External cardinal
Encyclopedia
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
in the late Middle Ages (11th to 13th century). In a strict sense, the "external cardinal" was a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church
Cardinal (Catholicism)
A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official, usually an ordained bishop, and ecclesiastical prince of the Catholic Church. They are collectively known as the College of Cardinals, which as a body elects a new pope. The duties of the cardinals include attending the meetings of the College and...
who did not reside in the Roman Curia
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
, because of simultaneously being a bishop of the episcopal see
Episcopal See
An episcopal see is, in the original sense, the official seat of a bishop. This seat, which is also referred to as the bishop's cathedra, is placed in the bishop's principal church, which is therefore called the bishop's cathedral...
other than suburbicarian, or abbot of an abbey situated outside Rome. In the wider sense, it may also concern cardinals who were appointed to the external episcopal sees and resigned their memberships in the College of Cardinals with this appointment. As well, it can concern cardinals who were generally curial cardinals, but for some time exercised the posts of administrators
Apostolic Administrator
An apostolic administrator in the Roman Catholic Church is a prelate appointed by the Pope to serve as the ordinary for an apostolic administration...
or prelate
Prelate
A prelate is a high-ranking member of the clergy who is an ordinary or who ranks in precedence with ordinaries. The word derives from the Latin prælatus, the past participle of præferre, which means "carry before", "be set above or over" or "prefer"; hence, a prelate is one set over others.-Related...
s of the external churches.
Today, the great majority of the cardinals are archbishop
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
s of the main metropolitan dioceses
Metropolitan bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital.Before the establishment of...
of the world and reside in their countries. Apart from the exclusive right of the election of the new pope, their dignity is purely honorific. However, originally the College of Cardinals was simply a college of the clergy
Clergy
Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. A clergyman, churchman or cleric is a member of the clergy, especially one who is a priest, preacher, pastor, or other religious professional....
of the City of Rome, constituted of the bishops of the seven dioceses (called suburbicarian sees) bordering the diocese of Rome (cardinal-bishops), priests of the parochial churches of Rome (cardinal-priests) and deacons heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city of Rome (cardinal-deacons). Unlike today, the cardinals had real jurisdiction over the dioceses, parochial churches (called tituli) or deaconries to which they were attached. The phenomenon of the external cardinalate in the late Middle Ages constituted the first exception to the rule, that cardinals – members of the clergy of the diocese of Rome – cannot serve simultaneously in another, external church, which is now common practice.
Origins and development
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
originated from the college of the main clergy of the city of Rome. The title of cardinal initially concerned only the priests of the 28 parochial churches
Parochialism
Parochialism means being provincial, being narrow in scope, or considering only small sections of an issue. It may, particularly when used pejoratively, be contrasted to universalism....
of the Eternal City (tituli), who were required to assist the pope in the liturgical
Liturgy
Liturgy is either the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to its particular traditions or a more precise term that distinguishes between those religious groups who believe their ritual requires the "people" to do the "work" of responding to the priest, and those...
service in the four Basilicas of Rome (Vatican Basilica, Liberian Basilica, Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls and San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
The Papal Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls is a Roman Catholic parish church and minor basilica, located in Rome, Italy. The basilica is one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome and one of the five Patriarchal basilicas, each of which is assigned to a patriarchate. St...
). Later (probably in the 8th century) the term was extended to the bishops of the seven dioceses bordering the diocese of Rome: Ostia
Bishop of Ostia
The Bishop of Ostia is the head of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia, one of the seven suburbicarian sees of Rome. The position is now attached to the post of Dean of the College of Cardinals, as it has been since 1150, with the actual governance of the diocese entrusted to the Vicar General of...
, Porto, Albano, Palestrina, Silva Candida (1079 replaced by Segni), Gabii-Lavicum (whose name later changed to Tusculum, and later to Frascati) and Velletri (after 1060 replaced by Sabina). These bishops (cardinal-bishops) performed the liturgical service in the Lateran Basilica. Finally, the deacon
Deacon
Deacon is a ministry in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions...
s serving in the papal household or heading the ecclesiastical regions of the city (and later attached to the churches called deaconries), also became the cardinals (cardinal-deacons).
The cardinals of the Holy Roman Church up to the 11th century had strictly liturgical duties and generally took no part in the government of the Church. Cardinal bishops were equal to the other bishops, even if celebrating the rite of consecration of the new pope gave them considerable prestige, while the dignity of the cardinal priest or deacon was considered lower than that of a bishop. The liturgical service in the five patriarchal basilicas of Rome, as well as day pastoral duties in their titular churches required the constant presence of the cardinals at Rome.
This situation started to gradually change with the ascension of Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX
Pope Saint Leo IX , born Bruno of Eguisheim-Dagsburg, was Pope from February 12, 1049 to his death. He was a German aristocrat and as well as being Pope was a powerful secular ruler of central Italy. He is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, with the feast day of April 19...
(1049–1054) and the beginning of the Reform Papacy
Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy...
. This pope, in order to reform the corrupted Roman clergy, appointed several new cardinals from the monastic centers outside Rome, such as Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino is a rocky hill about southeast of Rome, Italy, c. to the west of the town of Cassino and altitude. St. Benedict of Nursia established his first monastery, the source of the Benedictine Order, here around 529. It was the site of Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944...
, Remiremont
Remiremont
Remiremont is a commune in the Vosges department in Lorraine in northeastern France.Inhabitants are called Romarimontains.-Geography:Remiremont is located on the Moselle, close to its confluence with the Moselotte, southeast of Épinal...
and Cluny. These new cardinals became his close advisors. Leo’s successors continued this trend and Nicholas II
Pope Nicholas II
Pope Nicholas II , born Gérard de Bourgogne, Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election the Bishop of Florence.-Antipope Benedict X:...
in 1059 gave the cardinals the exclusive right to elect a new pope. At the end of the 11th century the cardinals formed a single College of Cardinals, which became the main body of the papal government — they served as experts or judges in the legal causes (auditors), countersigned the solemn papal privileges
Papal bull
A Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....
, acted as governors of the cities or provinces of the Papal States
Papal States
The Papal State, State of the Church, or Pontifical States were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia .The Papal States comprised territories under...
or were sent by the popes on important diplomatic missions. The cardinals became the most important members of the Roman Curia
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
, and as such were still required to reside in the papal court, unless they were dispatched for a legatine mission
Papal legate
A papal legate – from the Latin, authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic Faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters....
in the name of the pope.
Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy...
