Icmar of Tusculum - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Icmar (died at Cluny on October 28, 1161) was a French

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

cardinal

Cardinal (Catholicism)

A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually an ordained bishop, and ecclesiastical prince of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and...

.

He entered the Benedictine

Benedictine

Benedictine refers to the spirituality and consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century for the cenobitic communities he founded in central Italy. The most notable of these is Monte Cassino, the first monastery founded by Benedict...

order of the Congregation of Cluny in the monastery of Saint-Martin des Champes in Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

; for a some time, he was a monk at Cluny. Later, he became abbot of the monastery S. Maria Nuova in the diocese of Poitiers. He was a friend of St. Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order.After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val...

, who mentioned him in his letters. He was created Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum (Frascati) by Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...

in the consistory celebrated in 1142 and received the episcopal consecration from that pope in the Lateran Basilica in March of that year. He participated in the papal elections of September 1143

Papal election, 1143

The papal election of 1143 followed the death of Pope Innocent II and resulted in the election of Pope Celestine II.-Election of Celestine II:Pope Innocent II died on 24 September 1143, at Rome...

, March 1144

Papal election, 1144

The papal election of 1144 followed the death of Pope Celestine II and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius II.-Election Lucius II:Pope Celestine II died on 8 March 1144 at Rome, after pontificate of only five months. The election of his successor took place in the shadow of this municipal...

, July 1153

Papal election, 1153

The papal election of 1153 followed the death of Pope Eugenius III and resulted in the election of Pope Anastasius IV.-Election of Anastasius IV:...

and December 1154

Papal election, 1154

The papal election of 1154 followed the death of Pope Anastasius IV and resulted in the election of Pope Adrian IV, the only Englishman to become pope.-Election of Adrian IV:Pope Anastasius IV died on December 3, 1154, at Rome, at a very advanced age...

, and subscribed the papal bull

Papal bull

A Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....

s issued between April 19, 1142 and February 18, 1159. He served as papal legate in England in the pontificate of Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II , born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145. His pontificate was notable for the unrest in Rome associated with the Commune of Rome, and its attempts to wrest control of the city from the papacy.-Early life:Gherardo Caccianemici...

(1144–1145). He became Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in 1153. After the double papal election, 1159

Papal election, 1159

The Papal election of 4–7 September 1159 followed the death of Pope Adrian IV. It resulted in a double election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who...

he joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV and consecrated him to the episcopate in the abbey of Farfa

Abbey of Farfa

Farfa Abbey is a territorial abbey in northern Lazio, central Italy. It is one of the most famous abbeys of Europe. It belongs to the Benedictine Order and is located about 60 km from Rome, in the commune of Fara Sabina, not far from the Fara Sabina railway station.-History:A legend in the...

on October 4, 1159 with the assistance of the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi. He was deposed by the legitimate Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...

. He participated in the schismatic Council of Pavia in February 1160, which anathematized Alexander III. Then he retired to the abbey of Cluny and died there.

Spanish historian Alphonso Ciacconio (c.1540–1599) in his opuscle Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S. R. E. Cardinalium mentions him among participants of the election of Antipope Paschal III

Antipope Paschal III

Antipope Paschal III was Antipope from 1164 to 20 September 1168.His real name was Guido of Crema. Paschal III was the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor...

(successor of Victor IV) in April 1164, but this is unlikely because up to that time he had been replaced in his suburbicarian see.

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