Ibid. is the term used to provide an endnote

EndNote

EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is produced by Thomson Reuters.- Features :...

 or footnote

Footnote

A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text, or both...

 citation

Citation

Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source . More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated...

 or reference

Reference

Reference is derived from Middle English referren, from Middle French rèférer, from Latin referre, "to carry back", formed from the prefix re- and ferre, "to bear"...

 for a source

Source text

A source text is a text from which information or ideas are derived. In translation, a source text is the original text that is to be translated into another language.-Description:...

 that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has been mentioned previously; the same), abbreviated Id.

Id.

Id. and Ead. are the terms used to denote the previously cited source . Id. is particularly used in legal citations. They are also used in academic citations where the term replaces the name of a repeated author...

, which is commonly used in legal citation

Legal citation

Legal citation is the practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most common sources of authority cited are court decisions , statutes, regulations, government documents, treaties, and scholarly writing....

. To find the ibid. source, one must look at the reference preceding it.

Example

E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies (New York: Academic, 1997), p. 23. Ibid. Ibid., p. 29. Al Azif, The Necronomicon (Petrus de Dacia,1994). Ibid. 4, at 34

The reference, , is the same as : E. Vijh, Latin for Dummies on page 23, whereas the reference, , refers to the same work but at a different location, namely page 29. Intervening entries require a reference to the original citation in the form Ibid. , as . Notice that ibid. is an abbreviation where the last two letters of the word are not present; thus, it always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage.

See also

• Bibliography
  Bibliography
  Bibliography , as a practice, is the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology...
  
  
• List of Latin phrases
• MLA style
• Op. cit.
• Loc. cit.
• Sic
  Sic
  Sic—generally inside square brackets, [sic], and occasionally parentheses, —when added just after a quote or reprinted text, indicates the passage appears exactly as in the original source...
  
  
• Ibid: A Life
  Ibid: A Life
  Ibid: A Life is the third novel by Mark Dunn, published in 2004. Its form is highly reminiscent of Nabokov's Pale Fire in that it consists almost entirely of a set of endnotes for a larger biographical work.-Plot introduction:...
  
  is a novel by Mark Dunn
  Mark Dunn
  Mark Dunn is an American author and playwright. He studied film at Memphis State University followed by post-graduate work in screenwriting at the University of Texas moving to New York in 1987 where he worked in the New York Public Library whilst writing plays in his free time.Among the...
  
  , made up entirely of endnotes.

External links

• Dictionary.com: ibid.
• Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles