Identity by type
Encyclopedia
Allele
s have identity by type (IBT) when they have the same phenotypic effect
, or if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a Single nucleotide polymorphism
when they have the same DNA sequence
.
Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups; those that are identical by descent (IBD) because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation; and those that are non-identical by descent (NIBD) because they arose from separate mutation
s. NIBD can also be identical by state (IBS) though, if they share the same mutational expression (just not origin). Parent-offspring pairs share 50% of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100% IBD.
Allele
An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus . "Allel" is an abbreviation of allelomorph. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation...
s have identity by type (IBT) when they have the same phenotypic effect
Phenotype
A phenotype is an organism's observable characteristics or traits: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior...
, or if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a Single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — A, T, C or G — in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual...
when they have the same DNA sequence
DNA sequence
The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers, this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of...
.
Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups; those that are identical by descent (IBD) because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation; and those that are non-identical by descent (NIBD) because they arose from separate mutation
Mutation
In molecular biology and genetics, mutations are changes in a genomic sequence: the DNA sequence of a cell's genome or the DNA or RNA sequence of a virus. They can be defined as sudden and spontaneous changes in the cell. Mutations are caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic...
s. NIBD can also be identical by state (IBS) though, if they share the same mutational expression (just not origin). Parent-offspring pairs share 50% of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100% IBD.
External links
- http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/eeb348/lecture-notes/identity.pdf
- http://zwets.com/pedkin/thompson.pdf