The Papal election of 4–7 September 1159 followed the death of Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...

. It resulted in a double election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...

, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Victor IV, creating a schism which lasted until 1178.

The schism was a result of the growing tensions inside the Sacred College of Cardinals concerning the foreign policy of the Holy See

Holy See

The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...

. The Papal states

Papal States

The Papal State, State of the Church, or Pontifical States were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia .The Papal States comprised territories under...

 in 12th century were some kind of buffer

Buffer state

A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them. Buffer states, when authentically independent, typically pursue a neutralist foreign policy, which distinguishes them from satellite...

 between two European powers – the Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...

 and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy...

. In the period after Concordat of Worms

Concordat of Worms

The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms...

 in 1122 the Papacy was allied with Empire rather than with Normans, but during the pontificate of Adrian IV (1154–59) this alliance had broken up because Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa did not fulfil the terms of the treaty of Constance (1153) that obliged him to help the Papacy to restore its authority in Rome, ruled by the commune, and some other territories of the Papal Patrimony, which fell under the control of the king of Sicily. In these circumstances Adrian IV decided to break the alliance with Emperor and to make peace with William I of Sicily

William I of Sicily

William I , called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own...

 by signing the Treaty of Benevento

Treaty of Benevento

The Treaty of Benevento was an important treaty between the papacy of Adrian IV and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, the popes finally settled down to a peace with the Hauteville kings....

 (1156). In the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the diet of Besançon in 1157). Frederick tried – with significant success – to strengthen his influence on the Church in Germany

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

. The change of the direction of the papal foreign policy resulted with the division of the Sacred College into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who were unable to achieve a compromise after the death of Adrian IV.

The election of 1159 had also significant legal consequences. Up to that time, the election of the new Pope required unanimity among the electors, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the Sacred College made the unanimity impossible. To avoid the schism in the future, Third Lateran Council in 1179 promulgated the decree Licet de Vitanda, which established the rule that the Pope is elected with the majority of two thirds of the cardinals participating in the election.

Death of Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...

 died on 1 September 1159. Fearing a possible schism, shortly before his death he recommended to the cardinals the election of Cardinal Bernard of Porto as his successor.

List of participants

There were thirty one cardinals in September 1159. One of them seem not to have participated in the election, leaving the number of thirty electors.:

