of the city on which the Soviet government of Ukraine promised 100,000 rubles. According to a plan the reconstruction was supposed to take place for the next 20 years, however some of them had to be finished already by 1945. The author of the project was appointed T.Klochko.
On October 31, 1945 a local guerrilla group "Chornyi Lis" (Black Forest, name of forests outside of the city) headed by Vasyl Andrusyak conducted a raid on the city occupying a store of the Regional Customer Association (Oblspozhyvspilka), medical warehouses, and taking hostage several officials of the local Communist party and NKVD. Until February of the next year the Soviet authorities were conducting "cleansing" of the local area burning down woods around the city of Stanislav and conducting ambushes on centers of Ukrainian Insurgency Army in the area. On February 25 the body of the killed Vasyl Andrusyak (also known as Hrehota-Rizun) was brought to the city where he was viewed for four days by several Soviet officials.
On September 1, 1946 in the city was opened a pharmaceutical school that existed until July of 1949. The same year there also was established a food company "Peremoha" (Victory) in production of bread, confectionery
, sausage (kielbasa
) food. Later that year there was opened the city park of Shevchenko stretching over some 22 ha (54.4 acre).
In 1958 the adjacent village of Pasichna was annexed to the city. Today it is being referred to as a city's locality. In few years (1962) the village of Opryshivtsi was added to the city. In 1962 the name was changed to honour Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko
. Five years later the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
was established.
In the early 1990s the city was a strong centre of the Ukrainian independence
movement.
In 2002, the Anti-Defamation League
(ADL) called a move by the city council
inexcusable and "profoundly insulting to honour Nazi war veterans of the SS Galicia division as "fighters for independence" whom the head of the SS
, Himmler
, congratulated in May 1944 for having cleansed Ukraine of all its Jews. ADL authorities chose to completely ignore the previous legal cases involving the Division in war crimes (see Halychyna Division).
Ivano-Frankivsk
Ivano-Frankivsk is a historic city located in the western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , and is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast, municipality....
is one of administrative centers in western Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
with almost 350 years of history as a city settlement. For the most part of its history the city was known for its Polish name of Stanisławów (Stanislaviv) until 1962 (300 years). In the Soviet times it was decided to change the name of the city during its 300th Anniversary. The current name of the city is longer than some of sentences therefore local population sometimes refers to it as Frankivsk or even Franyk.
Establishment (Andrzej na Potoky)
The city, named Stanisławów (Stanyslaviv), was erected as a fortressFortification
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defence in warfare and military bases. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs...
to protect the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Tatar invasions and to reinforce the region in case of some other Khmelnytsky Uprising
Khmelnytsky Uprising
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, was a Cossack rebellion in the Ukraine between the years 1648–1657 which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland...
would occur. It was built out of a fort that was erected next to the villages of Zabolotiv which had been known since 1435 and Knyahynyn (1449). The village of Zabolotiv and the land around it were purchased by Stanisław Rewera Potocki from another Polish nobleman
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
Rzeczkowski. The area was utilised for recreation, in and particular hunting. The city's name was later coined by the Stanisław's son, Polish nobleman
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
Andrzej Potocki
Andrzej Potocki
Andrzej Potocki was a Polish szlachcic, magnate.Great Chorąży of the Crown since 1660, voivode of Kijów Voivodship since 1668, voivode of Kraków Voivodship since 1682, castellan of Kraków since 1682, Field Crown Hetman since 1684....
commemorating it either to his father or his first-born son Stanisław Potocki.
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
on May 7, 1662 for economical purposes of creating a city market, while allowing its local population to organize a city government headed by Wójt (Vogt
Vogt
A Vogt ; plural Vögte; Dutch voogd; Danish foged; ; ultimately from Latin [ad]vocatus) in the Holy Roman Empire was the German title of a reeve or advocate, an overlord exerting guardianship or military protection as well as secular justice...
), city council, and city court. The Magdeburg rights also allowed for creation of various craftsman shops, independent craftsmen guilds, and, the most importantly, the freedom of religion. However, it was not until August 14, 1663 that the city and its rights were recognized by the Polish Crown when Jan Casimir has finally approved them along with the city's heraldry. The first architect of the Stanisławow fortress was from Avignon
Avignon
Avignon is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city on 1 January 2010, 12 000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.Often referred to as the...
