Crown-cardinal
Encyclopedia
Cardinal protector
Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation etcetera. Such a person is known as a Cardinal Protector...
of a Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
nation, nominated or funded by a Catholic monarch to serve as their representative within the College of Cardinals
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
and, if applicable, exercise the jus exclusivae. More generally, the term may refer to any cardinal significant as a secular statesman or elevated at the request of a monarch.
Francis Burkle-Young defines a crown cardinal as one "elevated to the cardinalate solely on the recommendation of the European kings and without, in many cases, having performed any service at all for the advance of the Church."
According to conclave historian Frederic Baumgartner, the crown-cardinals "rarely came to Rome except for the conclaves, if then, and they were largely unknown to the majority of the College. Usually unable to take part in the pratiche, they were not papabili and rarely received more than one or two votes". Crown-cardinals generally opposed the election of crown-cardinals from other kingdoms, although they tended to unite against the election of cardinal-nephew
Cardinal-nephew
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to...
s.
Opposition to national cardinal protectors arose in the fifteenth century due to the perceived conflict of interest, and Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V , born Odo Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism .-Biography:...
attempted to forbid them entirely in 1425. A reform of Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Piccolomini was Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464. Pius II was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory of a noble but decayed family...
dated 1464 regards national cardinal protectors as generally inconsistent with curial responsibility, with several exceptions. Such protectorships were first openly permitted by popes Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII , born Giovanni Battista Cybo , was Pope from 1484 until his death.-Early years:Giovanni Battista Cybo was born at Genoa of Greek extraction...
and Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI , born Roderic Llançol i Borja was Pope from 1492 until his death on 18 August 1503. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his Italianized surname—Borgia—became a byword for the debased standards of the Papacy of that era, most notoriously the Banquet...
, both of whom required the explicit written consent of the pontiff for a cardinal to take up a "position of service to a secular prince". An unnamed cardinal even suggested elevating national cardinal protectors to a full and official position in the Roman Curia
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
, equivalent to an ambassador.
History
The institution of a cardinal protector of a nation-state may have originated in the 14th century, serving as a predecessor for the diplomatic institutions of the Holy SeeHoly See
The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
developed in the 16th century. The institution of the crown-cardinal first became a dominant one within the College of Cardinals
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor...
with the consistory
Consistory
-Antiquity:Originally, the Latin word consistorium meant simply 'sitting together', just as the Greek synedrion ....
of Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV , born Gabriele Condulmer, was pope from March 3, 1431, to his death.-Biography:He was born in Venice to a rich merchant family, a Correr on his mother's side. Condulmer entered the Order of Saint Augustine at the monastery of St. George in his native city...
on December 18, 1439 (on the heels of the election of Antipope Felix V
Antipope Felix V
-External links:*...
by the Council of Basel
Council of Florence
The Council of Florence was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It began in 1431 in Basel, Switzerland, and became known as the Council of Ferrara after its transfer to Ferrara was decreed by Pope Eugene IV, to convene in 1438...
) which nominated an unprecedented number of cardinals with strong ties to European monarchs and other political institutions.
| Monarch/Nation | Cardinal | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Charles VII of France Charles VII of France Charles VII , called the Victorious or the Well-Served , was King of France from 1422 to his death, though he was initially opposed by Henry VI of England, whose Regent, the Duke of Bedford, ruled much of France including the capital, Paris... |
Renaud de Chartres | Chancellor of France |
| Charles VII of France Charles VII of France Charles VII , called the Victorious or the Well-Served , was King of France from 1422 to his death, though he was initially opposed by Henry VI of England, whose Regent, the Duke of Bedford, ruled much of France including the capital, Paris... |
Guillaume d'Estouteville | Royal cousin, constructor of Mont Saint Michel |
| Henry VI of England Henry VI of England Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realm was governed by regents. Contemporaneous accounts described him as peaceful and pious, not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars, known as the Wars... |
Louis de Luxembourg de Beaurevoir | Chancellor for France |
| Henry VI of England Henry VI of England Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realm was governed by regents. Contemporaneous accounts described him as peaceful and pious, not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars, known as the Wars... |
John Kempe John Kempe John William Rolfe Kempe was headmaster of Gordonstoun School from 1968–1978, during the period that The Princes Andrew and Edward arrived at the school. He was a noted mountaineer and a member of the Alpine Club.-Early life:... |
former chancellor of England and archbishop of York |
| Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V of Portugal Afonso V KG , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa.-Early life:... |
António Martins de Chaves António Martins de Chaves António Martins de Chaves was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was bishop of Porto in Portugal.He was made cardinal on the 18 December 1439 by Pope Eugenius IV.-External links:*... |
Bishop of Porto |
| Kingdom of Hungary (interregnum) | Dionysius Szechy | Primate-designate of Hungary |
| Władysław III of Poland | Zbigniew Oleśnicki | Archbishop of Krakow |
| Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes... (interregnum) |
Petrus de Schaumburg | Imperial Counsellor |
| René I of Naples René I of Naples René of Anjou , also known as René I of Naples and Good King René , was Duke of Anjou, Count of Provence , Count of Piedmont, Duke of Bar , Duke of Lorraine , King of Naples , titular King of Jerusalem... |
Niccolo d'Acciapaccio | Archbishop of Capua |
| Milan Milan Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,... |
Gerardo Landriani Capitani | Bishop of Como |
| Genoa Genoa Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria.... |
Giorgio Fieschi di Lavagna | Archbishop of Genoa |
| Philip the Good | Jean Le Jeune | Ambassador to the Council of Ferrara-Florence |
Catholic Encyclopedia
The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index...
says 1424) when Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V , born Odo Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism .-Biography:...
forbade cardinals to "assume the protection of any king, prince or commune ruled by a tyrant or any other secular person whatsoever." This prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI , born Roderic Llançol i Borja was Pope from 1492 until his death on 18 August 1503. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his Italianized surname—Borgia—became a byword for the debased standards of the Papacy of that era, most notoriously the Banquet...
. This prohibition was not renewed by Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X , born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses...
in the ninth session of the Lateran Council
Lateran council
The Lateran councils were ecclesiastical councils or synods of the Catholic Church held at Rome in the Lateran Palace next to the Lateran Basilica. Ranking as a papal cathedral, this became a much-favored place of assembly for ecclesiastical councils both in antiquity and more especially during...
of 1512.