. In 1057 cardinal-deacon Frederick de Lorraine (the future pope Stephen X) was elected abbot of Montecassino; Pope Victor II
Pope Victor II
Pope Victor II , born Gebhard, Count of Calw, Tollenstein, and Hirschberg, was Pope from 1055 to 1057. He was one of a series of German reform Popes.-Life:...
confirmed his election and simultaneously named him cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono. His successor as abbot of Montecassino, Desiderio
Pope Victor III
Pope Blessed Victor III , born Daufer , Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope as the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less impressive in history than his time as Desiderius, the great Abbot of Monte Cassino.-Early life and abbacy:He was born in 1026 or 1027 of a non-regnant...
, was also quickly promoted to the cardinalate, but continued to act also as abbot. From 1057 until 1259/62 at least eight abbots of Montecassino were simultaneously members of the College of Cardinals. Also some other Italian (e.g. Subiaco
Subiaco, Italy
Subiaco is a town and comune in the Province of Rome, in Lazio, Italy, from Tivoli alongside the river Aniene. It is mainly renowned as a tourist and religious resort for its sacred grotto , in the St. Benedict's Abbey, and the other Abbey of St. Scholastica...
, Farfa
Farfa
Farfa is an Italian name which can refer to:*A place name in the province of the Lazio in Italy, as:** Farfa River** Farfa ** Farfa Abbey, one of the main medieval abbeys in Italy* A personal name, as:...
, Vallombrosa
Vallombrosa
Vallombrosa is a Benedictine abbey in the comune of Reggello , c. 30 km south-east of Florence, in the Apennines, surrounded by forests of beech and firs. It was founded by Giovanni Gualberto, a Florentine noble, in 1038 and became the mother house of the Vallumbrosan Order.It was extended...
, S. Sophia in Benevento
Benevento
Benevento is a town and comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. It is situated on a hill 130 m above sea-level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino and Sabato...
) and French abbeys (St. Victor at Marseille
Marseille
Marseille , known in antiquity as Massalia , is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of...
) were for some time ruled by the cardinal-abbots.
During the Investiture Controversy
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such...
, both the legitimate Popes as well as Antipope Clement III
Antipope Clement III
Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna was a cleric made antipope in 1080 due to perceived abuses of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy, a title that lasted to his death....
developed another, not entirely new, practice. They appointed their cardinals to the important Episcopal sees in Italy in order to assure their government by their own trusted collaborators. Antipope Clement III named cardinals Hugo Candidus and Roberto of S. Marco bishops of Fermo and Faenza respectively. Popes Victor III and Urban II appointed their cardinals to the episcopal sees of Brescia (Herimanus) and Reggio-Emilia (Bonussenior). The practice was continued by successive popes, who named their cardinals particularly to the recently reestablished Latin archiepiscopal sees
Archbishop
An archbishop is a bishop of higher rank, but not of higher sacramental order above that of the three orders of deacon, priest , and bishop...
in southern Italy (Siponto, Brindisi, Salerno, Benevento). Also, three successive archbishops of Pisa: Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi (1133–1137/38), Balduino
Baldwin, Archbishop of Pisa
Baldwin was a Cistercian monk and later Archbishop of Pisa, a correspondent of Bernard of Clairvaux, and a reformer of the Republic of Pisa...
(1138–1145) and Villano Caetani (1146–1175) were initially the cardinals.
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
(1159–1181), all the cardinals who were appointed to the external episcopal sees, resigned their membership in the College of Cardinals after receiving episcopal consecration, which clearly shows that the episcopate was considered a higher dignity than that of cardinal-priest or deacon. On the other hand, the bishops were never appointed cardinals. Certainly, the episcopate and cardinalate were considered incompatible dignities. However, during Alexander’s pontificate a change is apparent; although there were still the cases of the cardinals leaving the College of Cardinals
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
after assuming episcopal office (Lombardo of Benevento, Rainaldo of Gaeta), there also appeared members of the College who were simultaneously cardinals and bishops. Perhaps Alexander III followed here an example of his rival, Antipope Victor IV, who in 1162 appointed Aicardo Cornazzano bishop of Parma and cardinal-priest. The first such instance in the legitimate obedience was Conrad of Wittelsbach
Conrad of Wittelsbach
Conrad of Wittelsbach was the Archbishop of Mainz and Archchancellor of Germany from 20 June 1161 to 1165 and again from 1183 to his death. He was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church....
, who was appointed cardinal-priest of S. Marcello in December 1165 and subsequently promoted to the suburbicarian see of Sabina, but continued to act also as archbishop of Mainz. Archbishop of Reims Guillaume aux Blanches Mains
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains
Guillaume de Blois , called Guillaume aux Blanches Mains , or Guillaume de Champagne, was a French Cardinal.He was born in Brosse, Île-de-France, France...
was named cardinal priest of S. Sabina in 1179, but retained archdiocese of Reims; similarly bishops Giovanni of Toscanella, Ruffino of Rimini and Gerardo of Novara, elevated to the cardinalate in 1189, 1190 and 1211 respectively. On the other hand, when cardinal-priest Uberto Crivelli was elected and consecrated archbishop of Milan in 1185, he retained his cardinalate and his Roman titulus (S. Lorenzo in Damaso). The posts of cardinal and bishop were no longer considered incompatible with each other. Moreover, the rank of cardinal-priest or cardinal-deacon became equal to that of bishop. However, it seems that the elected, but not yet consecrated, bishops who were appointed cardinals were generally obliged to resign their sees.
Further development occurred in the pontificate of Clement III
Pope Clement III
Pope Clement III , born Paulino Scolari, was elected Pope on December 19, 1187 and reigned until his death.-Cardinal:...
(1187–1191). Cardinals elected to the external sees renounced their titular churches but without resigning their membership in the College of Cardinals. They used the title cardinalis Sancte Romanae Ecclesiae in addition to the episcopal title, without indicating their cardinalatial order or titular church. The first such case was that of Adelardo Cattaneo
Adelardo Cattaneo
Adelardo Cattaneo - Italian cardinal and bishop. His first name is listed also as Alardo.He was canon of the cathedral chapter of Verona. Pope Lucius III created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello in the consistory of March 6, 1185...
, cardinal-priest of S. Marcello from 1185 and bishop of Verona 1188–1214. That he resigned the church of San Marcello
San Marcello al Corso
San Marcello al Corso is a church in Rome, Italy, devoted to Pope Marcellus I. It is located in via del Corso, the ancient via Lata, connecting Piazza Venezia to Piazza del Popolo....
appears not only from his titulature in the documents, but also from the fact that during his lifetime a new cardinal-priest of this title (Fidanzio) was appointed. The case of Adelardo was followed by the cardinal-archbishops Guy Paré
Guy Paré
Guy Paré was a French Cistercian, who became general of his order, Archbishop of Reims, and a Cardinal.He was a papal legate to Germany. In 1204 he was made Archbishop by Pope Innocent III; this position also made him a pair de France...
of Reims (1204), Uberto Pirovano of Milan (1206) and Stephen Langton
Stephen Langton
Stephen Langton was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which ultimately led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215...
of Canterbury (1207) under Pope Innocent III. At the end of 12th century ca. 15% of the members of the College of Cardinals were "external" cardinals.