, Francisco Corasini at the time when Andrzej initiated the redesigning of the Zabolotiv and Knyahynyn villages into a fortress in 1650. The fortress had two main gates which were known as the Halytska
Halych
Halych is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The town gave its name to the historic province and kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local princes was moved to Lviv...
gate and Tysmenytska
Tysmenytsia
Tysmenytsia is a city, the administrative center of the Tysmenytsia Raion in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of western Ukraine. In 1900 as part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Tysmenytsia was in Tłumacz powiat.-Overview:...
gate. The alternative names were Lvivska and Kamianetska respectively. The names were given for the direction in which they were facing. There was one more smaller gate known as Armenian or Zabolocki.
On September 17, 1662 Andrzej issued another declaration awarding the Jewish community of the city with a self-government and permission to build their own schools, community buildings, and others. On May 23, 1663 the Armenian community of the city was allowed to build its own church as well, which was finished in 1665. Also in 1663 to Stanislawow arrived monks of Trinitarian Order
Trinitarian Order
The Order of the Holy Trinity is a Catholic religious order that was founded in the area of Cerfroid, some 80 km northeast of Paris, at the end of the twelfth century. The founder was St. John de Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December...
from Warsaw. On April 24, 1664 the newly created city's Butchers Guild was awarded the "20-year freedom" exception from taxation. In 1666 was finished the city's ratusz.
By 1672 the fortress was restructured out of wood into brick. Also a new large fortified Potocki palace was erected in the place of older smaller wooden one. Today this building serves as the military hospital. In the same year Jews were granted rights of permanent settlement and permission to engage in work and commerce as "residents among the Polish-Ruthenian and Armenian nation", as well as "rights to leave the city at will". In 1666 the city's first town hall (or ‘ratusha’) was erected and built out of wood. Soon after the Turks conquered the fortress of Kamianets-Podilskyi
Kamianets-Podilskyi
Kamyanets-Podilsky or Kamienets-Podolsky is a city located on the Smotrych River in western Ukraine, to the north-east of Chernivtsi...
in 1672, Stanisławow, together with Halych
Halych
Halych is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The town gave its name to the historic province and kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local princes was moved to Lviv...
, became the strongholds against Turkish forces. It was attacked and besieged in early September of 1676, but the Turks did not manage to capture and pillage the city. However, some of Stanisławow fortifications were so badly damaged that in 1677 the Sejm in Warsaw
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
relieved the city of its tax duties. Also on September 12, 1683 in battle against the Turks near Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
perished the oldest son of the city founder - Stanisław. His body was transferred to the native city and buried in the Potocki family parish kosciol
Parish church
A parish church , in Christianity, is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish, the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches....
also known as Fara (today the Art museum on Sheptytsky Square).
Eighteenth century
Independence Street (Ivano-Frankivsk)
Independence Street is considered the central street of Ivano-Frankivsk. It runs from west to east and passes the original city's center 250-300 meters south from it...
(Tysmenytsia district), Zabolotiv Street - Mykhailo Hrushevsky Street
Hrushevsky Street (Ivano-Frankivsk)
Mykhailo Hrushevsky Street is one of the most important streets located in the Ivano-Frankivsk. It runs along several government institutions such as regional and city administration Bily Dim as well as the city's branch of the National Bank of Ukraine....
and Street of Vasylyanok (Zabolottya district), and Lysets Street - Hetman Mazepa Street (Lysets district). Later the city was split into six small districts: midtown where lived rich catholic population and patrician
Patrician
The term patrician originally referred to a group of elite families in ancient Rome, including both their natural and adopted members. In the late Roman Empire, the class was broadened to include high council officials, and after the fall of the Western Empire it remained a high honorary title in...
s, pidzamche (subcastle), and four suburbs - Zabolotiv, Tysmenytia, Halych, and Lysets where lived plebeians. Jews were permitted to build houses for themselves on the "Street of the Jews" (which then was by the flood bank
Levee
A levee, levée, dike , embankment, floodbank or stopbank is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels...