Some crown-cardinals were cardinal-nephew
Cardinal-nephew
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to...
s or members of powerful families; others were selected solely on the recommendation of European monarchs, in many cases with little previous ecclesiastical experience. During the reigns of Avignon
Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon, in modern-day France. This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown....
Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI , bornPierre Roger, the fourth of the Avignon Popes, was pope from May 1342 until his death in December of 1352...
and Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI , born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.-Biography:Born in Itri, he was a devout monk and learned casuist, trained at Avignon. On March 21, 1364, he was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom of Naples...
in particular, it was acknowledged that monarchs could select retainers and expect them to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. The going rate for the creation of a crown-cardinal was about 2,832 scudi.
Pope Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII , born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from 7 April 1655, until his death.- Early life :Born in Siena, a member of the illustrious banking family of Chigi and a great-nephew of Pope Paul V , he was privately tutored and eventually received doctorates of philosophy, law, and theology from...
had to elevate crown-cardinals in pectore
In pectore
In pectore is a term used in the Catholic Church to refer to appointments to the College of Cardinals by the Pope when the name of the newly appointed cardinal is not publicly revealed...
. Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI , born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.-Biography:Born in Itri, he was a devout monk and learned casuist, trained at Avignon. On March 21, 1364, he was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom of Naples...
(1378–1389) forbade crown-cardinals from receiving gifts from their respective sovereigns.
World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
cemented the decline of the institution of the crown cardinal, as many monarchies either went extinct or declined in power.
Role in conclaves
In the case of Spain, France, and Austria, from the 16th to 20th centuries, crown-cardinals had the prerogative to exercise the jus exclusivae (a veto for "unacceptable" candidates) during a Papal conclavePapal conclave
A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, who then becomes the Pope during a period of vacancy in the papal office. The Pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church...
on behalf of their patron monarch. Crown-cardinals usually arrived with a list of such unacceptable candidates but often had to confer with their patrons during conclaves via messengers, and attempt (sometimes unsuccessfully) to delay the conclave until a response arrived. For example, Pope Innocent X
Pope Innocent X
Pope Innocent X , born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj , was Pope from 1644 to 1655. Born in Rome of a family from Gubbio in Umbria who had come to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Innocent IX, he graduated from the Collegio Romano and followed a conventional cursus honorum, following his uncle...
(elected 1644) and Pope Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII was pope from 1721 until his death.He was born Michelangelo Conti in Poli, near Rome. Like Pope Innocent III , Pope Gregory IX and Pope Alexander IV , he was a member of the family of the Conti, counts and dukes of Segni...
(elected 1721) survived late arriving veto orders from France and Spain respectively. Austrian crown-cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck
Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck
Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck was the archbishop of Milan from 1816 to 1846.Gaisruck was born in Austria. He was elected the canon of the Cathedral chapter of Passau in September of 1788. In 1800 he was ordained a Catholic priest. The next year he became the auxiliary bishop of Passau, thus gaining the...
arrived too late to the Papal conclave of 1846
Papal conclave, 1846
The death of Pope Gregory XVI on 1 June 1846 triggered the Papal conclave of 1846. Fifty of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves...
to exercise the veto against Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (who had already been elected and taken the name Pius IX
Pope Pius IX
Blessed Pope Pius IX , born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal...
).
Of Austria
1523–1531: Lorenzo Pucci
Lorenzo Pucci
Lorenzo Pucci was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals.-Biography:Pucci was born in Florence....
1532–1535: Giovanni Salviati
Giovanni Salviati
Giovanni Salviati was an Italian Cardinal and diplomat. He was papal legate in France, and conducted negotiations with the Emperor Charles V....
1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander
1542–1555: Marcello Cervini
Pope Marcellus II
Pope Marcellus II , born Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi, was Pope from 9 April 1555 to 1 May 1555, succeeding Pope Julius III. Before his accession as Pope he had been Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. He is the most recent Pope to choose to retain his birth name as his regnal name...
1555–1580: Giovanni Girolamo Morone
1580–1600: Andreas von Österreich
1603–1634: Franz von Dietrichstein
1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini
Ippolito Aldobrandini (cardinal)
Ippolito Aldobrandini was a Catholic Cardinal. He served as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from 1623 to 1638. Pope Clement VIII, whose birth name was also Ippolito Aldobrandini, was his great-uncle....
1638–1642: Maurizio di Savoia
1655–1667: Ernst Adalbert von Harrach
Ernst Adalbert von Harrach
thumb|200px|right|Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach upon his appointment as [[Archbishop of Prague]].Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach was an Austrian Catholic Cardinal who was appointed Archbishop of Prague and Prince-Bishop of Trento...
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector of HabsburgHabsburgThe House of Habsburg , also found as Hapsburg, and also known as House of Austria is one of the most important royal houses of Europe and is best known for being an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as rulers of the Austrian Empire and...
hereditary lands)
1673–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
1689–1701: Francesco Maria de' Medici
Francesco Maria de' Medici
Francesco Maria de' Medici was a member of the House of Medici. He was successively a Governor of Siena, cardinal and later the heir of the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro by right of his mother.-Biography:...
1701–1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch
1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg
1712–1725: Christian von Sachsen-Zeitz
1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch
1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer
1779–1800: František Herczan
1823–1834: Giuseppe Albani
1858–1867: Pietro Silvestri
Vice-protectors and co-protectors
- 1536–1541: Alessandro Cesarini
- 1560–1565: Cristoforo Madruzzo
- 1571: Marcantonio Colonna
- 1574/ 1580/81: Tolomeo GalliTolomeo GallioTolomeo Gallio was an Italian Cardinal.In the time of Pope Gregory XIII, he acted as papal secretary of state , having a key role in the curia....
- 1581–1603: Alfonso GesualdoAlfonso GesualdoAlfonso Gesualdo was an Italian Cardinal, from 1561. He was from Naples.He was archbishop of Conza in 1564, bishop of Albano in 1583, bishop of Frascati in 1587, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1589, bishop of Ostia in 1591, archbishop of Naples in 1596.He was a patron of Sant'Andrea della...