Elector	Faction	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Icmar Icmar of Tusculum Icmar was a French cardinal.He entered the Benedictine order of the Congregation of Cluny in the monastery of Saint-Martin des Champes in Paris; for a some time, he was a monk at Cluny. Later, he became abbot of the monastery S. Maria Nuova in the diocese of Poitiers. He was a friend of St... , O.S.B.Cluny	Imperial	Bishop of Tusculum	13 March 1142	Innocent II	Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Gregorio della Suburra	”Sicilian”	Bishop of Sabina	1 March 1140	Innocent II	Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Ubaldo Allucingoli Pope Lucius III Pope Lucius III , born Ubaldo, was pope from 1 September 1181 to his death.A native of the independent republic of Lucca, he was born ca. 1100 as Ubaldo, son of Orlando. He is commonly referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Allucingoli, but this is not proven...	”Sicilian”	Bishop of Ostia e Velletri	16 December 1138	Innocent II	Future Pope Lucius III Pope Lucius III Pope Lucius III , born Ubaldo, was pope from 1 September 1181 to his death.A native of the independent republic of Lucca, he was born ca. 1100 as Ubaldo, son of Orlando. He is commonly referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Allucingoli, but this is not proven...  (1181–85)
Giulio	neutral	Bishop of Palestrina	19 May 1144	Lucius II
Bernard, Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina	22 December 1144	Lucius II	Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica; designated by Adrian IV but not elected
Walter, Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Bishop of Albano	19 December 1158	Adrian IV
Ubaldo Caccianemici Ubaldo Caccianemici Ubaldo Caccianemici was an Italian cardinal and cardinal-nephew of Pope Lucius II, his cousin who elevated him in May or June 1144.... , Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme	19 May 1144	Lucius II	Protopriest Protopriest Protopriest — in the College of Cardinals, is the first Cardinal-Priest in the order of precedence. This title is always attached to the most senior Cardinal Priest according to date of his creation. From the 17th century until the end of 19th century Protopriest usually opted for the titulus San...  of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Cardinal-nephew Cardinal-nephew A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to...  (?)
Ottaviano de Monticelli	Imperial	Priest of S. Cecilia	25 February 1138	Innocent II	Elected Antipope Victor IV
Astaldo degli Astalli	neutral	Priest of S. Prisca	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Guido di Crema Antipope Paschal III Antipope Paschal III was Antipope from 1164 to 20 September 1168.His real name was Guido of Crema. Paschal III was the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor...	Imperial	Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere	21 September 1145	Eugenius III	Future Antipope Paschal III Antipope Paschal III Antipope Paschal III was Antipope from 1164 to 20 September 1168.His real name was Guido of Crema. Paschal III was the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor...  (1164–68)
Rolando Pope Alexander III Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...	”Sicilian”	Priest of S. Marco and Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church	22 September 1150	Eugenius III	Elected Pope Alexander III Pope Alexander III Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
Giovanni Gaderisio, Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Priest of S. Anastasia	22 September 1150	Eugenius III
Giovanni da Sutri	neutral	Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo	21 February 1152	Eugenius III
Enrico Moricotti, O.Cist.	neutral	Priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo	21 February 1152	Eugenius III
Giovanni Morrone	Imperial	Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino	23 May 1152	Eugenius III
Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Priest of SS. XII Apostoli	23 May 1152	Eugenius III
Bonadies de Bonadie	neutral	Priest of S. Crisogono	21 December 1156	Adrian IV
Alberto di Morra Pope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII , born Alberto di Morra, was Pope from October 25, 1187 until his death.-Early life:... , Can.Reg.Praem.	neutral	Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina	21 December 1156	Adrian IV	Future Pope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII Pope Gregory VIII , born Alberto di Morra, was Pope from October 25, 1187 until his death.-Early life:...  (1187)
Guglielmo Marengo, O.Cist.	Imperial (?)	Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli	14 March 1158	Adrian IV
Odone Bonecase	”Sicilian”	Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro	4 March 1132	Innocent II	Protodeacon Protodeacon Protodeacon derives from the Greek proto- meaning 'first' and diakonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning "servant", "waiting-man," "minister" or "messenger." The word in English may refer to various clergymen, depending upon the usage of the particular church in question.-Eastern...  of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Rodolfo	neutral	Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Giacinto Bobone Pope Celestine III Pope Celestine III , born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 21, 1191, and reigned until his death. He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome, though he was only a cardinal deacon before becoming Pope...	neutral	Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin	22 December 1144	Lucius II	Future Pope Celestine III Pope Celestine III Pope Celestine III , born Giacinto Bobone, was elected Pope on March 21, 1191, and reigned until his death. He was born into the noble Orsini family in Rome, though he was only a cardinal deacon before becoming Pope...  (1191–98)
Ottone da Brescia	”Sicilian”	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere	21 February 1152	Eugenius III
Ardicio Rivoltella	”Sicilian”	Deacon of S. Teodoro	21 December 1156	Adrian IV
Boso Boso Breakspeare -Origins:According to the older historiography Boso was an Englishman from St Albans and nephew of Nicholas Breakspear, future Pope Adrian IV, on his mother's side. He ostensibly joined the Order of Benedictines at St Albans Abbey in the young age, and then entered the Roman Curia when his uncle... , Can.Reg.	”Sicilian”	Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano	21 December 1156	Adrian IV	Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church; prefect of the Castle Sant’Angelo
Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas.	Imperial	Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica	ca.1157	Adrian IV	Abbot of Subiaco Subiaco, Italy Subiaco is a town and comune in the Province of Rome, in Lazio, Italy, from Tivoli alongside the river Aniene. It is mainly renowned as a tourist and religious resort for its sacred grotto , in the St. Benedict's Abbey, and the other Abbey of St. Scholastica...
Cinzio Capellus	Imperial (?)	Deacon of S. Adriano	14 March 1158	Adrian IV
Pietro di Miso Pietro di Miso Pietro di Miso was Italian cardinal. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Adrian IV in the consistory of February 1158. Initially he was cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio, but in 1166 he was promoted to the order of cardinal-priests and received titulus San Lorenzo in Damaso...	”Sicilian”	Deacon of S. Eustachio	14 March 1158	Adrian IV
Raymond de Nimes	Imperial	Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata	14 March 1158	Adrian IV
Giovanni Conti da Anagni	neutral	Deacon of S. Maria in Portico	19 December 1158	Adrian IV