). By 1672 the Jewish community of the city has possessed a synagogue built out of wood. The first Jewish cemetery was already established in 1662. One of the first Jewish societies of the city were the burial society Chevra Kadisha and a charitable foundation specializing in financing.
According to the 1709 census in the fortified midtown lived 62 Ruthenian families, 50 Armenian, 25 Jewish, and 9 Polish. In the city operated the Polish-Armenian court that had a strict stance against the local peasant uprising known as Opryshky. The last public execution that took place in the city was on April 25, 1754 at the Market Square where was killed Vasyl Bayurak. Due to numerous military conflicts, diseases, and other socially dangerous events, the population of the city by the end of 18th century did not supersede 5,000. Among such events was the invasion of the city by the Russian forces in course of the Great Northern War
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederick IV of...
in 1706 that robbed the city in the revenge for Józef Potocki
Józef Potocki
Józef Potocki was a Polish nobleman , magnate, Great Hetman of the Crown.Józef was considered as the richest magnate at that time...
's switching the sides in the support of Stanisław Leszczyński. In 1712 the city was robbed again during some inter-magnate conflicts when it was invaded by the forces of Polish Hetman Sieniawski. In 1710 quarter of the city population (1332) died of typhus
Typhus
Epidemic typhus is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters...
.
The streets in the city were starting to be paved in cobbles
Cobblestone
Cobblestones are stones that were frequently used in the pavement of early streets. "Cobblestone" is derived from the very old English word "cob", which had a wide range of meanings, one of which was "rounded lump" with overtones of large size...
around 1695. In 1728 the Akademia Stanislawowa was converted into Jesuit Collegium for which a separate building was erected in 1733-1743. In 1729 Jesuit Church was built in the city, around 1744 the city's Jewish community started to the construction of a new synagogue which was finished in 1777, and in 1762 was restored the Armenian Church. In 1767 the city brewery was built as the oldest industrial venture, building of which was preserved to our days. In 1759 the Jewish community of Stanislawow took part in a dispute with the Frankists from Lwow eventually joining the later group (see Jacob Frank
Jacob Frank
Jacob Frank was an 18th century Jewish religious leader who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi and also of the biblical patriarch Jacob...
). Due to that the Stanislawow rabbis were subordinated to the Rabbi of Tysmenytsia
Tysmenytsia
Tysmenytsia is a city, the administrative center of the Tysmenytsia Raion in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of western Ukraine. In 1900 as part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Tysmenytsia was in Tłumacz powiat.-Overview:...
. One of the most prominent Jewish figures of that time was Rabbi Dov Berish, a son of Yaakov Avraham, as well as Rabbi Yehuda Zelka known for his commentary "Ravid Zahav" on "Yoreh De'ah
Yoreh De'ah
Yoreh De'ah is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of halakha , Arba'ah Turim around 1300. This section treats all aspects of Jewish law not pertinent to the Hebrew calendar, finance, torts, marriage, divorce, or sexual conduct....
", and many others.
On February 26, 1761 the city was passed to Vincent Potocki who was a minor and in reality the city was managed by his guardian Kateryna Kossakiwska who was of Potocki family as well. Eventually the Potocki family went bankrupt and the city was passed to the state treasury. Extensively rebuilt during the Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
, it was sometimes called Little Leopolis
Lviv
Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following...
. The city was also an important centre of Armenian culture
Culture of Armenia
The culture of Armenia encompasses many elements that are based on the geography, literature, architecture, dance, and music of the people. The culture is similar to and yet distinct from many of the bordering countries like Russia, Georgia and Iran as well as Mediterranean nations such as Greece...
in Poland after the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia , also known as the Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilician Armenia or New Armenia, was an independent principality formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia...
, with an Armenian church
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church is the world's oldest National Church, is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, and is one of the most ancient Christian communities. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion in 301 AD, in establishing this church...
in which a painting of Mary was kept. The painting was in 1945 moved to Gdansk
Gdansk
Gdańsk is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the...
.
Austria-Hungary
In 1772, after the Partitions of PolandPartitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
it became a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and successively of the autonomous Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was a crownland of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria–Hungary from 1772 to 1918 .This historical region in eastern Central Europe is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine...