End of the medieval "external" cardinalate
Despite the cases mentioned above, the pontificate of Innocent III marks also the beginning of the end of the "external" cardinalate. Stephen LangtonStephen Langton
Stephen Langton was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which ultimately led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215...
was the last cardinal allowed by the Pope to become a residential bishop of the external see. From that time the popes constantly rejected all such postulations made by the cathedral chapters, indicating that the presence of the cardinals in the papal curia is indispensable. On the other hand, bishops appointed to the College of Cardinals were obliged to resign their sees (although it must be remarked that until the end of 13th century they were appointed always to the rank of cardinal-bishop). It is still possible to find a few cases of the cardinals who exercised the posts of administrators of the episcopal sees, but only for a short time, often as part of their legatine duties
Papal legate
A papal legate – from the Latin, authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic Faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters....
. The last instance of external cardinal sensu stricto was abbot Riccardo of Montecassino (1252–1259/62). Generally already in the pontificate of Gregory IX (1227–1241), the College of Cardinals became an exclusively curial body, without any "external" element, and remained such until the Great Western Schism (1378–1417). However, during this time the rank of cardinal became also the highest in the Catholic Church, inferior only to the Pope.
The phenomenon of the "external" cardinalate was revived during the Great Western Schism, but in another form and for other reasons. Popes from the rival obediences gave the cardinalatial dignities to the churchmen serving European monarchs (Crown-cardinal
Crown-cardinal
A crown-cardinal was a cardinal protector of a Catholic nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae...
s) without calling them to the Roman Curia, in order to assure the support of the monarchs. These cardinals continued to reside in their countries. Additionally, the curial cardinals in 13th century started to cumulate a great number of the benefice
Benefice
A benefice is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The term is now almost obsolete.-Church of England:...
s, from the time of the Schism including also the episcopal sees. After the Council of Trent
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was the 16th-century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It is considered to be one of the Church's most important councils. It convened in Trent between December 13, 1545, and December 4, 1563 in twenty-five sessions for three periods...
(1545–1563), the cardinals occupying external bishoprics were generally obliged to reside in them. Today, the majority of the cardinals are simultaneously residential archbishops or bishops, and they have no real jurisdiction over their titular churches at Rome.
Titulature and engagement in the papal government
Cardinals who simultaneously were also bishops usually appear in the documents with both titles: cardinalatial and episcopal. The only exceptions are archbishop Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who subscribed papal bulls only as cardinal, and Ruggiero of Benevento, who generally was styled only as archbishop, while his cardinalate was mentioned very infrequently.
Even more differentiated was the engagement of the "external" cardinals in the Church government and the papal policy, even if limited evidence does not fully highlight this question. Certainly some of them spent some time working in the papal curia, which is attested by their subscriptions on the papal bulls. Among the signatories of the papal privileges appear abbots Desiderius of Montecassino
Pope Victor III
Pope Blessed Victor III , born Daufer , Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope as the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less impressive in history than his time as Desiderius, the great Abbot of Monte Cassino.-Early life and abbacy:He was born in 1026 or 1027 of a non-regnant...
, Mainardo of Pomposa, Giovanni of Subiaco, Richard of St.-Victor, Oderisio de Marsi of Montecassino, Bernardo degli Uberti of Vallombrosa, Amico of S. Vincenzo, Adenulf of Farfa, Benedetto of Torre Maggiore and Giovanni of S. Sophia, as well as the bishops Hugo Candidus, Konrad von Wittelsbach, Guillaume of Reims
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains
Guillaume de Blois , called Guillaume aux Blanches Mains , or Guillaume de Champagne, was a French Cardinal.He was born in Brosse, Île-de-France, France...
, Uberto Crivelli
Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III , born Uberto Crivelli, was Pope from 1185 to 1187. He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded on November 25, 1185...
of Milan, Giovanni of Toscanella and Ruffino of Rimini. The last three seem to have been de facto curial cardinals, having spent at the papal court most of their time. On the other hand, cardinals like Pietro of S. Benedetto in Salerno, Rainaldo of Montecassino, Simeone of Subiaco, Leonato of S. Clemente in Casauria, Ruggiero of Benevento, Roffredo of Montecassino or Riccardo of Montecassino seem to have never participated in the curial business. Also cardinals Adelardo Cattaneo
Adelardo Cattaneo
Adelardo Cattaneo - Italian cardinal and bishop. His first name is listed also as Alardo.He was canon of the cathedral chapter of Verona. Pope Lucius III created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello in the consistory of March 6, 1185...
of Verona, Guy Paré
Guy Paré
Guy Paré was a French Cistercian, who became general of his order, Archbishop of Reims, and a Cardinal.He was a papal legate to Germany. In 1204 he was made Archbishop by Pope Innocent III; this position also made him a pair de France...
of Reims, Uberto Pirovano of Milan and Stephen Langton
Stephen Langton
Stephen Langton was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which ultimately led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215...
of Canterbury after their episcopal appointments are no longer attested in the papal curia.
Several "external" cardinals acted as papal legate
Papal legate
A papal legate – from the Latin, authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic Faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters....
s or vicar
Vicar
In the broadest sense, a vicar is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior . In this sense, the title is comparable to lieutenant...
s, often in the region of their episcopal seat or abbey. Among them were:
- Peter Igneus of S. Salvatore – legate in Germany (1079) and France (1080),
- Mainardo of Pomposa – legate before Emperor Henry IV (1065) and in Milan (1067)
- Richard of St.-Victor – legate in Spain for many years
- Konrad von Wittelsbach – legate in Germany from 1177
- Guillaume of Reims – legate in France from 1179
- Ruffino of Rimini – legate in Imola (ca.1191)
- Gerardo de Sessio – legate in Lombardy (1210–11)
Besides, some "external" cardinals participated in the papal elections: Desiderius of Montecassino and Richard of St.-Victor in 1086
Papal election, 1086
The papal election of 24 May 1086 took place after the death of pope Gregory VII and chose pope Victor III as his successor, after the see had been vacant for a year....
, Oderisio de Marsi in 1088
Papal election, 1088
Papal election of March 12, 1088, convoked after the death of Pope Victor III, elected Cardinal Odon de Lagery who took the name of Urban II....