Five electors were created by Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...

, two by Pope Celestine II

Pope Celestine II

Pope Celestine II , born Guido di Castello, was pope from 1143 to 1144.-Early life:Guido di Castello, possibly the son of a local noble, Niccolo di Castello, was born either in Città di Castello, situated in Paterna Santa Felicita upon the Apennines, or at Macerata in the March of Ancona.Guido had...

, four by Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II

Pope Lucius II , born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death Feb 15, 1145. His pontificate was notable for the unrest in Rome associated with the Commune of Rome, and its attempts to wrest control of the city from the papacy.-Early life:Gherardo Caccianemici...

, eight by Pope Eugenius III and eleven by Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV

Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...

.

Absentee

Elector	Faction	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.	neutral	Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro	ca.1139-1141	Innocent II	Abbot of Montecassino (external cardinal External cardinal External cardinal is a term used to describe an opposite to the "curial cardinal," with reference to the certain category of the members of the College of Cardinals in the late Middle Ages... )

Divisions in the Sacred College

The College of Cardinals

College of Cardinals

The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...

 was divided into two factions: the so-called "Sicilian" party, led by chancellor Rolando of Siena and Camerlengo Boso; they supported pro-Sicilian policy of Adrian IV. The opposite Imperial faction was led by Ottaviano of S. Cecilia.

It is known that Sicilian party counted thirteen cardinals. They were chancellor Roland of S. Marco, camerlengo Boso of SS. Cosma e Damiano, cardinal-bishops Bernard of Porto, Ubaldo of Ostia, Walter of Albano and Gregorio of Sabina, as well as cardinals Odone of S. Giorgio, Ubaldo of S. Croce, Ottone of S. Nicola, Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Giovanni of S. Anastasia, Ildebrando of SS. Apostoli and Pietro of S. Eustachio.

The Imperial party may have counted as many as nine cardinals. but only six can be actually identified as its members: Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino, Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere, Icmar of Tusculum, Raymond of S. Maria in Via Lata and Simeone of S. Maria in Domnica Guglielmo of S. Pietro in Vincoli was probably the seventh one. Perhaps Cardinal Cinzio of S. Adriano also belonged to this faction. The remaining ten cardinals were neutral.

It is believed that both factions made some preparations to the election in the last months of the pontificate of Adrian IV, although these attempts are known only from the hostile accounts produced for the polemical purposes during the subsequent schism and it is impossible to verify their factual accuracy. Both sides accused each other of illegal conspiracies. The adherents of Victor IV accused "Sicilians" of receiving the bribes from the king William I of Sicily

William I of Sicily

William I , called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own...

 and the anti-Imperial cities of Brescia

Brescia

Brescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 197,000. It is the second largest city in Lombardy, after the capital, Milan...

, Milan

Milan

Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

 and Piacenza

Piacenza

Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Piacenza...

. They ostensibly made an oath not to vote for any candidate outside their circle. On the other hand, "Sicilians" accused imperialists of hatching a plot with the imperial envoy Otto von Wittelsbach

Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria

Otto I , called the Redhead , was Duke of Bavaria from 1180 until his death. He was the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach, a dynasty which reigned until the abdication of King Ludwig III of Bavaria in the German Revolution of 1918.-Biography:Duke Otto I was probably born at...