. The Austrian riflement entered the city on October 25 of that year. The new administration ceased the functioning of the city fort. According to the "Vienna patent" since 1789 a city magistrate was introduced as form of government headed by its burg-minister, while the city itself was returned into ownership of countess Kossakiwska until 1797. In 1801 due the next bankruptcy the city was passed now into the Austrian state possession. Since then and until 1820 all the fortifications in the city were disassembled and their materials were used to build new buildings and pave streets. The moats around the fortifications were evened out and changed into streets. With the rock material from the fortifications were cobblestoned four city squares and 24 streets. One of the first streets that appeared outside of the city fortifications were Dvirska (today Chodkewicz), Mlynarska, Tartakova (Dudayev), Polyova (Petlyura). On the territory of the former moats today run the following streets: Sich Riflemen, Dnistrovska, and Vasyliyanok. Some other streets such as Valova, Starozamkova, and Fortechna, kept their historical toponyms. By the start of the 20th century the adjacent villages of Knyahynyn and Sofiivka were fully incorporated into the city. The street that connected the railway station with the old town
Old Town
Old Town is the typical designation of a historic or original core of a city or town. Although the city may be larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations...
(midtown) the city magistrate named Grunwaldska to commemorate the 500 Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald
Battle of Grunwald
The Battle of Grunwald or 1st Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410, during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Jogaila and Grand Duke Vytautas , decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led...
.
Under Austrian rule, Jews played quite an important role in civic affairs. Two well known families left their imprint at that time on the economic and communal life of Stanisławów at that time. The Horowitz family, who from the year 1784 held positions on the Rabbinate of Stanisławów, and the Halpern family, who were well-to-do, and were known for charitable deeds, communal work, and economic development
Economic development
Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions of policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area...
. In the 18th–19th centuries the city flourished and became a major manufacturing and trading centre of Carpathians. The center of education and culture became the First state German-Polish gymnasium that was founded in 1774. One of the famous students of that school was the Ukrainian writer, historian, and ethnographer Ivan Vahylevych
Ivan Vahylevych
Ivan Vahylevych, b 2 September 1811 in the village of Yasen , Stanislawow powiat, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, d 10 May 1866 in Lemberg...
who studied there in 1824 - 1830. On May 8–10, 1848 during the Spring of Nations in the city was established the Rus Council and was formed the National Guard
Army National Guard
Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the Army National Guard is part of the National Guard and is divided up into subordinate units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia operating under their respective governors...
. On September 2, 1848 the first city newspaper was issued in the Polish language "Kurier Stanislawowski". In 1862 the first recorded city celebration took place to commemorate 200 Anniversary since the foundation. On September 1, 1866 the city was connected to a railway network Lviv-Chernivtsi, while the locomotive-repair shop was opened along with the train terminal. At around that time series of plants and factories were built.
On September 28, 1868 Stanisławów experienced a major disaster. The city was engulfed in a major fire which originated at Lypova street and destroyed the third of the city (some 260 buildings) and the market place
Marketplace
A marketplace is the space, actual, virtual or metaphorical, in which a market operates. The term is also used in a trademark law context to denote the actual consumer environment, ie. the 'real world' in which products and services are provided and consumed.-Marketplaces and street markets:A...
of the town. The city required a major renovation and was almost completely rebuilt. A new six-stories rathaus was built in 1871. During that time the center of the city slowly moved from the market square southward towards the Tysmenytsia Road (today Nezalezhnist street - stometrovka). Here for the first time in the whole Galicia were installed gas street lights in 1876. Dr. Arthur Nemhein was the mayor of the city from 1897 to 1919, but was later fired by Polish authorities in 1919 for cooperating with Ukrainian separatists. In the elections to the Austrian parliament
Parliament of Austria
In the Parliament of Austria is vested the legislative power of the Republic of Austria. The institution consists of two chambers,* the National Council and* the Federal Council ....
of 1907, Dr. Marcus Braude, a Zionist delegate, gained the majority of votes. During World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, the front-line was for some time in the area of the city, Russians and Austro-Hungarian forces fought several battles in Stanisławów and its vicinity. In 1917 Russian forces
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are the military services of Russia, established after the break-up of the Soviet Union. On 7 May 1992 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Russian Ministry of Defence and placing all Soviet Armed Forces troops on the territory of the RSFSR...
burned the central districts during the Kerensky Offensive
Kerensky Offensive
The Kerensky Offensive was the last Russian offensive in World War I. It took place in July 1917.- Background :...