- 1584–1587: Antonio CarafaAntonio CarafaAntoni Carafa was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal.-Early years:Antonio Carafa was born in Naples to Rinaldo I Carafello Carafa, a local patrician, and Giovanna of the signori of Montefalcone. He was a relative of Pope Paul IV through whose household he gained preferment in the Roman Curia.He...
- 1604–1607: Alfonso Visconti
- 1607–1611: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1612–1621: Pietro AldobrandiniPietro AldobrandiniPietro Aldobrandini was an Italian Cardinal and patron of the arts.He was made a cardinal in 1593 by his uncle, Pope Clement VIII. He took over the duchy of Ferrara in 1598 when it fell to the Papal States...
- 1621–1632: Ludovico Ludovisi
- 1629–1631: Cosimo de Torres
- 1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele di SavoiaCarlo Emanuele Pio di SavoiaCarlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia was an Italian cardinal of the Pio di Savoia family.-Life:His father was Enea Pio di Savoia, Signore di Sassuolo, Consigliere di Stato in Piedmont , knight of the Ordine dell'Annunziata , Piedmontese ambassador to Rome and governor of Reggio...
- 1642–1644: Alfonso de la Cueva
- 1644–1655: Ernst von HarrachErnst Adalbert von Harrachthumb|200px|right|Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach upon his appointment as [[Archbishop of Prague]].Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach was an Austrian Catholic Cardinal who was appointed Archbishop of Prague and Prince-Bishop of Trento...
- 1645–1664: Girolamo ColonnaGirolamo ColonnaGirolamo Colonna was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and member of the noble Colonna family.-Biography:...
- 1664–1667: Fedrigo Sforza
- 1667–1675: Friedrich von Hessen-DarmstadtFriedrich von Hessen-DarmstadtFriedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt was a German Roman Catholic Church Cardinal who was appointed Crown-cardinal of Austria....
- 1690–1693: Josè Saens de Aguirre
- 1694–1700: Francesco del Guidice
- 1701/02/ 1706–1710: Vincenzo GrimaniVincenzo GrimaniVincenzo Grimani was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and opera librettist.Grimani was born either in Venice or Mantua....
- 1703-05/ 1708-12: Fabrizio PaolucciFabrizio PaolucciFabrizio Paolucci was a Italian cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, appointed by Pope Innocent XII.-Biography:He went to Rome at the age of eight, 1659, to be educated by his grand-uncle, Francesco Paolucci...
- 1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
- 1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan
- 1722–1726: Alvaro Cienfuegos
- 1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice
- 1743–1779: Alessandro Albani
Of England
Of Ireland- Girolamo GhinucciGirolamo GhinucciGirolamo Ghinucci was an Italian papal administrator, diplomat and Cardinal.He was Secretary to Pope Julius II. He was Bishop of Worcester . He was bishop from 1522 to 1535 when he was deprived of the position by Henry VIII of England...
(1539–1541) - Rodolfo Pio di Carpi (1545–1554)
- Giovanni Girolamo Morone (1555? – 1574?)
- Francesco AlciatiFrancesco AlciatiFrancesco Alciati was an Italian Cardinal. A native of Milan, he became one of the most important law professors in Milan. His best known student in Pavia was St Charles Borromeo. He excelled in science and literature and was a model of erudition. Under Pius IV he became a bishop, datary,...
(1574–1580) - Flavio OrsiniFlavio OrsiniFlavio Orsini was a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was a member of the Orsini family.Born in Rome, he became bishop of Muro Lucano, and later moved to bishop of Spoleto. He took part in the Roman Curia....
(1580–1581) - Nicholas Pelleve (1582–1594)
- Girolamo MatteiGirolamo MatteiGirolamo Mattei was an Italian Cardinal from the House of Mattei.Mattei was born 8 February 1547, the son of Alessandro Mattei and Emilia Mazzatosta. He was the younger brother of Ciriaco Mattei and the older brother of Asdrubale Mattei, Marquis di Giove...
(1594? – 1603) - Pompeo Arrigoni (1605–1616)
- Fabrizio Veralli (1616? – 1624)
- Ludovico Ludovisi (1625–1632)
- Antonio BarberiniAntonio BarberiniAntonio Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, military leader, patron of the arts and a prominent member of the House of Barberini. As one of the cardinal-nephews of Pope Urban VIII and a supporter of France, he played a significant role at a number of the papal...
(1633? – 1671) - Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli AlbertoniPaluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertonithumb|Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni.Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-Nephew to Pope Clement X.-Biography:...
(1671–1698) - Giuseppe Renato Imperiali (1706–1737)
- Neri Maria CorsiniNeri Maria CorsiniNeri Maria Corsini was an Italian nobleman and nephew of pope Clement XII, who made him a cardinal in pectore at the consistory of 14 August 1730 - his creation as cardinal was made public in December 1730. He exercised several roles in the Roman Curia, notably the Supreme Tribunal of the...
(1737–1770) - Mario Marefoschi (1771–1780)
- Gregorio Salviati (1781–1794)
- Carlo Livizzani (1794–1802)
Of Scotland
- Antoniotto Pallavicini (1504–1507)
- Pietro Accolti (1514–1532)
- Benedetto Accolti (1532–1538)
- Rodolfo Pio di Carpi (1538–1549)
- Giovanni Domenico de CupisGiovanni Domenico de CupisGiovanni Domenico de Cupis was an Italian Cardinal, created by Pope Leo X in the consistory of July 1, 1517.He was Crown-cardinal of Scotland. He was a friend of Ignatius Loyola....
(1550–1553) - Niccolo Caetani Sermoneta (1570–1585)
- Camillo BorghesePope Paul V-Theology:Paul met with Galileo Galilei in 1616 after Cardinal Bellarmine had, on his orders, warned Galileo not to hold or defend the heliocentric ideas of Copernicus. Whether there was also an order not to teach those ideas in any way has been a matter for controversy...
(1603–1605) - Maffeo Barberini (1608–1623)
- Francesco BarberiniFrancesco Barberini (seniore)Francesco Barberini was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. The nephew of Pope Urban VIII , he benefited immensely from the nepotism practiced by his uncle...
(1623–1679) - Phillip Howard of Norfolk (1680–1694)
- Taddeo da Verme (1706–1717)
- Alessandro Falconieri (1727–1734)
- Domenico Riviera (1734–1752)
- Giuseppe SpinelliGiuseppe SpinelliGiuseppe Spinelli was an Italian Cardinal. He was a prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples....