, who was present at Rome at the time of the election and gave the significant support to Victor IV in taking control over the Patrimony of St. Peter. It is known that the secular adherents of Cardinal Ottaviano de Monticelli, who was related to the powerful family of the counts of Tusculum

Tusculum

Tusculum is a ruined Roman city in the Alban Hills, in the Latium region of Italy.-Location:Tusculum is one of the largest Roman cities in Alban Hills. The ruins of Tusculum are located on Tuscolo hill—more specifically on the northern edge of the outer crater ring of the Alban volcano...

, were prepared for the armed confrontation in Rome. Evidently, neither party was prepared for compromise.

Election of Alexander III

The cardinals assembled in the Vatican Basilica on 4 September, three days after the death of Adrian IV. They had decided that, according to the custom, the election should be unanimous to be valid. It’s seems that candidature of Bernard of Porto, recommended by Adrian as acceptable for both factions, had never been even advanced. Both parties put forward candidates mutually unacceptable: imperial party proposed Ottaviano de Monticelli, while "Sicilians" proposed chancellor Rolando. The cardinals discussed for three days without achieving a compromise. However, Sicilian party was able to join all the neutral cardinals and probably detached also some members of the imperial faction. On the fourth day (7 September), Cardinal Rolando of Siena was proclaimed pope by them and took the name Alexander III, although the unanimity had not been achieved and some cardinals still opposed his candidature. According to the manifest of Alexandrine party of October 1159 and an account of Cardinal Boso, on that day Rolando received the votes of all cardinals assembled except three – those of Ottaviano of S. Cecilia, Giovanni of SS. Silvestro e Martino and Guido of S. Maria in Trastevere. Then supporters of Rolando recognized that “It seemed inappropriate that … the apostolic see … should remain any longer without a ruler because of the contentiousness of the aforesaid [three] men”. On the other hand, the opposite party claimed that Ottaviano had still nine votes, and that Sicilian party, having majority, simply broke the rule that required unanimity for the valid election. However, version of the imperial cardinals is believed to be less reliable than the version of the Alexandrine party, even if the latter may be also not fully accurate; basing on the subscriptions of the manifests of both parties issued shortly after the election it is possible to assume that at least twenty three electors voted for Rolando, and no more than six opposed him.

Election of Victor IV

The electors of Cardinal Rolando, immediately after proclaiming him Pope, attempted to place upon him the purple mantle which symbolized the assumption of the papal office, but then the election entered the tumultuous stage. Cardinal Ottaviano Monticelli snatched the mantle from Alexander’s back and his armed bands burst into the basilica. Alexander III and his supporters fled to the citadel of St. Peter, which was in the hands of Cardinal Boso

Boso Breakspeare

-Origins:According to the older historiography Boso was an Englishman from St Albans and nephew of Nicholas Breakspear, future Pope Adrian IV, on his mother's side. He ostensibly joined the Order of Benedictines at St Albans Abbey in the young age, and then entered the Roman Curia when his uncle...

. In their absence, the few cardinals who remained in basilica elected Ottaviano of S. Cecilia to the papacy and enthroned him as Victor IV. The exact number of his electors is not known, but there are good reasons to believe that it amounted six, including Ottaviano himself, since only five cardinals signed the manifest in his favour in the following month. However, it is possible that some additional cardinals participated in the election of Victor IV but very quickly joined the obedience Alexander III.

Consecration of Alexander III

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III

Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...

 remained in the citadel for a week until he was rescued and escorted from Rome by Odo Frangipane, and on September 18 he was eventually bestowed with the purple mantle. On 20 September at the small village of Ninfa, south-east of Velletri

Velletri

Velletri is an Italian town of 53,298 inhabitants. It is a comune in the province of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio - Italy. It is bounded by other communes of Rocca di Papa, Lariano, Cisterna di Latina, Artena, Aprilia, Nemi, Genzano di Roma, Lanuvio...

, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, and crowned by Cardinal Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On 27 September he excommunicated Victor IV and his adherents.