, Enrico of Mazara and Amico of S. Vincenzo in 1118
Papal election, 1118
The papal election of 24 January 1118 took place after the death of pope Paschal II and chose pope Gelasius II as his successor....
, Simeone Borelli in 1159
Papal election, 1159
The Papal election of 4–7 September 1159 followed the death of Pope Adrian IV. It resulted in a double election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who...
, Uberto Crivelli in 1185
Papal election, 1185
The papal election of November 25, 1185 was a papal election convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.-List of participants:...
, probably also Konrad von Wittelsbach in 1185
Papal election, 1185
The papal election of November 25, 1185 was a papal election convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.-List of participants:...
, Giovanni of Toscanella in 1191
Papal election, 1191
The papal election of 21 March 1191 took place after the death of pope Clement III and chose the 85-year-old pope Celestine III as his successor....
and 1198
Papal election, 1198
The papal election of January 8, 1198 was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.-Death of Celestine III:Pope...
, and Ruffino of Rimini in 1191
Papal election, 1191
The papal election of 21 March 1191 took place after the death of pope Clement III and chose the 85-year-old pope Celestine III as his successor....
.
Three "external" cardinals became popes: Frederick of Montecassino became Pope Stephen IX
Pope Stephen IX
Pope Stephen IX was Pope from August 3, 1057 to March 1058.His baptismal name was Frederick of Lorraine , and he was a younger brother of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, who, as Marquis of Tuscany , played a prominent part in the politics of the period.Frederick, who had...
in 1057, Desiderius of Montecassino became Pope Victor III
Pope Victor III
Pope Blessed Victor III , born Daufer , Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope as the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less impressive in history than his time as Desiderius, the great Abbot of Monte Cassino.-Early life and abbacy:He was born in 1026 or 1027 of a non-regnant...
in 1086 and Uberto Crivelli of Milan became Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III , born Uberto Crivelli, was Pope from 1185 to 1187. He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded on November 25, 1185...
in 1185.
Lists of the "external" cardinals
Note: The "external" cardinals have been divided into four subcategories, of whom only the first two concern the "external" cardinals sensu stricto. Some cardinals belonged to more than one subcategory. The disputed cases are listed separately at the end of the each subsection. Cardinals created by antipopeAntipope
An antipope is a person who opposes a legitimately elected or sitting Pope and makes a significantly accepted competing claim to be the Pope, the Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At times between the 3rd and mid-15th century, antipopes were typically those supported by a...
s ("pseudocardinals") are also included.
Cardinal-abbots
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the abbot to the cardinalate or of the cardinal to the abbacy.| Name | Cardinalate | "External" Abbacy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frederick de Lorraine, O.S.B. | Cardinal-deacon 1051–57, cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1057 | Abbot of Montecassino 1057 | Became Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058) |
| Peter Damiani, O.S.B.Cam. | Cardinal-bishop of Ostia 1057–1072 | Abbot of Fonte Avellana Fonte Avellana Fonte Avellana or the Venerable Hermitage of the Holy Cross, is a Roman Catholic hermitage in Serra Sant'Abbondio in the Marche region of Italy. It was once also the name of an order of hermits based at this hermitage.... 1043–1072 |
Future saint |
| Desiderius Pope Victor III Pope Blessed Victor III , born Daufer , Latinised Dauferius, was the Pope as the successor of Pope Gregory VII, yet his pontificate is far less impressive in history than his time as Desiderius, the great Abbot of Monte Cassino.-Early life and abbacy:He was born in 1026 or 1027 of a non-regnant... , O.S.B.Cas. |
Cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia 1059–1087 | Abbot of Montecassino 1058–1087 | Became Pope Victor III (1086–1087); as cardinal, he was frequently noted in the papal curia |
| Mainardo, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-bishop of Silva Candida 1061–1074 | Abbot of Pomposa Pomposa Abbey Pomposa Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in the comune of Codigoro near Ferrara, Italy. It was one of the most important in northern Italy, famous for the Carolingian manuscripts preserved in its rich library, one of the wealthiest of Carolingian repositories, and for the Romanesque buildings.The... 1063–1074 |
He resided in the papal curia until 1069 |
| Pietro Atenolfo, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest created after 1067 | Abbot of S. Benedetto in Salerno 1067–after 1069 | He was never attested in the papal curia |
| Peter Igneus, O.S.B.Vall. | Cardinal-bishop of Albano 1072–1089 | Abbot of S. Salvatore in Fucecchio Fucecchio Fucecchio is a town and comune of the province of Firenze in the Italian region of Tuscany. The main economical resources of the city are the leather industries, shoes industry and other manufacturing activities, although in the recent years their number has been decreasing because of a slight... until 1081 |
Future saint; resided in his abbey until 1079 |
| Giovanni, O.S.B. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica 1073–1121 | Abbot of Subiaco Subiaco, Italy Subiaco is a town and comune in the Province of Rome, in Lazio, Italy, from Tivoli alongside the river Aniene. It is mainly renowned as a tourist and religious resort for its sacred grotto , in the St. Benedict's Abbey, and the other Abbey of St. Scholastica... 1069–1121 |
He joined the obedience of Antipope Clement III in 1084 and then became archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church. Later, he made submission to the Pope Paschalis II |
| Richard de Saint-Victor, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest 1078–1106 | Abbot of St.-Victor at Marseille 1079–1106 | He was named archbishop of Narbonne in 1106 and resigned his cardinalate (see table below) |
| Damianus, O.S.B.Cam. | Cardinal-deacon 1076–ca.1091 | Abbot of Fonte Avellana Fonte Avellana Fonte Avellana or the Venerable Hermitage of the Holy Cross, is a Roman Catholic hermitage in Serra Sant'Abbondio in the Marche region of Italy. It was once also the name of an order of hermits based at this hermitage.... 1078–1080, abbot of Nonantola in 1086 |
Nephew of Cardinal Pietro Damiani |
| Oderisio de Marsi, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon 1059–88, Cardinal-priest (of S. Cecilia?) 1088–1105 | Abbot of Montecassino 1087–1105 | Future saint |
| Bernardo degli Uberti, O.S.B.Vall. | Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1098/99–1106 | Abbot of Vallombrosa Vallombrosa Vallombrosa is a Benedictine abbey in the comune of Reggello , c. 30 km south-east of Florence, in the Apennines, surrounded by forests of beech and firs. It was founded by Giovanni Gualberto, a Florentine noble, in 1038 and became the mother house of the Vallumbrosan Order.It was extended... 1098–1106 |
Future saint (canonized 1665); in 1106 he was appointed bishop of Parma and resigned his cardinalate (see table below) |
| Bruno of Segni, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-bishop of Segni 1079–1123 | Abbot of Montecassino 1107–1111 | Future saint (canonized 1183) |