(1754–1763) - Giovanni Francesco Albani (1763–1803)
- Charles ErskineCharles Erskine (Cardinal)Charles Erskine was an Italian-Scottish papal diplomat and Cardinal.-Life:He was the son of Colin Erskine of the Erskine family, who were Earls of Kellie and Mar; his mother was Agatha Gigli of the noble family of Gigli of Anagni...
(1804–1811)
Of France
There was traditionally at least one resident French cardinal in the Roman Curia
Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
during the first half of the sixteenth century, but Louis XII and Francis I chose three successive Italian cardinals as protector of France thereafter.
1513–1516: Federico di Sanseverino
1516–1523: Giulio de Medici
Pope Clement VII
Clement VII , born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was a cardinal from 1513 to 1523 and was Pope from 1523 to 1534.-Early life:...
1523–1548: Agostino Trivulzio
Agostino Trivulzio
Agostino Trivulzio was an Italian Cardinal and papal legate. He was from a noble family in Milan.After the 1527 sack of Rome, he was taken hostage by the Imperial forces. He was subsequently a major pro-French figure in papal diplomacy....
- Niccolò Gaddi (vice-protector from 1533)
1549–1572: Ippolito d’Este
Ippolito II d'Este
Ippolito d'Este was an Italian cardinal and statesman. He was a member of the House of Este, and nephew of the other Ippolito d'Este, also a cardinal.-Biography:...
1573–1586: Luigi d'Este
Luigi d'Este
Luigi d'Este was an Italian Catholic cardinal, the second of the five children of Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Modena and Ferrara, and Renée, daughter of Louis XII of France.-Biography:...
1587–1615: François de Joyeuse
François de Joyeuse
François de Joyeuse was a French churchman and politician.Born at Carcassonne, François de Joyeuse was the second son of Guillaume de Joyeuse and Marie Eléanor de Batarnay. As the younger son of a seigneur in an intensely religious family of bishops and soldiers, he was destined for a career in...
- Vice-protector Arnaud d'OssatArnaud d'OssatArnaud d'Ossat was a French diplomat and writer, and a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, whose personal tact and diplomatic skill steered the perilous course of French diplomacy with the Papacy in the reign of Henry IV of France.-Early life and studies:Arnaud d'Ossat was born at...
(1599–1604) - Vice-protector François de La Rochefoucald (October 1609–May 1611)
1616–1620: Alessandro Orsini
- Guido Bentivoglio (vice-protector from 1621 until 1636)
1621–1636: Maurizio di Savoia
1636–1644: Antonio Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Antonio Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, military leader, patron of the arts and a prominent member of the House of Barberini. As one of the cardinal-nephews of Pope Urban VIII and a supporter of France, he played a significant role at a number of the papal...
1645–1672: Rinaldo d’Este
- Alessandro BichiAlessandro BichiAlessandro Bichi was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and papal nuncio to France.-Biography:Bichi was born in Siena in 1596, the son of Vincenzo Bichi and nephew of Cardinal Metello Bichi....
(vice-protector 1645 until 1657)
1672–1676: Virginio Orsini
Virginio Orsini
Gentile Virginio Orsini was an Italian condottiero and vassal of the papal throne and the Kingdom of Naples, mainly remembered as the powerful head of the Orsini family during its feud with Pope Alexander VI...
(from 1646 acted as co-protector)
1676–1701: César d'Estrées
César d'Estrées
César d'Estrées was a French diplomat and Cardinal.He was the son of Marshal François Annibal d'Estrées, and brother of Marshal Jean II d'Estrées....
1702–1709: Francesco Maria de’Medici
1709–1740: Pietro Ottoboni
- Pierre Guérin de TencinPierre Guérin de TencinPierre-Paul Guérin de Tencin , French ecclesiastic, was archbishop of Embrun and Lyon, and a cardinal. His sister Claudine was a spur to his career....
, acting protector until 1758
1758–1765: Prospero Colonna di Sciarra
Prospero Colonna di Sciarra
Prospero Colonna di Sciarra was an Italian cardinal of the family of the dukes of Carbognano. Brother of cardinal Girolamo Colonna di Sciarra....
1769–1792/4: François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis was a French cardinal and statesman. He was the sixth member elected to occupy seat 3 of the Académie française in 1744.- Biography :...
Of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
was often the protector of the Austrian hereditary lands.
- 1492–1503: Francesco Piccolomini
- 1518–1539: Lorenzo Campeggio
- 1540: Pedro Manriquez
- 1540–1542: Girolamo Aleander
- 1542–1550: Innocenzo Cibo
- 1550–1557: Juan Álvarez de ToledoJuan Álvarez de ToledoJuan Álvarez de Toledo was a Spanish Dominican and Cardinal, from 1538. Considered papabile in the papal conclave , he was initially running second in votes to Reginald Pole...
- 1557–1573: Otto Truchsess von Waldburg
- 1573–1600: Ludovico MadruzzoLudovico Madruzzothumb|200px|Portrait of Ludovico Madruzzo by [[Giovanni Battista Moroni]].Art Institute, [[Chicago]].Ludovico Madruzzo was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and statesman, the Imperial crown-cardinal and Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Trento .-Biography:Born in Trento, he was the son of baron...
- 1603–1611: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1611–1633: Scipione BorgheseScipione BorgheseScipione Borghese was an Italian Cardinal, art collector and patron of the arts. A member of the Borghese family, he was the patron of the painter Caravaggio and the artist Bernini...
- 1635/36: Franz von Dietrichstein
- 1636–1642: Moritz von Savoyen
- 1644–1666: Girolamo ColonnaGirolamo ColonnaGirolamo Colonna was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and member of the noble Colonna family.-Biography:...
- 1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-DarmstadtFriedrich von Hessen-DarmstadtFriedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt was a German Roman Catholic Church Cardinal who was appointed Crown-cardinal of Austria....
- 1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
- 1689–1701: Francesco Maria de' MediciFrancesco Maria de' MediciFrancesco Maria de' Medici was a member of the House of Medici. He was successively a Governor of Siena, cardinal and later the heir of the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro by right of his mother.-Biography:...