.
Start of the 20th century
In October 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) was proclaimed.In the early months of 1919 (from January to May) the city became a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian National Republic, while still recovering from World War I. All the state affairs were taken place in the building of Dnister Hotel where the Act Zluky
Act Zluky
The Unification Act was an agreement signed on January 22, 1919 by the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the St. Sophia Square in Kiev...
was composed. The same year it was subjected to the Polish–Ukrainian
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
and the Romanian-Ukrainian skirmishes eventually being annexed by Poland as part of the Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland refers to Poland between the two world wars; a period in Polish history in which Poland was restored as an independent state. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was...
as the center of the Stanisławów Voivodship. It was occupied by the Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
n army for the summer months from May 25 through August 21, 1919.
During the Polish-Soviet War in 1920, the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
took over the city for a brief period. After the Soviet retreat, Ukrainian troops loyal to Symon Petlura occupied the city for a few days. At this period of history the city was in complete disorder.
According to the 1931 Polish census there were 198,400 residents in the Stanisławów county (159 per square kilometre, the area of the county was 1249 km² (482.2 sq mi)). Among them there were 120,214 Poles, 49,032 Ukrainians, and 26,996 Jews. The population of the city itself was as follows: 27,000 in 1900, 28,200 in 1921 and 60,000 in 1931 (70,000 together with the suburb of Knyahynyn). Knyahynyn was incorporated into the city of Stanislawow on January 1, 1925 by the decision of Rada Ministrów from November 17, 1924. During the interbellum
Interwar period
Interwar period can refer to any period between two wars. The Interbellum is understood to be the period between the end of the Great War or First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe....
period, Stanisławów was a large military base for the Polish Army
Polish Land Forces
The Polish Land Forces are a branch of Poland's Armed Forces. They currently contain some 65,000 active personnel and form many components of EU and NATO deployments around the world.-History:...
, with two major units stationed there – 11th Infantry Division and Podolska Cavalry Brigade
Podolska Cavalry Brigade
Podolska Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. It was created on April 1, 1937 out of the 6th Independent Cavalry Brigade...
.
In the 1939 invasion of Poland by German
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
and Soviet forces
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
, the territory was captured by the Soviets
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
in September 1939 and included into the Ukrainian SSR. Between September 1939 and June 1941, the Soviet regime ordered thousands of inhabitants of the city to leave their houses and move to Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
, where most of them perished. Numerous people were taken out of the city prison and simply shot outside of the city when Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
forces were leaving it in 1941.
Nazi occupation
There were more than 40,000 Jews in Stanisławów when it was occupied by the Nazi GermanyNazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
on July 26, 1941. During the occupation (1941–44), more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered.
On August 1, 1941, Galicia became the fifth district of the General Government
General Government
The General Government was an area of Second Republic of Poland under Nazi German rule during World War II; designated as a separate region of the Third Reich between 1939–1945...
. On October 12, 1941, later called "Blutsonntag" ("Bloody Sunday"), thousands of Jews were gathered on the market square
Market square
The market square is a feature of many European and colonial towns. It is an open area where market stalls are traditionally set out for trading, commonly on one particular day of the week known as market day....
; then the Nazi
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
forces escorted them to the Jewish cemetery, where mass grave
Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple number of human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial. There is no strict definition of the minimum number of bodies required to constitute a mass grave, although the United Nations defines a mass grave as a burial site which...
s had already been prepared. On the way the escort beat and tortured the Jews. At the cemetery the Jews were forced to give away their valuables and show their papers. The men of the Security Police
Security police
In some countries, including the United States, security police are those persons, employed by or for a governmental agency, who provide police and security services to those agencies' properties....
(Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo
Sicherheitspolizei
The Sicherheitspolizei , often abbreviated as SiPo, was a term used in Nazi Germany to describe the state political and criminal investigation security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of the Gestapo and the Kripo between 1936 and 1939...
) then started mass shootings, assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei
Ordnungspolizei
The Ordnungspolizei or Orpo were the uniformed regular police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945. It was increasingly absorbed into the Nazi police system. Owing to their green uniforms, they were also referred to as Grüne Polizei...
) and the railroad police
Transit police
Transit police are a specialized police agency or unit employed by a common carrier, which could be a transit district, railroad, bus line, other transport carrier, or the state...
. The German Police ordered the Jews to strip naked in groups and then proceed to the graves where they were shot. They fell into the grave or were ordered to jump in before being shot. The Security forces shot between 8,000 and 12,000 Jews on that day.
On August 8–9, 1941, the Security Police commanded by Hans Krüger
Hans Krüger
Hans Krüger was a former member of the NSDAP party and other Nazi organizations who served as a judge in occupied Poland during Second World War. After the war he became West German politician of the Christian Democratic Union...
with the help of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
The Ukrainische Hilfspolizei was a German mobile police force that operated in the General Government beginning on July 27, 1941. The total number enlisted numbered slightly more than 35,000. 6,000 of them - including 120 low-level officers - served in the District of Galicia...
arrested several members of the Polish Intelligentsia
Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a social class of people engaged in complex, mental and creative labor directed to the development and dissemination of culture, encompassing intellectuals and social groups close to them...
(mainly teachers, professors). At night around 14th on August 15, they were transported to a place near the city, named the Black Forest and executed. The number of victims is unknown, but some have estimated around 200.
Up to July 1942 most killings were carried out in Rudolf's Mill, and from August onward in the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters. On August 22, 1942, the Nazi
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
held a "reprisal Aktion" for the murder of a Ukrainian, which they blamed on a Jew. More than 1,000 Jews were shot. German policemen raped Jewish girls and women before taking them to the courtyard of the SiPo headquarters.
About 11,000 Jews were still living in Stanisławów when the next Aktion took place. On February 22 or 23, 1943, Brandt, who had succeeded Hans Krüger
Hans Krüger
Hans Krüger was a former member of the NSDAP party and other Nazi organizations who served as a judge in occupied Poland during Second World War. After the war he became West German politician of the Christian Democratic Union...
as SS-Hauptsturmführer, ordered the police forces to surround the ghetto—initiating the final liquidation. Four days after the beginning of the Aktion, the German policemen put up posters announcing that Stanisławów was ‘Judenfrei
Judenfrei
Judenfrei was a Nazi term to designate an area free of Jewish presence during The Holocaust.While Judenfrei referred merely to "freeing" an area of all of its Jewish citizens, the term Judenrein was also used...
’ or ‘free of Jews’. At this time 27 members of the UPA were shot by the Nazi government in the centre of the city.
When Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual...
learned that the Nazis planned to execute all Jews in the city, they organized an escape from the Jewish ghetto for a woman of Jewish origin and her two daughters who later became Witnesses. Risking their own lives, the Witnesses hid these Jewish sisters throughout the entire period of the war.
When the Soviet army reached Stanisławów on July 27, 1944, there were about 100 Jews remaining in the city who had survived by hiding. In total about 1,500 Jews from Stanisławów survived the war.
A formal indictment against Hans Krüger was issued in October 1965, after six years of investigations by the Dortmund
Dortmund
Dortmund is a city in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area. Its population of 585,045 makes it the 7th largest city in Germany and the 34th largest in the European Union....
State Prosecutor's Office. On May 6, 1968, the Münster
Münster
Münster is an independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland...
State Court sentenced him to life imprisonment
Life imprisonment
Life imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime under which the convicted person is to remain in jail for the rest of his or her life...
. He was released in 1986.
In Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
and Salzburg
Salzburg
-Population development:In 1935, the population significantly increased when Salzburg absorbed adjacent municipalities. After World War II, numerous refugees found a new home in the city. New residential space was created for American soldiers of the postwar Occupation, and could be used for...
there were other trial proceedings against members of the Schupo
Schutzpolizei
The Schutzpolizei , or Schupo for short, is a branch of the Landespolizei, the state level police of the German states. Schutzpolizei literally means security or protection police but is best translated as Uniformed Police....
and the Gestapo
Gestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police...
in Stanisławów in 1966.