| Giovanni, O.S.B. | Attested as cardinal-priest in March 1110 | Abbot of unknown abbey in the archdiocese of Capua in 1110 | The identity of this cardinal remains unknown |
| Amico, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo 1117–1139 | Abbot of S. Vincenzo al Volturno near Capua Capua Capua is a city and comune in the province of Caserta, Campania, southern Italy, situated 25 km north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. Ancient Capua was situated where Santa Maria Capua Vetere is now... 1109/17–1139 |
1130–1138 in the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II Antipope Anacletus II Anacletus II , born Pietro Pierleoni, was an Antipope who ruled from 1130 to his death, in a schism against the contested, hasty election of Pope Innocent II.... |
| Oderisio de Sangro, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Agata ca.1112–ca.1137 | Abbot of Montecassino 1123–1126 | Deposed as abbot in 1126. After 1130 he joined the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II |
| Adenulf, O.S.B. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 1132–1144 | Abbot of Farfa 1125–1144 | Expelled from his abbey by the adherents of Antipope Anacletus II in 1130, returned in 1137 |
| Benedetto, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati ca.1135/37 | Abbot of Terra Maggiore near San Severo ca. 1135/37 | Pseudocardinal of Antipope Anacletus II |
| Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 1139/41–1166 | Abbot of Montecassino 1137–1166 | |
| Simeone Borelli, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Domnica ca.1157–1183 | Abbot of Subiaco 1149–1159 and 1167–1183 | In 1159 joined the obedience of Antipope Victor IV for a short time |
| Giovanni de Struma Antipope Callixtus III Antipope Callixtus III or Callistus III was Antipope from September 1168 to 29 August 1178.His real name was Giovanni, Abbot of Struma... , O.S.B.Vall. |
Cardinal-bishop of Albano 1163–1168 | Abbot of Struma near Arezzo Arezzo Arezzo is a city and comune in Central Italy, capital of the province of the same name, located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 km southeast of Florence, at an elevation of 296 m above sea level. In 2011 the population was about 100,000.... 1158–1168 |
Pseudocardinal created by Antipope Paschalis III (1164–1168); Became Antipope Callixtus III Antipope Callixtus III Antipope Callixtus III or Callistus III was Antipope from September 1168 to 29 August 1178.His real name was Giovanni, Abbot of Struma... (1168–1178) |
| Giovanni, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of S. Sisto 1168–1177 | Abbot of S. Sophia in Benevento Benevento Benevento is a town and comune of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, 50 km northeast of Naples. It is situated on a hill 130 m above sea-level at the confluence of the Calore Irpino and Sabato... 1142–1177 |
|
| Leonato de Manoppello, O.S.B. | Cardinal-deacon 1170–1182 | Abbot of S. Clemente in Casauria San Clemente Abbey The Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria is an abbey in the territory of Castiglione a Casauria, in the province of Pescara, Abruzzo, central Italy.-History:... 1152/55–1182 |
|
| Roffredo dell'Isola, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro 1188–1210 | Abbot of Montecassino 1188–1210 | |
| Riccardo, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco 1252/56–1259/62 | Abbot of Montecassino 1252–1259/62 | It is not known if he was promoted by Innocent IV (1243–1254) or by Alexander IV Pope Alexander IV Pope Alexander IV was Pope from 1254 until his death.Born as Rinaldo di Jenne, in Jenne , he was, on his mother's side, a member of the de' Conti di Segni family, the counts of Segni, like Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory IX... (1254–1261). He was deposed in 1259 for having participated in the coronation of Manfred of Sicily Manfred of Sicily Manfred was the King of Sicily from 1258 to 1266. He was a natural son of the emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen but his mother, Bianca Lancia , is reported by Matthew of Paris to have been married to the emperor while on her deathbed.-Background:Manfred was born in Venosa... (the enemy of the pope Alexander IV), but continued to act as abbot and to style himself as cardinal until his death in 1262. The last instance of "external" cardinal in the Middle Ages |
Disputed cases
| Name | Cardinalate | "External" Abbacy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oderisius, O.S.B. | Cardinal-deacon 1063–1076 | Abbot of S. Giovanni in Venere 1061–1076 | According to historian Pietro Pollidoro (18th century) ancient inscription in the monastery of S. Giovanni in Venere calls Abbot Oderisio I "deacon of the Holy Roman Church"; this testimony can not be verified because this inscription has not been preserved to our times |
| Odericus, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of S. Prisca 1066–1082 | Abbot of Vendome Vendôme Vendôme is a commune in the Centre region of France.-Administration:Vendôme is the capital of the arrondissement of Vendôme in the Loir-et-Cher department, of which it is a sub-prefecture. It has a tribunal of first instance.-Geography:... 1045–1082 |
The theory that he was a cardinal of S. Prisca is based on the privilege issued for him by Pope Alexander II in July 1066. However, the true meaning of this privilege is uncertain because in other documents issued after that date he is constantly referred to only as abbot |
| Oderisio di Palearia, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon created by Alexander III | Abbot of S. Giovanni in Venere 1155–1204 | The only contemporary source attesting his cardinalate is the necrology of the abbey of Montecassino. In the few official contemporary documents that refer to him (issued 1176, 1195 and 1200) he appears only as abbot. One inscription dated April 1165 calls him "subdeacon Subdeacon -Subdeacons in the Orthodox Church:A subdeacon or hypodeacon is the highest of the minor orders of clergy in the Orthodox Church. This order is higher than the reader and lower than the deacon.-Canonical Discipline:... of the Holy Roman Church" |
| Teodino de Scarpa, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest created by Alexander III | Abbot of Montecassino 1166–1167 | No documents issued during his short reign in the abbey of Montecassino have been preserved to our times. Therefore, the testimony of Alphonsus Ciacconius Alphonsus Ciacconius Don Alphonsus [Francisco] Ciacconius was a Spanish Dominican scholar in Rome. His name is also spelt as Alfonso Chacón and Ciacono. Chacón is known mainly for two of his works: Historia utriusque belli dacici a Traiano Caesaregesti , and Vitae, et res gestae pontificum romanorum et S.R.E.... (1540–1599) that he was named cardinal by Alexander III can not be verified. |
Cardinals – residential bishops (11–13th century)
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the bishop to the cardinalate or of the cardinal to the episcopate.| Name | Cardinalate | "External" episcopate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hugo Candidus, O.S.B.Clun. | Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1049–1089, cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1089–1099 | Bishop of Fermo in 1084 | Excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII in 1078, joined the obedience of Antipope Clement III in 1080. In 1089 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Palestrina |