- 1701–1707: Leopold von Kollonitsch
- 1707–1712: Johann Philipp von Lamberg
- 1712–1725: Christian August von Sachsen-Zeitz
- 1726–1738: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
- 1738–1751: Sigismund von Kollonitsch
- 1751–1758: Ferdinand Julius von Troyer
- 1758–1765: vakant
- 1765–1779: Alessandro Albani
- 1779–1800: Franziskus von Paula Herzan von Harras
Vice-protectors and co-protectors
- 1517–1530: Lorenzo PucciLorenzo PucciLorenzo Pucci was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals.-Biography:Pucci was born in Florence....
- 1530–1532: Wilhelm van Enkevoirt
- 1534–1539: Alessandro Cesarini
- 1538–1540: Girolamo GhinucciGirolamo GhinucciGirolamo Ghinucci was an Italian papal administrator, diplomat and Cardinal.He was Secretary to Pope Julius II. He was Bishop of Worcester . He was bishop from 1522 to 1535 when he was deprived of the position by Henry VIII of England...
- 1540–1542: Alessandro Farnese
- 1542–1550: Juan Álvarez de ToledoJuan Álvarez de ToledoJuan Álvarez de Toledo was a Spanish Dominican and Cardinal, from 1538. Considered papabile in the papal conclave , he was initially running second in votes to Reginald Pole...
- 1550–1553: Bernardo Maffei
- 1557–1559: Pedro PachecoPedro PachecoPedro Miguel Salgadinho Pacheco de Melo , known as Pacheco, is a Portuguese-born Canadian footballer who plays for C.D. Santa Clara as a defensive midfielder.-Club career:...
- 1558–1568: Clemente Dolera
- 1587–1593: Filippo Spinola
- 1594–1600: Ottavio Paravicini
- 1621–1625: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern
- 1625–1644: Giulio Savelli
- 1644: Girolamo ColonnaGirolamo ColonnaGirolamo Colonna was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and member of the noble Colonna family.-Biography:...
- 1664–1666: Federico Sforza (substitute protector)
- 1666–1682: Carlo Pio di Savoia
- 1690–1693: Josè Saens de Aguirre
- 1694–1700: Francesco del Guidice
- 1701/02/ 1706–1710: Vincenzo GrimaniVincenzo GrimaniVincenzo Grimani was an Italian cardinal, diplomat, and opera librettist.Grimani was born either in Venice or Mantua....
- 1703-05/ 1708-12: Fabrizio PaolucciFabrizio PaolucciFabrizio Paolucci was a Italian cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, appointed by Pope Innocent XII.-Biography:He went to Rome at the age of eight, 1659, to be educated by his grand-uncle, Francesco Paolucci...
- 1713–1719: Wolfgang von Schrattenbach
- 1719–1722: Michael Friedrich von Althan
- 1722–1726: Alvaro Cienfuegos
- 1735–1743: Niccolò del Giudice
- 1745–1765: Alessandro Albani
Of Poland
- Pedro Isvalies (ca. 1506 — 1511)
- Achille de Grassi (1512–1523)
- Lorenzo PucciLorenzo PucciLorenzo Pucci was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals.-Biography:Pucci was born in Florence....
(1523–1531) - Antonio PucciAntonio Pucci (cardinal)Antonio Pucci was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.Antonio Pucci emanated from the Florentine noble family of Pucci. He was a nephew of Cardinals Roberto Pucci and Lorenzo Pucci....
(1532–1544) - Alessandro Farnese (1544–1589)
- Bernardino Maffei (vice-protector 1550-1553)
- Giacomo Puteo (vice-protector 1555-1563)
- Giacomo Savelli (vice-protector 1563-1587)
- Alessandro Peretti di MontaltoAlessandro Peretti di MontaltoAlessandro Damasceni Peretti di Montalto was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal Deacon. He received the title by his uncle Felice Peretti after the latter was elected Pope Sixtus V on April 24, 1585, in the consistory on May 13; the cardinal was then fourteen years old...
(1589–1623) - Cosimo de Torres (vice-protector 1622–1623, protector 1623–1642)
- Giulio Savelli (1642–1644)
- Gianbattista Pamphilj (vice-protector until 1644)
- Gaspare MatteiGaspare Matteithumb|Cardinal Gaspare MatteiGaspare Mattei was an Italian cardinal of the house of Mattei.-Life:Mattei was born in Rome, the eldest son of Mario Mattei, duke of Paganica and Prudenzia Cenci; he was a relative of Pope Paul V. He was educated at the Archgymnasium of Rome...
(1644–1650) - Virginio OrsiniVirginio OrsiniGentile Virginio Orsini was an Italian condottiero and vassal of the papal throne and the Kingdom of Naples, mainly remembered as the powerful head of the Orsini family during its feud with Pope Alexander VI...
(co-protector 1647–1650, protector 1650–1676) - Pietro VidoniPietro VidoniPietro Vidoni was an Italian cardinal and between 1652–1660 a papal legate and nuncio to Poland.-Personal life:...
(co-protector 1676, protector 1676–1681) - Carlo BarberiniCarlo Barberinithumb|Cardinal Carlo Barberini .Carlo Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal and member of the Barberini family. He was the grand-nephew of Maffeo Barberini and son of Taddeo Barberini .-Biography:Carlo Barberini was born 1 June 1630 in Rome...
(1681–1704) - Annibale AlbaniAnnibale AlbaniAnnibale Albani was an Italian Cardinal.Albani was born in Urbino, to Albanian parents. A cousin of Pope Clement XI, he became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina ....
(1712–1751) - Gian Francesco AlbaniGian Francesco AlbaniGian Francesco Albani was a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He was a member of the Albani family.Albani was born in Rome, the son of Carlo Albani, Duke of Soriano; his grand-uncle was Pope Clement XI...
(1751–1795)
Of Sweden
Cardinal-protectors of Sweden were appointed by king of Poland Zygmunt III Waza, who had claimed the rights to the Swedish Crown.- Odoardo Farnese (1601–1626)
- Lorenzo Magalotti (1626–1637)
Of Portugal
1517–1531: Lorenzo PucciLorenzo Pucci
Lorenzo Pucci was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals.-Biography:Pucci was born in Florence....
1533–1544: Antonio Pucci
Antonio Pucci (cardinal)
Antonio Pucci was a Cardinal of the Catholic Church.Antonio Pucci emanated from the Florentine noble family of Pucci. He was a nephew of Cardinals Roberto Pucci and Lorenzo Pucci....