Recent history
Recovered Territories
Recovered or Regained Territories was an official term used by the People's Republic of Poland to describe those parts of pre-war Germany that became part of Poland after World War II...
. During the post-war period the city was part of the Carpathian Military District
Carpathian Military District
The Carpathian Military District was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1945 after the conclusion of the Second World War to 1990-91. It became part of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in 1991 and was disbanded by being redesignated the Western Operational Command later in the 1990s.Two...
housing the 38th Army
38th Army (Soviet Union)
The 38th Red Banner Army of was a field army of the Soviet Union that existed between 1941 and 1991.The army headquarters was formed in July 1941 by redesignation of the staff of 8th Mechanised Corps.On 1 May 1945, the army was part of 4th Ukrainian Front...
(70th Motor Rifle Division) that participated in the Operation Dunai
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
On the night of 20–21 August 1968, the Soviet Union and her main satellite states in the Warsaw Pact – Bulgaria, the German Democratic Republic , Hungary and Poland – invaded the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in order to halt Alexander Dubček's Prague Spring political liberalization...
. On March 1, 1945 with the help of the documents of regional state archives the Stanislav regional extraordinary commission in the investigation of Nazi crimes composed lists of executed pedagogues of Stanislav in 1941. The same year there was opened the city's Medical Institute (today's university). On April 11, 1945 there was arrested the Stanishlav's bishop H.Khomyshyn (1867-1945). On August 16 the "Prykarpattian Pravda" (local newspaper) has announced about the start of preparation works in the reconstruction of the city on which the Soviet government of Ukraine promised 100,000 rubles. According to a plan the reconstruction was supposed to take place for the next 20 years, however some of them had to be finished already by 1945. The author of the project was appointed T.Klochko.
On October 31, 1945 a local guerrilla group "Chornyi Lis" (Black Forest, name of forests outside of the city) headed by Vasyl Andrusyak conducted a raid on the city occupying a store of the Regional Customer Association (Oblspozhyvspilka), medical warehouses, and taking hostage several officials of the local Communist party and NKVD. Until February of the next year the Soviet authorities were conducting "cleansing" of the local area burning down woods around the city of Stanislav and conducting ambushes on centers of Ukrainian Insurgency Army in the area. On February 25 the body of the killed Vasyl Andrusyak (also known as Hrehota-Rizun) was brought to the city where he was viewed for four days by several Soviet officials.
On September 1, 1946 in the city was opened a pharmaceutical school that existed until July of 1949. The same year there also was established a food company "Peremoha" (Victory) in production of bread, confectionery
Confectionery
Confectionery is the set of food items that are rich in sugar, any one or type of which is called a confection. Modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well...
, sausage (kielbasa
Kielbasa
Kielbasa, kołbasa, kobasa, kovbasa, kobasa, kobasi, and kubasa are common North American anglicizations for a type of Eastern European sausage. Synonyms include Polish sausage, Ukrainian sausage, etc...
) food. Later that year there was opened the city park of Shevchenko stretching over some 22 ha (54.4 acre).
In 1958 the adjacent village of Pasichna was annexed to the city. Today it is being referred to as a city's locality. In few years (1962) the village of Opryshivtsi was added to the city. In 1962 the name was changed to honour Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko
Ivan Franko
Ivan Yakovych Franko was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, interpreter, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, the author of the first detective novels and modern poetry in the Ukrainian language....
. Five years later the Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas is an institution of higher education in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. Since its establishment in 1967, the university's focus remains on preparing qualified and experienced specialists for the oil and gas industries...
was established.
In the early 1990s the city was a strong centre of the Ukrainian independence
History of Ukraine
The territory of Ukraine was a key center of East Slavic culture in the Middle Ages, before being divided between a variety of powers. However, the history of Ukraine dates back many thousands of years. The territory has been settled continuously since at least 5000 BC, and is also a candidate site...
movement.
In 2002, the Anti-Defamation League
Anti-Defamation League
The Anti-Defamation League is an international non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as "the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency", the ADL states that it "fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects...