| Aicardo Cornazzano | Cardinal-deacon in 1160, cardinal-priest in 1164 | Bishop of Parma 1162–1167 | Pseudocardinal of Antipope Victor IV. He was also podesta of the city of Parma 1164–67. In 1167 he was expelled from Parma by the adherents of Pope Alexander III |
| Konrad von Wittelsbach | Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1165–1166, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1166–1200 | Archbishop of Mainz 1161–1177 and 1183–1200, archbishop of Salzburg 1177–1183, administrator of Sora 1167–after 1170 | He was expelled from his archdiocese in 1165 by the adherents of Antipope Paschalis III. Until 1177 he resided in papal curia or acted as papal legate. The first instance of the legitimate cardinal who was also residential bishop |
| Pietro da Pavia Pietro da Pavia Pietro da Pavia, Can.Reg. was bishop-elect of Meaux , Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono and finally Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum . He was papal legate, together with Henri de Marsiac, in southern France against Cathars and Waldenses 1174–1178. He participated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179... , Can.Reg. |
Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1173–1179, cardinal-bishop of Tusculum 1179–1182 | Bishop-elect of Meaux 1171–1175, archbishop(-elect?) of Bourges 1180–1182 | Pope Alexander III forced him to resign the see of Meaux in 1175. His election to the archbishopric of Bourges remains obscure; he continued to subscribe the documents only as cardinal-bishop of Tusculum until his death, which indicates that he probably did not take possession of this see. As cardinal, he frequently acted as legate in France and in 1175 resided in Meaux for a short time |
| Guillaume aux Blanches Mains Guillaume aux Blanches Mains Guillaume de Blois , called Guillaume aux Blanches Mains , or Guillaume de Champagne, was a French Cardinal.He was born in Brosse, Île-de-France, France... |
Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1179–1202 | Archbishop of Reims Archbishop of Reims The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. Erected as a diocese around 250 by St. Sixtus, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese around 750... 1176–1202 |
|
| Ruggiero di San Severino, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of S. Eusebio 1178/80–1221 | Archbishop of Benevento 1179–1221 | It is not possible to establish whether he was created cardinal before, after or simultaneously with his appointment as archbishop. |
| Uberto Crivelli Pope Urban III Pope Urban III , born Uberto Crivelli, was Pope from 1185 to 1187. He was made cardinal and archbishop of Milan by Pope Lucius III, whom he succeeded on November 25, 1185... |
Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso 1182–1185 | Bishop-elect of Vercelli 1183–85, archbishop of Milan 1185–1187 | De facto curial cardinal. He became Pope Urban III (1185–1187) and as such, he retained the see of Milan until his death |
| Adelardo Cattaneo Adelardo Cattaneo Adelardo Cattaneo - Italian cardinal and bishop. His first name is listed also as Alardo.He was canon of the cathedral chapter of Verona. Pope Lucius III created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello in the consistory of March 6, 1185... |
Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1185–1188, S.R.E. cardinalis 1188–1214 | Bishop of Verona 1188–1214 | First cardinal who after appointment as bishop renounced his titulus without renouncing of his cardinalate. In 1193 Pope Celestine III gave his former title of S. Marcello to cardinal Fidanzio |
| Melior | Cardinal-priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 1185–1197 | Bishop of Massa Marittima ca.1188 (?) – 1191 | He is attested as bishop of Massa Marittima only in 1191; however, he did not subscribe any papal bulls between July 1188 and December 1191, which probably marks the period of his pastoral rule in this diocese. In any case, in 1191 he resigned his bishopric and returned to papal curia |
| Giovanni | Cardinal-priest of S. Clemente 1189–1199, cardinal-bishop of Albano 1199–1210/11 | Bishop of Toscanella 1188–1199 (from 1192 of Viterbo e Toscanella) | De facto curial cardinal; in 1199 he was transferred to the suburbicarian see of Albano |
| Ruffino | Cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1190–1191/92 | Bishop of Rimini 1185–1191/92 | De facto curial cardinal |
| Soffredo | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1182–1193, cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1193–1210 | Patriarch-elect of Jerusalem in 1203 | Pope Innocent III confirmed his election but shortly thereafter the cardinal (legate in Outremer Outremer Outremer, French for "overseas", was a general name given to the Crusader states established after the First Crusade: the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli and especially the Kingdom of Jerusalem... at that time) resigned the see without being consecrated In 1201 he was elected also archbishop of Ravenna but this election was not ratified by the Holy See (see below) |
| Guy Paré Guy Paré Guy Paré was a French Cistercian, who became general of his order, Archbishop of Reims, and a Cardinal.He was a papal legate to Germany. In 1204 he was made Archbishop by Pope Innocent III; this position also made him a pair de France... , O.Cist. |
Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1200–1204, S.R.E. cardinalis 1204–1206 | Archbishop of Reims 1204–1206 | He resigned his cardinalatial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College. Shortly before his death Guido Papareschi was appointed new cardinal-bishop of Palestrina |
| Uberto Pirovano | Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo 1206, S.R.E. cardinalis 1206–1211 | Archbishop of Milan 1206–1211 | He resigned his cardinalatial deaconry without resigning the membership in the Sacred College. |
| Stephen Langton Stephen Langton Stephen Langton was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1207 and his death in 1228 and was a central figure in the dispute between King John of England and Pope Innocent III, which ultimately led to the issuing of Magna Carta in 1215... |
Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1206–1207, S.R.E. cardinalis 1207–1228 | Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. In his role as head of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop leads the third largest group... 1207–1228 |
He resigned his cardinalatial title without resigning the membership in the Sacred College. The last instance of the cardinal being simultaneously residential bishop before the Great Western Schism |
| Gerardo de Sessio, O.Cist. | Elected cardinal-bishop of Albano in 1211 | Bishop-elect of Novara 1210–1211, archbishop-elect of Milan 1211 | He never received episcopal consecration; during his brief cardinalate he acted as papal legate in Lombardy |
Disputed case
| Name | Cardinalate | "External"episcopate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anselmo | Named cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo in January 1201 | Archbishop of Naples 1191–1214 | The letter of his nomination issued in January 1201 is the only documentary proof of his cardinalate. In all known documents issued after that date he appears only as archbishop. Therefore, it is not certain whether his promotion went into effect |
Cardinals who renounced their cardinalate after appointments to the external bishoprics
The list is arranged chronologically by the date of appointment of the cardinal to the external episcopal see and his renouncement of the cardinalate.| Name | Cardinalate | "External" episcopate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Johannes Pope John XIII Pope John XIII of Crescenzi family served as Pope from October 1, 965, until his death.Born in Rome, he spent his career in the papal court... |