1545–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza
1565–1572: Carlo Borromeo
1573–1589: Alessandro Farnese
1591–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo
1604–1626: Odoardo Farnese
1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
Francesco Barberini (seniore)
Francesco Barberini was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. The nephew of Pope Urban VIII , he benefited immensely from the nepotism practiced by his uncle...
1635–1638: Ippolito Aldobrandini
1657–1676: Virginio Orsini
1676–1714: César d'Estrées
César d'Estrées
César d'Estrées was a French diplomat and Cardinal.He was the son of Marshal François Annibal d'Estrées, and brother of Marshal Jean II d'Estrées....
1714–1721: Michelangelo Conti
1739–1770: Neri Maria Corsini
Neri Maria Corsini
Neri Maria Corsini was an Italian nobleman and nephew of pope Clement XII, who made him a cardinal in pectore at the consistory of 14 August 1730 - his creation as cardinal was made public in December 1730. He exercised several roles in the Roman Curia, notably the Supreme Tribunal of the...
1859–1884: Camillo di Pietro
Camillo di Pietro
Camillo di Pietro J.U.D. was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and both Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals and later Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church.-Biography:Camillo di Pietro was born in Rome...
1887–1888: Włodzimierz Czacki
1891–1910/30: Vincenzo Vannutelli
Of Savoy/Kingdom of Sardinia
Protectors of the Duchy of Savoy1534–1537: Paolo Cesi
1576–1594: Michele Bonelli
Michele Bonelli
Carlo Michele Bonelli, Cardinal Alessandrino was an Italian senior papal diplomat with a distinguished career that spanned two decades from 1571.-Biography:...
1594–1621: Pietro Aldobrandini
Pietro Aldobrandini
Pietro Aldobrandini was an Italian Cardinal and patron of the arts.He was made a cardinal in 1593 by his uncle, Pope Clement VIII. He took over the duchy of Ferrara in 1598 when it fell to the Papal States...
1621–1632: Ludovico Ludovisi
1633–1671: Antonio Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Antonio Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, military leader, patron of the arts and a prominent member of the House of Barberini. As one of the cardinal-nephews of Pope Urban VIII and a supporter of France, he played a significant role at a number of the papal...
1671–1704: Carlo Barberini
Carlo Barberini
thumb|Cardinal Carlo Barberini .Carlo Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal and member of the Barberini family. He was the grand-nephew of Maffeo Barberini and son of Taddeo Barberini .-Biography:Carlo Barberini was born 1 June 1630 in Rome...
Protectors of the Kingdom of Sardinia
1727–1779: Alessandro Albani
1822? – 1834: Giuseppe Albani
1835–1853: Luigi Lambruschini
Luigi Lambruschini
Luigi Lambruschini was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in the mid nineteenth century.-Biography:...
Of Naples
1530–1542: Alessandro Cesarini1544–1549: Alessandro Farnese
1556–1564: Guido Ascanio Sforza
1566–1574: Alessandro Sforza
1574–1603: Alfonso Gesualdo
Alfonso Gesualdo
Alfonso Gesualdo was an Italian Cardinal, from 1561. He was from Naples.He was archbishop of Conza in 1564, bishop of Albano in 1583, bishop of Frascati in 1587, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina in 1589, bishop of Ostia in 1591, archbishop of Naples in 1596.He was a patron of Sant'Andrea della...
1605–1608: Ascanio Colonna
1608–1642: Girolamo Doria
1644–1650: Gaspare Mattei
Gaspare Mattei
thumb|Cardinal Gaspare MatteiGaspare Mattei was an Italian cardinal of the house of Mattei.-Life:Mattei was born in Rome, the eldest son of Mario Mattei, duke of Paganica and Prudenzia Cenci; he was a relative of Pope Paul V. He was educated at the Archgymnasium of Rome...
1657–1663: Camillo Astalli
Camillo Astalli
Camillo Astalli was an Italian cardinal, elevated on 19 September 1650 by Pope Innocent X, who simultaneously adopted him into the Pamphili family and appointed him Cardinal-Nephew...
1664–1676: Federico Sforza
1689–1699: José Sáenz de Aguirre
Of Sicily
1524–1542: Alessandro Cesarini1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese
1592–1626: Odoardo Farnese
1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
Francesco Barberini (seniore)
Francesco Barberini was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. The nephew of Pope Urban VIII , he benefited immensely from the nepotism practiced by his uncle...
1635–1642: Luigi Caetani
Luigi Caetani
Luigi Caetani was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Capua from 17 March 1624 until his resignation on 1 March 1627. He was ordained a Bishop on 12 June 1622 and appointed the Coadjutor Archbishop of Capua on 14 November 1622...
1645–1656: Pier Donato Cesi
Pier Donato Cesi (1583-1656)
Pier Donato Cesi was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. He is sometimes referred to as Pier Donato Cesi, iuniore to differentiate between him and his predecessor Pier Donato Cesi seniore ....
1664–1687: Lorenzo Raggi
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
1687–1699: José Sáenz de Aguirre
1699–1725: Francesco del Giudice
Francesco del Giudice
Francesco del Giudice was a Roman Catholic cardinal from 1690 to 1725 who also held a variety of other ecclesiastical and governmental offices.-Biography:...
Of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
1738–1747: Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona1747–1789: Domenico Orsini
1789–1795: Ferdinando Spinelli
1799–1806?: Fabrizio Dionigi Ruffo
Of Castile/Spain
Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne...
was the most frequently turned to.
1516–1517: Francisco Remolins
1517–1529: Lorenzo Pucci
Lorenzo Pucci
Lorenzo Pucci was an Italian cardinal and bishop from the Florentine Pucci family. His brother Roberto Pucci and his nephew Antonio Pucci also became cardinals.-Biography:Pucci was born in Florence....
1529–1534: Andrea della Valle
Andrea della Valle
Cardinal Andrea della Valle was an Italian clergyman and art collector.Of an ancient family of Roman nobles whose family tomb is in Santa Maria in Aracoeli, he was elected bishop of Crotone in 1496. In 1503-05 he directed the Apostolic Chancery, and served as Apostolic secretary during the...