(ADL) called a move by the city council
City council
A city council or town council is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.-Australia & NZ:Because of the differences in legislation between the States, the exact definition of a City Council varies...
inexcusable and "profoundly insulting to honour Nazi war veterans of the SS Galicia division as "fighters for independence" whom the head of the SS
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel |Sig runes]]) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS under Heinrich Himmler's command was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II...
, Himmler
Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was Reichsführer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and the Minister of the Interior from 1943, Himmler oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo...
, congratulated in May 1944 for having cleansed Ukraine of all its Jews. ADL authorities chose to completely ignore the previous legal cases involving the Division in war crimes (see Halychyna Division).
Castles/cities owners
- Great and Field Hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki 1654 - 1667
- Field Hetman Andrzej PotockiAndrzej PotockiAndrzej Potocki was a Polish szlachcic, magnate.Great Chorąży of the Crown since 1660, voivode of Kijów Voivodship since 1668, voivode of Kraków Voivodship since 1682, castellan of Kraków since 1682, Field Crown Hetman since 1684....
1662 - 1692 - Great Hetman Józef PotockiJózef PotockiJózef Potocki was a Polish nobleman , magnate, Great Hetman of the Crown.Józef was considered as the richest magnate at that time...
1692 - 1751 - Great Straznik Stanisław Potocki 1751 - 1760
- Stanislaw's widow Helena Zamojska 1760 - 1761
- Franciszek Ksawery Potocki and Wincenty Potocki (as minors)
- Katarzyna Kosakiwska Potocka 1761 - 1789
- In 1786 Katerzyna's rights to the city were cut, however she continued to receive a certain portion of city's taxes. In 1797 she sold her city estate to her brother Prot Potocki whose property was transferred to a religion fund in 1801 due to great debts. Next year the Austrian authorities managed to buy the city out of debts.
Burgomasters (Galicia)
Since January 23, 1867 Stanislau (Stanislawow) became an administrative center of county (powiat).- Antoni Suchanek 1867 - 1868
- Ignaci Kaminski 1870 - 1888
- Valeri Shidlowski 1889 - 1896
- Arthur Niemgin 1896 - 1919
Burgomasters and City-Presidents (Poland)
- Mihal Ferensiewycz 1919 - 1921
- Stanislaw Teodorowycz 1921 - 1923
- Teofil Zaidler 1923
- Wolodziemir Dambrowski 1924
- Waclaw Chovanec 1924 - 1935
- Zdislaw Stronski (president) 1935 - 1937
- Franciszek Kotliarczuk (president) 1937 - 1939
Soviet/German invasions
- V.Chuchukalo (temp. government) Sep.1939 - Dec.1939
- Petro Ivanov December 20, 1939 - June 22, 1941
- Ivan Holembiovsky 1941 - 1944
Head of the city council executive committee
- Afanasi Shatokhin 1944 - 1945
- Mykhailo Lazarenko 1945 - 1953
- Mykola Koval 1953 - 1957
- Yefrem Ferchuk 1957 - 1963
- Yevhen Babenko 1963 - 1972
- Omelian Tomei 1972 - 1980
- Oleksandr Bekhtyev 1980 - 1987
- Bohdan Yakovychyn 1987 - 1990
- Yaroslav Taylikh (RukhPeople's Movement of UkraineThe People's Movement of Ukraine is a Ukrainian center-right political party...
) March 4, 1990 – June 25, 1994
City Mayors
- Bohdan Borovych (OUN) July 1994 – June 1998
- Zinoviy Shkutiak (Our UkraineOur UkraineThe Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc is an electoral alliance active in Ukraine, associated with former President Viktor Yushchenko. Since 2005, the bloc has been dominated by a core consisting of the People's Union "Our Ukraine" party and five smaller partner parties.The Our Ukraine Bloc is...
) March 1998 – March 26, 2006 - Viktor Anushkevychus (UPPUkrainian People's PartyThe Ukrainian People's Party is a political party in Ukraine, led by Yury Kostenko, registered on Old Year's Day 1999 as Ukrainian National Movement .-History:...
) March 26, 2006 – present