Cardinal-deacon ca. 960/1 | Bishop of Narni 961–965 | Future Pope John XIII 965–972 |
| Friedrich Frederick, Archbishop of Ravenna Frederick was the Archbishop of Ravenna briefly from 1002 to 1004.Frederick, a Saxon, first appears as a collaborator of the Emperor Otto III in 1000, when he was present at the reconsecration of Pomposa in Ravenna. In April 1001 he was appointed a presbyter and a cardinal... |
Cardinal-priest in 1001 | Archbishop of Ravenna 1001–1004 | |
| Airardus, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of unknown titulus attached to the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls 1050 | Bishop of Nantes 1050–ca.1054/60 | Expelled from his diocese ca. 1054 and died ca. 1060 |
| Roberto | Cardinal-priest of S. Marco in 1086 | Bishop of Faenza 1086–1104 | Pseudocardinal of Antipope Clement III |
| Herimannus, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati 1080–1098 | Bishop of Brescia 1087/98–1115 | For eleven years (1087–98) he was simultaneously cardinal and bishop-elect, but after receiving episcopal consecration (1098) resigned his cardinalate. He was deposed as bishop in 1115 and died after 1116. In 1100 Augustinus became new cardinal-priest of SS. IV Coronati |
| Bonussenior | Cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 1082–1098 | Bishop of Reggio Emilia 1098–1118 | By 1109 Odelricus was a new cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere |
| Alberto, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1091/95–1100 | Archbishop of Siponto 1100–1116 | By 1112 cardinal Albericus occupied his former titulus S. Sabina |
| Niccolo (?) | Cardinal-priest ca.1100/01 (?) | Archbishop of Brindisi 1101–1104 | This archbishop of Brindisi is referred to as former cardinal only in one document of Pope Paschalis II, which, however, does not mention his name. Therefore, his identity remains uncertain |
| Bernardo degli Uberti, O.S.B.Vall. | Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1098/99–1106 | Bishop of Parma 1106–1133 | Future saint; as cardinal, he was also abbot of Vallombrosa 1098–1106 (see table above). In 1109/10 Berardo de Marsi became new cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono |
| Richard de Saint-Victor, O.S.B. | Cardinal-priest 1078–1106 | Archbishop of Narbonne 1106–1121 | As cardinal-priest, he was also abbot of St.-Victor at Marseille 1079–1106 (see table above) |
| Giovanni da Piacenza | Cardinal-priest 1096–1106 | Bishop of Gubbio 1106–before 1126 | As cardinal he acted for some time (1101–03) as vicar and administrator of the see of Piacenza (see table below) |
| Landolfo | Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina 1106–1108 | Archbishop of Benevento 1108–1119 | In 1116 Gregorio of Siena became new cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina |
| Berardo de Marsi, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo 1105/07–1109/10, cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono 1109/10 | Bishop of Marsi 1110–1130 | Future saint In 1111 Gregorio of Lucca was appointed new cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono |
| Riso | Cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso 1103/05–1112 | Archbishop of Bari 1112–1118 | In 1116 Deusdedit became new cardinal-priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso |
| Romualdo Romuald I (Archbishop of Salerno) Romuald I was the Archbishop of Salerno from 1121 until his death. He had been the cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata from c. 1109, and in that capacity served Pope Paschal II as a diplomat... |
Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata ca.1110–1121 | Archbishop of Salerno 1121–1136 | In 1123 Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi replaced him in the deaconry of S. Maria in Via Lata. After 1130 he joined the obedience of Antipope Anacletus II |
| Baialardus | Cardinal-deacon 1120–1121/22 | Archbishop of Brindisi 1121/22–after 1130 (1143?) | Some sources erroneously say that he was named archbishop in 1118 |
| Boso | Cardinal-deacon (before 1110–1113), cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia 1113–1122 | Bishop of Turin 1122–after 1125 (1128?) | In 1123 Teobaldo Buccapeccus became new cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia |
| Uberto Rossi Lanfranchi | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1123–1125/26, cardinal-priest of S. Clemente 1125/26–1133 | Archbishop of Pisa 1133–1137/38 | For a few months he acted simultaneously as cardinal-priest and archbishop-elect, but after episcopal consecration (September 1133) resigned his cardinalate |
| Balduino da Pisa, O.Cist. | Cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere 1137–1138 | Archbishop of Pisa 1138–1145 | In 1140 he was succeeded by Gregorio della Suburra as cardinal-priest of S. Maria in Trastevere |
| Griffone | Cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana 1138–1139 | Bishop of Ferrara 1139–after 1156 | In 1140 Presbitero succeeded him as cardinal-priest of S. Pudenziana |
| Villano Caetani | Cardinal-priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio 1144–1146 | Archbishop of Pisa 1146–1175 | In 1151 Gerardo was named new cardinal-priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio |
| Galdino della Sala | Cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1166–1167 | Archbishop of Milan 1166–1176 | Despite receiving episcopal consecration on 18 April 1166 he continued to style himself as cardinal until he took possession of the see of Milan in September 1167 |
| Rainaldo, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-deacon in 1169 | Bishop of Gaeta 1169–1171, archbishop of Bari 1171–1188 | He appears as cardinal-deacon and bishop-elect of Gaeta in January 1169, but after receiving Episcopal consecration (before 29 March 1170) resigned his cardinalate |
| Lombardo da Piacenza | Cardinal-deacon 1170–1171, cardinal-priest of S. Ciriaco 1171 | Archbishop of Benevento 1171–1177/79 | He resigned as archbishop before March 1179 and died after July 1179. Probably the last instance of the cardinal who resigned his cardinalate after episcopal appointment |
Disputed cases
| Name | Cardinalate | "External" episcopate | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guitmund Guitmund The Norman Guitmund , bishop of Aversa, was a Benedictine monk who was an adversary of Berengar of Tours.In his youth he entered the Benedictine monastery of La-Croix-Saint-Leufroy in the diocese of Évreux, and about 1060 he was studying theology at the abbey of Bec, where he had Lanfranc as... , O.S.B. |
Cardinal-priest created by Gregory VII | Bishop of Aversa 1088–after 1090 | There are doubts if he was ever promoted to the cardinalate |
| Alberico | Cardinal-priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli in 1100 | Bishop of Sutri 1105–after 1112 | The identity of the cardinal with bishop of Sutri is uncertain. |
| Siro de Porcello | Cardinal in 1130 | Archbishop of Genoa 1130–1163 (until 1133 only bishop) | First archbishop of Genoa (from 1133). His cardinalate is attested only in the chronicle of Jacobus de Voragine Jacobus de Voragine Blessed Jacobus de Varagine or Voragine was an Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa. He was the author, or more accurately the compiler, of Legenda Aurea, the Golden Legend, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church that was one of the most popular... , who lived over a hundred years later. However, Jacobus was himself archbishop of Genoa (1292–98), and it is possible that he may have used some documents that are lost today. |