1534–1563: Ercole Gonzaga
Ercole Gonzaga
Ercole Gonzaga was an Italian Cardinal.-Biography:Born in Mantua, he was the son of the Marquess Francesco Gonzaga, and nephew of Cardinal Sigismondo Gonzaga...
1563–1566: Francesco Gonzaga
Francesco Gonzaga
Francesco Gonzaga was an Italian nobleman, who was Duke of Ariano.-Biography:He was brother of the Cardinal Gianvincenzo Gonzaga, nephew of Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga and of Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua....
1566–1574: Francisco Pacheco de Toledo
Francisco Pacheco de Toledo
Francisco Pacheco de Toledo was a Spanish cardinal.- Life :He was admitted to the court of Charles V and Philip II of Spain. In 1545 he joined his uncle, cardinal Pedro Pacheco de Villena, on a trip to Rome, where the younger man won the admiration of pope Julius III, who made him a canon of...
1574–1581: Alessandro Sforza
Alessandro Sforza
Alessandro Sforza was an Italian condottiero and lord of Pesaro, the first of the Pesaro line of the Sforza family.-Biography:...
1582–1588: Ferdinando de' Medici
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.-Biography:...
- Francesco AlciatiFrancesco AlciatiFrancesco Alciati was an Italian Cardinal. A native of Milan, he became one of the most important law professors in Milan. His best known student in Pavia was St Charles Borromeo. He excelled in science and literature and was a model of erudition. Under Pius IV he became a bishop, datary,...
(Vice-protector circa 1569)
1588–1592: Juan Hurtado Mendoza
1592–1599: Pedro de Deza Manuel
1599–1601: Alessandro d'Este
1601–1606: Francisco de Ávila
Francisco de Avila
Francisco de Avila was a South American priest and early student of native customs.Curate or vicar in the province of Huarochiri of Peru, later curate at Huánaco, finally Canon of the Church of La Plata , in Bolivia...
1606–1617: Antonio Zapata y Cisneros
Antonio Zapata y Cisneros
Antonio Zapata y Cisneros was a Spanish bishop, archbishop and cardinal-priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, as well as councillor to Philip III of Spain, viceroy of Naples and inquisitor general of Spain...
1617–1632: Gaspare Borja y Velasco
1632–1645: Gil Carrillo de Albornoz
1645–1666: Carlo de' Medici
Carlo de' Medici (1595-1666)
Carlo de' Medici was the son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christina of Lorraine. Born in Florence, he had a successful career in the Church, rising to become Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the College of Cardinals.De' Medici was raised to the cardinalate by Pope Paul...
- Federico Sforza (1664–1667, substitute protector)
1667–1672: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt was a German Roman Catholic Church Cardinal who was appointed Crown-cardinal of Austria....
1673–1677: Luis Manuel Portocarrero
1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
1689–1702: Francesco Maria de' Medici
Francesco Maria de' Medici
Francesco Maria de' Medici was a member of the House of Medici. He was successively a Governor of Siena, cardinal and later the heir of the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro by right of his mother.-Biography:...
1702–1713?: Francesco del Giudice
Francesco del Giudice
Francesco del Giudice was a Roman Catholic cardinal from 1690 to 1725 who also held a variety of other ecclesiastical and governmental offices.-Biography:...
1713–1725: Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona
1725–1743: Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada
Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada
Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada was a prominent Spanish churchman during the 18th century.Born in Motril, Granada province, he was ordained at the age of 14...
1743–1747: Troiano Acquaviva d'Aragona
1748–1760: Joaquin Fernandez Portocarrero
Of Aragon
1517–1531: Lorenzo Pucci1531–1542: Alessandro Cesarini
1542–1589: Alessandro Farnese
1592–1626: Odoardo Farnese
1626–1634: Francesco Barberini
1635–1641: Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia
Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia
Carlo Emanuele Pio di Savoia was an Italian cardinal of the Pio di Savoia family.-Life:His father was Enea Pio di Savoia, Signore di Sassuolo, Consigliere di Stato in Piedmont , knight of the Ordine dell'Annunziata , Piedmontese ambassador to Rome and governor of Reggio...
1645–1666: Girolamo Colonna
Girolamo Colonna
Girolamo Colonna was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and member of the noble Colonna family.-Biography:...
1666–1682: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt was a German Roman Catholic Church Cardinal who was appointed Crown-cardinal of Austria....
1682–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
1689–1702: Francesco Maria de’Medici
Of Flanders
1561–1572: Carlo Borromeo1573–1597: Marcantonio Colonna
Marcantonio Colonna
Marcantonio II Colonna , Duke and Prince of Paliano, was an Italian general and admiral.-Biography:...
1597–1608: Ascanio Colonna
1608–1633: Scipione Caffarelli-Borghese
1633–1642: Pietro Maria Borghese
1644–1666: Girolamo Colonna
- Federico Sforza (1664–1666, substitute protector)
1669–1676: Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt
Friedrich von Hessen-Darmstadt was a German Roman Catholic Church Cardinal who was appointed Crown-cardinal of Austria....
1677–1689: Carlo Pio di Savoia
1689–1702: Francesco Maria de’Medici
Of Switzerland
- Carlo Borromeo (1560–1572)
- Paolo Emilio SfondratiPaolo Emilio SfondratiPaolo Emilio Sfondrati was an Italian Cardinal.Born to a noble family in Milan and the nephew of Pope Gregory XIV, he was the cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia, papal legate in Bologna, member of the Congregation of the Sant'Offizio and a good friend of San Filippo Neri.He was bishop of Cremona,...
(1591–1618) - Odoardo Farnese (1618–1626)
- Francesco BarberiniFrancesco Barberini (seniore)Francesco Barberini was an Italian Catholic Cardinal. The nephew of Pope Urban VIII , he benefited immensely from the nepotism practiced by his uncle...
(1626–1679) - Carlo BarberiniCarlo Barberinithumb|Cardinal Carlo Barberini .Carlo Barberini was an Italian Catholic cardinal and member of the Barberini family. He was the grand-nephew of Maffeo Barberini and son of Taddeo Barberini .-Biography:Carlo Barberini was born 1 June 1630 in Rome...
(1680–1704) - Fabrizio SpadaFabrizio SpadaFabrizio Spada was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, and served as Secretary of State under Pope Innocent XII.-Life:...