Consecration of Victor IV

Victor IV was consecrated on 4 October in the abbey of Farfa

Abbey of Farfa

Farfa Abbey is a territorial abbey in northern Lazio, central Italy. It is one of the most famous abbeys of Europe. It belongs to the Benedictine Order and is located about 60 km from Rome, in the commune of Fara Sabina, not far from the Fara Sabina railway station.-History:A legend in the...

 by Cardinal-Bishop Icmar of Tusculum

Icmar of Tusculum

Icmar was a French cardinal.He entered the Benedictine order of the Congregation of Cluny in the monastery of Saint-Martin des Champes in Paris; for a some time, he was a monk at Cluny. Later, he became abbot of the monastery S. Maria Nuova in the diocese of Poitiers. He was a friend of St...

, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals, assisted by the bishops Ubaldo of Ferentino and Riccardo of Melfi. With the armed assistance of Otto von Wittelsbach and his own armed groups in relatively short time he took control over the City of Rome and the Patrimony of St. Peter, while Alexander III took refuge in the territory of the Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy...

, and later in France

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

.

Manifests of both factions in October 1159

Both rivals together with their adherents defended the legality of their elections. In October 1159 cardinals of both obediences produced the manifests to the Emperor Frederick in favour of their elects. The “Alexandrine” manifest was subscribed by twenty three cardinals, while that of Victorine faction only by five. Supporters of Victor IV, admitting that they were in minority, justified their action by the fact that the opposite faction broke the rule of unanimity and – in consequence – the election of Rolando was invalid. The opposite party claimed that the principle of unanimity had been breached by the obstructive conduct of merely three cardinals of the Imperial faction, who stubbornly refused to recognize the candidate desired by the rest of the Sacred College.

Final division of the Sacred College of Cardinals in October 1159

Obedience of Alexander III

Obedience of Victor IV

1. Gregorio della Suburra, bishop of Sabina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals 2. Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri 3. Giulio, bishop of Palestrina 4. Bernard, Can.Reg., bishop of Porto e S. Rufina and archpriest of the Vatican Basilica 5. Walter, Can.Reg., bishop of Albano 6. Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can.Reg., protopriest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme 7. Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas., priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro and abbot of Montecassino 8. Astaldo degli Astalli, priest of S. Prisca 9. Giovanni da Sutri, priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 10. Errico Moricotti, O.Cist., priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 11. Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg., priest of SS. XII Apostoli 12. Giovanni Gaderisio, Can.Reg., priest of S. Anastasia 13. Bonadies de Bonadie, priest of S. Crisogono 14. Alberto di Morra, Can.Reg., priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina 15. Guglielmo Marengo, priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli 16. Odone Bonecase, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro 17. Rodolfo, deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio 18. Giacinto Bobone, deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 19. Ottone da Brescia, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere 20. Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro 21. Boso, Can.Reg., deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano 22. Cinzio Capellus, deacon of S. Adriano 23. Pietro di Miso, deacon of S. Eustachio 24. Giovanni Conti da Anagni, deacon of S. Maria in Portico

1. Icmar, O.S.B.Cluny, bishop of Tusculum and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals 2. Guido di Crema, priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 3. Giovanni Morrone, priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino 4. Raymond de Nimes, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 5. Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas., deacon of S. Maria in Domnica and abbot of Subiaco

Simeone Borelli joined the obedience of Alexander III already at the end of 1159. Raymond of S. Maria in Vi Lata did the same between February and April 1160. Besides, at the end of 1159 Victor IV created at least three new cardinal-deacons: Bernard of SS. Sergio e Bacco, Giovanni of S Maria in Aquiro and Lando of S. Angelo

Antipope Innocent III

Innocent III was an antipope during 1179 to 1180.Innocent III sprang from a noble Lombard family. Opponents of Pope Alexander III tried to make him Pope in September 1179. Alexander, however, bribed his partisans to give him up, and imprisoned him in the cloister of La Cava in January...