Cardinals who served as administrators or prelates of the external churches (until 13th century)
| Name | Cardinalate | "External" post | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Giovanni da Piacenza | Cardinal-priest 1096–1106 | Vicar Vicar In the broadest sense, a vicar is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior . In this sense, the title is comparable to lieutenant... and administrator Apostolic Administrator An apostolic administrator in the Roman Catholic Church is a prelate appointed by the Pope to serve as the ordinary for an apostolic administration... of the see of Piacenza 1101–1103 |
He became bishop of Gubbio in 1106 and resigned his cardinalate (see table above) |
| Enrico | Cardinal-deacon of S. Teodoro in 1117/18 | Dean Dean (religion) A dean, in a church context, is a cleric holding certain positions of authority within a religious hierarchy. The title is used mainly in the Anglican Communion and the Roman Catholic Church.-Anglican Communion:... of Mazara del Vallo Mazara del Vallo Mazara del Vallo is a town and comune in southwestern Sicily, Italy, which lies mainly on the left bank at the mouth of the Mazaro river, administratively part of the province of Trapani.... ca.1117/18 |
|
| Azo da Piacenza | Cardinal-deacon 1132–1134, cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia 1134–1139 | Provost Provost (religion) A provost is a senior official in a number of Christian churches.-Historical Development:The word praepositus was originally applied to any ecclesiastical ruler or dignitary... of the collegiate church Collegiate church In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons; a non-monastic, or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, which may be presided over by a dean or provost... of S. Antonino in Piacenza 1119–1139 |
During his cardinalate he resided in Piacenza in 1133–34 and 1137–38 |
| Ildebrando Grassi, Can.Reg. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio 1152–1156, cardinal-priest of SS. Apostoli 1156–1178 | Administrator of the see of Modena 1154–1156 and 1174–1175 | In both cases administration of the see of Modena was only a part of his legatine duties Papal legate A papal legate – from the Latin, authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic Faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters.... |
| Rainiero Capocci, O.Cist. | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin 1216–1250 | Administrator of the see of Viterbo in 1217 and 1243–1244 | Administration of the see of Viterbo was only a part of his legatine duties Papal legate A papal legate – from the Latin, authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic Faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters.... |
| Stephan Vancza | Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina 1251–1270 | Administrator of the see of Esztergom 1252–1254 | He was archbishop of Esztergom 1243–1251/52. After his promotion to the cardinalate Pope Innocent IV initially allowed him to retain the administration of his former see but later forced him to resign it |
| Giovanni Castrocoeli, O.S.B.Cas. | Cardinal-priest of S. Vitale 1294–1295 | Administrator of the sees of Benevento and S. Agata de' Goti 1294–1295 | He was archbishop of Benevento 1282–1294 and retained the administration of this see after promotion to the cardinalate |
Rejected episcopal elections of the cardinals in 13th century
| Name | Cardinalate | Episcopal election | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gerardo Gerardo Allucingoli Gerardo Allucingoli was an Italian cardinal and cardinal-nephew of Pope Lucius III, who elevated him in 1182.He was canon of the cathedral chapter in his native city of Lucca. After the election of his uncle to the papacy he was named Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , and then cardinal-deacon... |
Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano 1182–1208 | Elected bishop of Lucca in 1201 | Pope Innocent III refused to confirm the election |
| Soffredo | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1182–1193, cardinal-priest of S. Prassede 1193–1210 | Elected archbishop of Ravenna in 1201 | In the letter issued in November/December 1201 Pope Innocent III rejected this election In 1203 he acted for a short time as patriarch-elect of Jerusalem (see table above) |
| Pelagio Galvani Pelagio Galvani Pelagio Galvani was a Leonese Cardinal, and canon lawyer. He became a papal legate and leader of the Fifth Crusade.... |
Cardinal-deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio 1206/07–1211, cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia 1211–1213, cardinal-bishop of Albano 1213–1230 | Elected Patriarch of Antioch in 1217 | Pope Honorius III refused to confirm his election and on April 25, 1219 appointed Pietro Capuano (future cardinal) to the vacated patriarchal see |
| Aldebrandino Gaetano Orsini | Cardinal- deacon of S. Eustachio 1216–1219, cardinal-priest of S. Susanna 1219–1221, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1221–1223 | Elected bishop of Paris in 1219 | Honorius III in the letter issued on December 4, 1219 informed the cathedral chapter Cathedral chapter In accordance with canon law, a cathedral chapter is a college of clerics formed to advise a bishop and, in the case of a vacancy of the episcopal see in some countries, to govern the diocese in his stead. These councils are made up of canons and dignitaries; in the Roman Catholic church their... of Paris that he had refused to confirm this election and that the chapter should elect a new candidate |
| Konrad von Urach, O.Cist. | Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 1219—1227 | Elected archbishop of Besancon in 1220 | Pope Honorius III rejected his election |
| Tommaso da Capua | Cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata 1216, cardinal-priest of S. Sabina 1216—1239 | Elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1227 | Pope Gregory IX rejected his election |
| Jacques de Vitry Jacques de Vitry Jacques de Vitry was a theologian chronicler and cardinal from 1229 – 40.He was born in central France and studied at the University of Paris, becoming a regular canon in 1210 at the church of Saint-Nicolas d'Oignies in the Diocese of Liège, a post he maintained until 1216... , Can.Reg. |
Cardinal-bishop of Frascati 1229—1240 | Elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1239/40 | On May 14, 1240 Pope Gregory IX appointed new patriarch and in the letter of his nomination explained the canons of the chapter of Jerusalem the reasons of his earlier rejection of the election of Cardinal de Vitry, who had died on May 1, 1240 |
| Egidius de Torres | Cardinal-deacon SS. Cosma e Damiano 1216/17—1254 | Elected Archbishop of Toledo in 1247 | On February 21, 1248 Pope Innocent IV rejected his postulation to that see and appointed Juan de Medina Pomar as new archbishop of Toledo |
| Pierre de Bar Pierre de Bar Pierre de Bar was a French Cardinal. He is also tentatively identified as a scholastic philosopher, at the University of Paris around 1230. Some sources indicate that he entered Cistercian Order but more recent research conclude that he was secular priest... |
Cardinal-priest of S. Marcello 1244—1252, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1251/52—1253 | Elected bishop of Noyon in 1249/50 | Pope Innocent IV refused to confirm his election indicating that his presence in curia is indispensable |