(1712–1717) - Annibale Albani (1717–1751)
Of Republic of Genoa
- Giandomenico Spinola (1626–1630)
- Laudivio Zacchia (1631–1637)
- Pietro Maria Borghese (1638–1642)
List of non-cardinal protector crown-cardinals
- Andrew of Austria, son of Archduke Ferdinand
- Joseph Dominicus von Lamberg (December 20, 1737–August 30, 1761)
- Rudolf of AustriaRudolf von Habsburg-LothringenRudolf Johannes Joseph Rainier von Habsburg-Lothringen, Archduke and Prince Imperial of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia was a Cardinal, an Archbishop of Olomouc, and a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine....
(June 4, 1819–July 24, 1831), Archbishop of Olomouc, Archduke - Carlo Gaetano GaisruckCarlo Gaetano GaisruckCarlo Gaetano Gaisruck was the archbishop of Milan from 1816 to 1846.Gaisruck was born in Austria. He was elected the canon of the Cathedral chapter of Passau in September of 1788. In 1800 he was ordained a Catholic priest. The next year he became the auxiliary bishop of Passau, thus gaining the...
(Papal conclave circa 1846Papal conclave, 1846The death of Pope Gregory XVI on 1 June 1846 triggered the Papal conclave of 1846. Fifty of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves...
) - Jan Maurycy Paweł Puzyna de Kosielsko (Papal conclave circa 1903Papal conclave, 1903The Papal conclave of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93-year-old Pope Leo XIII, who at that stage was the third-longest reigning pope in history....
)
Of Bavaria
- Philipp Wilhelm (22 September 1576 - 18 May 1598), Bishop of Regensburg from 1595, Cardinal from 1597
- Johann Casimir v. Häffelin (6 April 1818 – 27 August 1827), Ambassador of Bavaria to the Holy See (since 18 November 1803), probably a de-facto court bishop since 11 November 1787 (as general vicar of the Bavarian Priory of the Order of Malta)
Of England
- Charles of GuiseCharles, Cardinal of LorraineCharles de Lorraine , Duke of Chevreuse, was a French Cardinal, a member of the powerful House of Guise. He was known at first as the Cardinal of Guise, and then as the second Cardinal of Lorraine, after the death of his uncle, John, Cardinal of Lorraine . He was the protector of Rabelais and...
, uncle of Mary, Queen of Scots
Of France
- Jean JouffroyJean JouffroyJean Jouffroy was a French prelate and diplomat.He was born at Luxeuil-les-Bains . After entering the Benedictine order and teaching at the university of Pavia from 1435 to 1438, he became almoner to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, who entrusted him with diplomatic missions in France, Italy,...
, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal - Jean BalueJean BalueJean Balue was a French cardinal and minister of Louis XI.He was born of very humble parentage at Angle in Poitou, and was first patronized by the bishop of Poitiers. In 1461 he became vicar-general of the bishop of Angers. His activity, cunning and mastery of intrigue gained him the appreciation...
, continued role as procurator after elevation as cardinal; styled as "French protector" in Rome - André d'Espinay (March 9, 1489–November 10, 1500)
- Armand Jean de Richelieu (November 3, 1622 – December 4, 1642), Bishop of Luçon, Prime Minister
- Jules Mazarin (1641-1661)
- Jean Siffrein Maury (1794–1806), Archbishop of Montefiascone, representative of the Bourbon pretender, sided with Napoleon INapoleon INapoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
in 1806 - Joseph FeschJoseph FeschJoseph Fesch was a French cardinal, closely associated with the family of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was also one of the most famous art collectors of his period.-Biography:Fesch was born at Ajaccio in Corsica...
(2 December 1804 – 22 June 1815), Archbishop of Lyons, step-uncle to Napoleon INapoleon INapoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
, Ambassador of France to the Holy See (1803–1806, but in 1803 there wasn't as yet a crown) and Imperial Grand Almoner (1805–1814); his role as crown-cardinal ended with the end of the Napoleonic reign, whereas he remained Cardinal and Archbishop
Of the Holy Roman Empire
- Albert of AustriaAlbert VII, Archduke of AustriaArchduke Albert VII of Austria was, jointly with his wife, the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1598 and 1621, ruling the Habsburg territories in the southern Low Countries and the north of modern France...
, son of Maximilian II, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian II, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian II was king of Bohemia and king of the Romans from 1562, king of Hungary and Croatia from 1563, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation from 1564 until his death...
Of Poland
- Jerzy Radziwiłł
- Jan Aleksander Lipski (December 20, 1737–February 20, 1746)
Of Portugal
- Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal
- Henry of Portugal
- Tomás de Almeida (December 20, 1737–February 27, 1754)
Of Spain
- Pedro González de MendozaPedro González de MendozaPedro González de Mendoza was a Spanish cardinal and statesman.-Biography:He was born at Guadalajara in New Castile, the chief lordship of his family. He was the fourth son of Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana, deceased 1458, and one of the cadet brothers of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 1...
(May 7, 1473–January 11, 1495) - Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
- Cardinal-Infante FerdinandCardinal-Infante FerdinandCardinal-Infante Ferdinand was Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Archbishop of Toledo , and military...
- Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbón y Farnesio (December 19, 1735–December 18, 1754)
- Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (April 5, 1756–March 21, 1775)
Of Tuscany
- Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of TuscanyFerdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of TuscanyFerdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.-Biography:...
See also
- Prince of the ChurchPrince of the ChurchThe term Prince of the Church is nowadays used nearly exclusively for Catholic Cardinals. However the term is historically more important as a generic term for clergymen whose offices hold the secular rank and privilege of a prince or are considered its equivalent...
- Prince-BishopPrince-BishopA Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent titles of nobility held concurrently with their inherent clerical office...
- Lord BishopLord Bishop"Lord Bishop" is a traditional form of address used for bishops since the Middle Ages, an era when bishops occupied the feudal rank of 'lord' by virtue of their office...
- Cardinal-nephewCardinal-nephewA cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a Pope who is that cardinal's uncle, or, more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. The word nepotism originally referred specifically to...
- Lay cardinalLay cardinalIn the Roman Catholic Church, a "lay cardinal" was a cardinal who had never been given major orders, i.e. who had never been ordained a deacon, priest, or bishop....