, while Alexander III appointed on February 18, 1160 cardinal-deacon Milo of S. Maria in Aquiro.

Schism

Both popes sent their legates to the catholic kingdoms in order to secure their recognition. At the council of Pavia

Pavia

Pavia , the ancient Ticinum, is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It is the capital of the province of Pavia. It has a population of c. 71,000...

 in February 1160 Emperor Frederick I declared himself in favour of Victor IV, and the episcopate of the Empire followed him, with the significant exception of archbishop of Salzburg Eberhard I von Hilpolstein-Biburg

Eberhard of Salzburg

Eberhard was Archbishop of Salzburg, Austria. Eberhard was born to a noble family of Nuremberg, Germany, he became a Benedictine in 1125 at Pruffening, Germany. Later he was made Abbot of Biburg near Regensburg. Eberhard was later appointed Archbishop of Salzburg in 1146...

 and his suffragans. King Valdemar I of Denmark

Valdemar I of Denmark

Valdemar I of Denmark , also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182.-Biography:...

 also gave his support to Victor IV, but the primate of Denmark archbishop Eskil of Lund

Eskil of Lund

Eskil was a 12th century Archbishop of Lund, in Skåne, Denmark .He was one of the most capable and prominent princes of the Church in Scandinavia...

 became partisan of Alexander III. It seems that Poland also supported Victor IV. The rest of Europe, namely France

Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France was one of the most powerful states to exist in Europe during the second millennium.It originated from the Western portion of the Frankish empire, and consolidated significant power and influence over the next thousand years. Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, developed a...

, England

Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England...

, Spain, Sweden

Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

, Norway

Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

, Scotland

Kingdom of Scotland

The Kingdom of Scotland was a Sovereign state in North-West Europe that existed from 843 until 1707. It occupied the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shared a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England...

, Hungary

Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...

, Sicily

Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily was a state that existed in the south of Italy from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816. It was a successor state of the County of Sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the Norman conquest of southern Italy...

 and the Latin territories in Outremer

Crusader states

The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land , and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area...

, recognized Alexander III as true Pope, even if in some of these countries there were a significant Victorine minorities in episcopates or among feudal rulers. The papal schism in Europe was now a fact.

The unity of the Church had been restored only after eighteen years, when Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and Pope Alexander III signed a Treaty of Venice

Treaty of Venice

The Treaty or Peace of Venice, 1177, was an important peace treaty between the papacy and its allies, the north Italian city-states of the Lombard League, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor...

 (1 August 1177); shortly thereafter the pro-imperial pope Callistus III (successor of Victor IV) abandoned his claims to the papacy and submitted to Alexander III (29 August 1178). Victor IV and his successors Paschal III

Antipope Paschal III

Antipope Paschal III was Antipope from 1164 to 20 September 1168.His real name was Guido of Crema. Paschal III was the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor...

 (1164–68) and Callistus III (1168–78) are now regarded as antipopes by the Catholic Church, while Alexander III is recognized as legitimate successor of St. Peter the Apostle.

Aftermath

The election of 1159 and the subsequent schism shows the necessity of amending the rules concerning papal elections. The decree Licet de Vitanda issued by the Third Lateran Council in 1179 abolished the rule of unanimity in favour of the rule of the majority of two thirds. The decree confirmed also that all three orders of the College of Cardinals (bishops, priests and deacons) are equal in the papal elections. Although the practice allowing the participation of cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons on equal rights with cardinal-bishops had been introduced no later than in the papal election, 1118

Papal election, 1118

The papal election of 24 January 1118 took place after the death of pope Paschal II and chose pope Gelasius II as his successor....

, the decree In Nomine Domini

In Nomine Domini

In nomine Domini, named for its Latin incipit , is a papal bull of Pope Nicholas II and canon of the Council of Rome, promulgated on April 13, 1059, establishing cardinal-bishops as the sole electors of the pope, with the consent of cardinal-deacons and cardinal-priests In nomine Domini, named...

(1059) conferring the special electoral rights on the cardinal-bishops had never been formally revoked up to that time.